Ageing process it is the process in which age

ageing

1. Ageing process
DR. KHWAIRAKPAM SHARMILA

2. TRADITION SPEAK…
One who always serves and respects elderly
is blessed with four things : Long Life,
Wisdom, Fame and Power
Manusmriti Chapter 2:121

3. DEFINITION OF
AGING
Old and aging depends on the age and experience
of the speaker.
•Chronological age -number of years lived
•Physiologic age -age by body function
•Psychological age-how old one feels, acts, and
behave
•Functional age-ability to contribute to society

4. Old Age
Later adulthood or the period of old age begins at
the age of sixty.
Aging is a complex biological process in which changes
at molecular, cellular, and organ levels result in a
progressive, inevitable, and inescapable decrease in
the body's ability to respond appropriately to
internal and/or external stressors.

5. Chronological categories
Young old
(60-69
years)
•Societyexpectsintheir60stohavelessenergy,
responsibilityanddependenceinadulthood.
Middle-aged
old (70-79
years)
•Lossescharacterizethisdecade.
•Healthproblemsbecomeapreoccupationandrestrictactivities
Old-old
(80-89
years)
•Peopleinthisagebracketfinditincreasinglydifficulttoadapttotheeffectsofthe
advancedagingprocess
•Peopleintheir80sbecomemorepronouncedwiththeirmemoriesandinterestedinrelating
theirpastlivingexperiencestoothers.
•Healthproblemsbecomemorefrequentandsevereandoflongerduration.
Very old-old
(90+ years)
•fewerpeopleinthisagebracket,soverylittleaccurateinformation
•verylimitedphysicalandsocialactivity

6. Proportion of Aged 60 and
Over Population (in Per cent)
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
World 8.6 9.2 9.9 10.8 12.9
Developed 15.2 16.8 18.4 19.7 22.4
Developing 6.3 7 7.7 8.7 10.9
Africa 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.6
Latin America 6.5 7 7.7 8.8 11
Asia (excl. Japan) 6.5 7.4 8.5 9.8 12.8
China 7.4 9 10.5 12.4 16.6
India 6.5 7.3 8.4 9.9 12.6
United Nations,World Demographic Estimate and Projections

7. ElderlyinIndia
•Indiahasaround104millionelderly;53millionfemalesand51
millionmales(Census2011).
•Asregardsruralandurbanareas,morethen73millionpersons
i.e.71percentofelderlypopulationresideinruralareas
while31millioni.e.29percentofelderlypopulationareinurban
areas(Census2011).
•TheshareofIndia’spopulationages60andolderisprojectedto
climbfrom9percentin2010to19percentin2050,according
totheUnitedNationsPopulationDivision(UN2011).
•By2050,lifeexpectancyatbirthisprojectedtoreach74
years.FertilityratesinIndiahavedeclinedto2.45childrenper
women,lessthanone-halftheearly1950srateof5.9children
perwoman

8. Physical changes during old
age

9. External Changes
Graying hair
Aging skin
Shift in posture
Development of wrinkles and other
changes

10. Internal Changes
Muscular and skeletal systems
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Genitourinary system
Brain and central nervous system

11. Changes in Muscular
and skeletal systems
•Muscle atrophy,
reducingstrengthand
restrictingmovement
•Lossofelasticityin
muscletissuereduces
flexibility,causing
stiffness.
•Osteoporosis
(softeningofbone
tissue)leadstoeasier
bone breakage,
Kyphosis(“Humpback”
posture)andScoliosis
(S-curved spinal
column).
•Arthritis and
rheumatismarethe
most prevalent
musculoskeletal
disordersamongthe
elderly.
Changes in
Cardiovascular system
•arteriosclerosis
(hardeningofthe
arteries)becomesmore
pronouncedcausing
higherbloodpressure,
extrastressonthe
hearthandrelated
cardiovascular
problems
•slowerheartrateof
olderpeopleresultsina
decreasedlevelof
oxygenintheblood
Respiratory system
•loweredcapacityof
lungsforinhalingand
exhalingairinlate
adulthooddueto:
•1.changeincollagen
compositionofthe
lungscausingthemto
becomelesselasticand
thuslesscapableof
expanding and
contracting
•2.diaphragmand
chestmusclesthat
helpexpandand
contractthechest
weaken.
•3. Age related
conditionssuchas
scoliosisreducechest
capacity.

12. Digestive system
•Constipation and
hemorrhoids are
frequentcomplaintsof
theelderly.
Genitourinary
system
•urinaryincontinence
(theinabilitytoretain
urineinthebladder
until voluntary
released)
•Men commonly
experience
enlargementofthe
prostategland,which
causesblockageofthe
urineflow.
•Womenhavemore
urinary system
problemsthanmen
throughoutlife.
Brain and
central nervous
system
•thespeedofnervecell
transmissionslows
withage.
•brainandnervecells
diminishinnumber.

13. Changes in Sensory Capacities

14. Vision
Increase in the threshold of light needed
to stimulate retina cells
Decrease in acuity (sharpness of vision)
due to changes in lens, pupil size and
accommodation (focusing ability)
Decrease in adaptation to dark and
light environments.

15. Hearing
The most significant sensory changes
during late adulthood is hearing loss.
These losses occur earlier in men than
women,
Many elderly people become deaf because of
hardening of the bones and nerve damage to
the structures of the inner ear that transmit
sound waves to the brain.

16. Taste and smell
Taste and smell perception decline
in old age
Loss of taste is attributed to a decrease in the
number of taste buds and to the need for
stronger stimulation to taste receptors in the
mouth.
People do not smell odors as well in late adulthood. This
is because of a decrease in the number of nerve
fibers in the nose.

17. 17
Social Changes

18. •The social changes that come with life are change
in life style, loss of other family members,
neighbors and friends.

19. Social problems of old
age
Retirement Widowhood Loneliness
Role
Change
Multiple
Losses

20. 1-Retirement
•A change in work role comes with retirement.
•It changes the way time is managed and daily
activities are carried out.
•Retirement alters identity, status, financial
problem, lack of self-satisfaction and self-
esteem and sometimes friendships.

21. •A common event that alters family life for the aged is the death
of a spouse.
•The spousal role composed of many sub roles, such as
companion, sexual partner, confidante, house-keeping, care
provider, etc.
•Loss of spouse is a highly stressful experience. Death of a spouse
affects women more than men.
2-Widowhood

22. 3-Loneliness
•Loneliness is the feeling of emotional
isolation,being locked inside oneself and
unable to obtain the warmth and comfort
from others.
•Any loss that creates a deficit in
intimacy and inner personal relationships
can lead to loneliness.

23. 4-Role change (role
reversal)
•Numerous role changes occur with the
aging process, but the transitions
expected by most elders are related to
the work role and the role of spouse or
partner.

24. 5-Multiple losses
Aging is associated with major physical,
psychological and sociologiclosses as well
as a reduced ability to adapt and compensate
for stressors.

25. Examples of some losses
•Loss of job (retirement)
•Loss of status
•Change role
•Loss related to normal age-related changes
•Decreased income
•Increase expenditure on medical services
•Loss of significant person
•Loss of housing
•Decreasing the ability to adapt and compensate for
stressors
•Limitations impose as a result of multiple chronic
diseases

26. Awareness of Mortality
•Widowhood, death of friends, and the
recognition of declining functions make older
person more aware of the reality of their own
death.
•Attitudes about death vary with aging.
•The elderly tend to think and talk about death,
but they find the prospect of death less
frightening.

27. Theory Description of Adulthood
•Socialclass,occupation,residence,
andethnicbackgroundinfluences
howthesocialageclockworks.
Progressfromonestagetothenextin
thelifespanisdelayedassocialclass
increases
•Socialageclocksareusefulas
guidelinesindicatingwhether
someone’sdevelopmentalprogressis
sloworfastincomparisonwithothers
ofthesameage.
Social
age clock

28. Psychosocial problems
•Poor adjustment to role
changes
•Poor adjustment to
lifestyle changes
•Family relationship
problems
•Grief
•Low self-esteem
•Anxiety and depression
•Aggressive behavior
•Loneliness
•Isolation
•Problems with sexuality
•Elderly abuse
•Withdrawing and
having a negative
attitude toward life in
general

29. Psychological changes

30. •Most elderly people seems to be most vulnerable to
psychological dysfunction when they experience change.
•Affective function refers to the mood, emotions
(such as happiness, sadness, fear, pain, anger, and
confusion).
•Cognitive function refers to memory, learning, and
intelligence.
•Cognitive and affective functioning affects the person’s
self-esteem.

31. •It is influenced by the way an individual views the
world and self.
•A positive view of self and surrounding environment
promotes positive expression of mood and emotions.
•It has a major impact on –
»SELF ESTEEM
»PERSONALITY
»DEPRESSION
Affective functioning

32. 1-Self-esteem
•It is the way a person views
himself/herself.
•A positive view of self promotes health
and enables the person to cope better
with the changes and challenges of
growing older.

33. •Age related changes
•losses that occur with aging
•Chronic diseases
•Increased dependency
•Function impairment
•Lack of control over the person’s environment
Factors contributing to a decreased
self-esteem

34. 2-Personality
•The basic personality does not change as a
result of aging process.
•The personality will be consistent with that
of earlier years.

35. 3-Depression
•Depression occurs 16-65% of elders living in
the community.
•Depression including: sleep disturbance, lack
of interest, feelings of guilt, lack of
energy, decreased concentration and, loss
of appetite.
•Losses can lead to depression.

36. Cognitive functioning
Intelligence,learning,attentionandmemory
areallrelatedtocognitivefunctioningandhowwell
themindisabletoreasonandmakesound
judgements.

37. 1-Intelligence
•Intelligenceisamentalalertnessandincludesthe
abilitytolearnnewmaterial,makewisedecisions,
anddealwithstressfulsituation.
•Intelligencedoesnotbecomelesswithage.
•IQtestperformanceofolderadultsmaybehindered
becauseofsensorydeficitsorthestressofbeing
tested.

38. 2-Memory
•Recentmemoryisdefinedasarecallofitemslearned
morethanafewminutesearlier,e.g.theday'snew
events,whatwaseatenforbreakfast,thedate.Recent
memorygenerallydeclineswithage.
•Remotememoryisdefinedasarecallofitemslearned
manyyearsearlier,e.g.thedatesofwars,namesof
presidents,remotememorydoesnotexperience
significantchangewithage.

39. 3-Learning
•Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or
skills.
•The ability of the mind to learn and retain new
informationremains unaltered, particularly when mind
is stimulated through regular use.
•The ability to solve complex problems decline with
age.
•Hearing and visual deficits related to aging process
can affect learning.

40. 4-Attention span
•There is decrease in vigilance performance.
•Vigilance performance is the ability to retain attention
longer than 45 minutes.
•The elderly is more liable to distract (divert) attention
by irrelevant information and stimuli.
•Deficits in attention may affect learning and memory.

41. So… What has to be
done for aging
…successfully….

42. Some adjustments…???

43. Developmental tasks needed
for successful aging
•Adjusting to declining health and physical strength.
•Adjusting to retirement and reduce income
•Adjusting to death of a spouse.
•Establish associations with others in the same age.
•Maintaining a satisfactory living arrangement.
•Adapting to changes in social roles.

44. Adjusting to retirement
It is easier if activities that will become
prominent after retirement are begun during the
working years.
Therefore, adjustments to retirement are influenced
by pre-retirement plan and engaging in other
activities before withdrawing completely from their
work.

45. Find a new role
Such as a grandparent role.
The grandparent role is generally one
that brings great satisfaction and
contentment.

46. Facilitating maximum independence
•Make sure that the person has access to all necessary
assistive devices and personal accessories.
•Allow enough time for the person to perform tasks at
her or his own place
•Make sure that the environment has been adapted as
much as possible to compensate for sensory losses and
other functional impairments.

47. Interventionthatpromotessocialsupport
•Useinterventionstodealwithhearingimpairmentsand
othercommunicationbarriers.
•Encourageparticipationingroupactivities.
•Forpeopleinwheelchairs,especiallythosewhocannot
moveindependently,positionthechairsinawaythat
promotessocialinteraction.

48. THANK YOU ….