Agnosia

Agnosia

1. Ade Wijaya , MD – March 2020 AGNOSIA

2. Introduction Is a rare disorder whereby a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses despite otherwise normally functioning senses The deficit cannot be explained by memory, attention, language problems, or unfamiliarity to the stimuli. Usually , one of the sensory modalities is affected De Renzi E. [Agnosia]. Recenti Prog Med. 1989 Dec;80(12):633-7.

3. APPERCEPTIVE ASSOCIATIVE Failure in recognition due to deficits in the early stages of perceptual processing A failure in recognition despite no deficit in perception. Associative agnosia patients can typically draw, match or copy objects while apperceptive agnosia patients cannot. Agnosia Coslett HB. Sensory Agnosias . In: Gottfried JA, editor. Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; Boca Raton (FL): 2011. De Renzi E. [Agnosia]. Recenti Prog Med. 1989 Dec;80(12):633-7.

4. Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

5. Visual Agnosia Prosopagnosia (face) Simultanagnosia (dorsal vs ventral) Color agnosia Topographical agnosia (spatial information) Finger agnosia Akineptosia (motion) Agnostic alexia (inability to recognize words visually) Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

6. Auditory Agnosia Phonagnosia Verbal auditory agnosia or pure word deafness Nonverbal auditory agnosia Amusia Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

7. Tactile agnosia Amorphognosia is the inability to identify the size and shape of objects by touch, for example, a triangle or square . Anosognosia is the inability to identify distinctive qualities like texture and weight, for example, a piece of wood, cotton or metal . Tactile asymbolia  is impaired recognition by touch in the absence of amorphognosia and ahylognosia Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

8. Etiology Strokes Tumors Infections Dementia Hypoxia Toxins such as carbon monoxide poisoning Head injury Developmental disorders Other neurological conditions Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

9. Epidemiology Very rare Less than 1 % Visual agnosis is the most common De Renzi E. [Agnosia]. Recenti Prog Med. 1989 Dec;80(12):633-7. Coslett HB. Sensory Agnosias . In: Gottfried JA, editor. Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; Boca Raton (FL): 2011.

10. Diagnosis History Physical examination Memory and cognitive testings Neuroimaging Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

11. Management Treat the underlying cause Rehabilitation, speech, and occupational therapy Alternative Cues and Strategies Organizational Strategies: Provide  a predictable environment and consistency Declutter , for example, things patients use every day should be kept out in one place Label everything Burns MS. Clinical management of agnosia . Top Stroke Rehabil . 2004 Winter;11(1):1-9. Heutink J, Indorf DL, Cordes C. The neuropsychological rehabilitation of visual agnosia and Balint's syndrome. Neuropsychol Rehabil . 2019 Dec;29(10):1489-1508. Trivelli C, Turnbull OH, Sala SD. Recovery of object recognition in a case of simultanagnosia . Appl Neuropsychol . 1996 Aug-Nov;3(3-4):166-73.

12. Differential Diagnosis Dementia , aphasia, acute confusional states (delirium), disturbance of attention, and unfamiliarity with stimuli. Also , clinicians need to confirm make sure no actual sensory impairment such as color blindness, cataracts, hearing loss, neuropathy, among others Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

13. Prognosis Few patients with agnosia regain their sensory function. Most recovery occurs within the first three months and to a variable degree may continue up to a year. Prognosis depends on the patient's age, etiology , type, size and location of the area affected, the extent of impairment, effectiveness of therapy. Kumar, A., & Wroten, M. (2019). Agnosia.

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