Agent Summary Statement of HBV and Helicobacter pylori.pptx

Agent Summary Statement of HBV and Helicobacter pylori

1. Hepatitis B Virus 1

2. Introduction: Family: Hepadnaviridae Genus: Orthohepadnavirus Species: Hepatitis B virus Small,spherical,DNA,enveloped virus 42 nm in diameter Eight genotypes of HBV are identified (A-H) Cause Hepatitis in human Clinically important virus Comprised of HBsAg,HBeAg 2

3. Hazard Identification: Pathogenicity/Toxicity : Acute hepatitis B infection: Symptoms may be,nausea,fever,vomiting Chronic hepatitis B infection: Symptoms,fatigue,abdominal pain Chances for developing liver cirrhosis or liver carcinoma Epidemiology : World wide health problem 2 billion people have been infected 360 million have chronic infection 6 million die each year Infection is most prevalent in Asia,Africa,America and Europe 3

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6. Host Range: Humans are only known natural host Chimpanzees are susceptible Infectious Dose: Unknown Mode of transmission: Mucosal exposure to infected blood, needles Mother to child Incubation period: Average 60-90 days Variations depend on,amount of virus,mode of transmission 6

7. Dissemination: Reservoir: Humans Zoonosis: None Vectors: None 7

8. Stability and Viability: Drug susceptibility: Sensitive to anti-viral like,interferon,adefovir,tenofovir Susceptibility to disinfectant: Phosphate buffered saline with 1% non-ionic detergent plus 0.3% tri-n-butyl-phosphate. Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, and alcohols (70-80%). Physical inactivation: Moist heat at 98°C for 1 minute in a 1:10 serum dilution Incubation at 60°C for 10 hours (pasteurization) 8

9. First Aid/Medical Measures First aid treatment: Washed immediately with soap and water Hepatitis B immunoglobulin should be given in case of HBsAg Drugs are licensed in U.S,mentioned Immunization: Two types of vaccines 1 st prepared from HBsAg positive person 2 nd synthesize using DNA 9

10. Laboratory Hazards Lab acquired infection: Most frequently occurring LAIs Lab workers are at high risk Sources/specimens: Blood,CSF,sweat,bile,saliva Hazards: Needlestick,blood containing HBsAg Aerosols, contaminated surfaces 10

11. Exposure control/Personal protection Risk group classification: Risk group 2 Containment Requirement: Biosafety level 2 Protective clothing: Lab coat,gloves,goggles Needles, syringes or other sharps should be limited large volume should be conducted in BSC 11

12. Handling and Storage: Spills: Allow aerosols to settle down Cover spills with paper towels Apply disinfectant Disposal: Decontaminate all waste prior to dispose Autoclave,chemicals,radiation,incineration Storage: The infectious agent should be stored in leak-proof containers that are appropriately labeled  12

13. Cryptococcus neoformans 13

14. Introduction : Family: Tremellaceae Genus: Cryptococcus Species: Cryptococcus neoformans Spherical,2-4µm in diameter, yeast 14

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16. Hazard identification Pathogenicity: CNS infection, respiratory infection, skin Infection may be acute,chronic or leads to fatal Symptoms,nausea,dementia,pneumonia Host Range: Humans,cats,birds Infectious dose is unknown Transmission, Inhalation of spores from environment Incubation period is also unknown 16

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18. Stability and Viability Drug susceptibility and Resistance: Amphotericin B with or without flucytosine or flucanazole Resistant to flucytosine when used alone Susceptibility to disinfectant: 70% ethyl alcohol, phenolic compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, iodophors, and sodium hypochloride (1%) Physical inactivation: UV, microwave, gamma radiation, moist heat (121°C for at least 20 min), and dry heat (165-170°C for 2 h) 18

19. First Aid/Medical Measures Treatment and Immunization: Give appropriate antifungal therapy No proper vaccines are available Lab Hazards LAI reported ,eye,skin,inhalation,cryptococcosis Sources , soil, blood, urine, CSF, skin or mucous Primary hazards , inhalation of spores Special hazards , bites of cats or infected agent 19

20. Exposure control/Personal Protection Risk group classification: Risk group 2 Containment Requirement: Containment level 2 Protective Clothing: Lab coat,gloves,goggles Other protections: large volumes should be conducted in BSC use of needles, syringes, and other sharp objects should be strictly limited 20

21. Handling and Storage Spills: Allow aerosols to settle down, cover spills with paper towel Apply disinfectant,contect time before cleanup Disposal: Decontaminate all waste before disposal Autoclave,UV,disinfection Storage: should be stored in leak-proof containers that are appropriately labelled. 21

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23. Introduction: Family: Helicobacteraceae Genus: Helibacter Species: Helicobacter pylori Small, Helical shape, gram negative, Microaerophilic 3 µm length, 0.5 µm diameter Grow on selective media, blood agar , chocolate agar Cause Gastritis, Ulcers (Gastric Ulcers, Duodenal Ulcers) in human Symptoms, abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, 23

24. Hazard Identification: Pathogenicity/Toxicity: Acute H. pylori infection: Onset of disease within shorter period of time, Resolve with treatment. Example: Mild Gastritis Chronic H. pylori infection: Persistent infection, Not resolve with treatment. Example: Ulcers (Severe Gastritis, Peptic ulcers, Cancer) Epidemiology: 50% people have been infected worldwide Gastritis: 75% population Peptic Ulcer: 10-20% people 1-2% develop gastric cancer Infection is most prevalent in developing countries 24

25. Host Range: Humans Animals (Chimpanzees, monkey, Pigs, Cattle, Dogs, Cats) Infectious Dose: Human: Unknown Rhesus Monkey : 10 4   cells Mode of transmission: Food born, Water born Incubation period: Symptoms appear within 3-4 days (In severe case, H. pylori Strains with Cag PAI) 85% population asymptomatic: H. pylori Strains without cag PAI) 25

26. Dissemination: Reservoir: Humans, Animals, Houseflies, Cockroach Zoonosis: Animals Human (Vice versa) Vectors: Houseflies, Cockroaches 26

27. Stability and Viability: Drug susceptibility: Sensitive to Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Metronidazole Susceptibility to disinfectant: Inactivated by: Free chlorine, Iodine Example: Exposure of 1.1 mg/l Residual Chlorine for 45 minutes eradicate H. pylori Physical inactivation: Low pressure UV light Heat: 70°C for 10 minutes 27

28. First Aid/Medical Measures First aid treatment: First line treatment: Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin , Metronidazole, Omeprazole Second Line treatment: Amoxicillin, Bismuth , Metronidazole, Omeprazole Immunization: Recombinant urease, vaccines containing H. pylori antigens (CagA, VacA, NAP) in combination with Al2OH Biomarkers 28

29. Laboratory Hazards Lab acquired infection: Ingestion of H. pylori causes: Upper GIT infection Ulcers Sources / specimens: Human: Oral Cavity, Saliva, Tissues of Stomach, Small intestine, Faeces, Gastric juice Gastric Biopsies, Blood, Stool Hazards: Accidental Ingestion 29

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31. Exposure control/Personal protection Risk group classification: Risk group 2 Containment Requirement: Biosafety level 2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Lab coat, gloves, goggles Precautions: Needles, syringes or other sharps should be limited large volume should be conducted in BSC 31

32. Handling and Storage: Spills: Allow aerosols to settle down Cover spills with paper towels Apply disinfectant Disposal: Decontaminate all waste prior to dispose Autoclave, chemicals, radiation, incineration Storage: The infectious agent should be stored in leak-proof containers that are appropriately labeled  32

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