Agricultural Practices

All about Agricultural Practices.
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1. MADE BY- ADITYA TIWARI TOPIC - AGRICULTURE PRACTICES

2. What is agriculture ? How is it done?

3. What is Agriculture ? It is an applied science that deals with the mass production of crop plants and animals useful to human beings. The steps by which Agriculture is done is called Agricultural Practices

4. STEPS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE PRACTICES 1 . Preparation Of Soil 2. Sowing Of Seeds 3. Replenishment of Nutrients 4. Irrigation 5. Crop Protection 6. Harvesting 7. Storage There are 7 steps that are involved in Agriculture.

5. Agricultural Implements The various tools needed during Agricultural Practices are called Agricultural Implements.

6. 1. Preparation of soil It is the first step of growing crops. It involves two steps – Ploughing Levelling

7. Ploughing- The process of loosening and turning of soil is called Ploughing.

8. Levelling- The levelling and pressing of land after ploughing is called Levelling. Leveller

9. 2. Sowing of seeds After the preparation of soil the next step is selection and sowing of seeds. It is the process of placing seeds in the soil. There are many methods to sow seeds in field Manual Method By Traditional Tool By Seed Drill Transplantation

10. Manual Method In this method the seeds are scattered over the field by hand. This method is not efficient because it cannot ensure proper spacing between the seeds an also does not sow at right depth.

11. By Traditional Tool The traditional tool for sowing seeds is shaped like a funnel having two or three long tubes with sharp ends. The seeds are filled in the funnel and they fall dropwise on the ground.

12. By Seed Drill A seed drill has a funnel shaped seed bowl connected to several tubes. This is attached to a plough.

13. Transplantation The process of transferring the seedlings from nurseries to fields is known as Transplantation.

14. 3. Replenishment of Nutrients It can be done by Natural Methods Manure and fertilizers Fallowing Crop Rotation Mixed cropping Compost Green Manure

15. Fallowing- In this method land is left uncultivated for one or more seasons. It then regains the nutrients by decomposition of dead plants or animals by the action of microbes. Crop Rotation- It is the method of growing different crops alternately on the same field. Mixed Cropping- In this 2 or more crops are grown together in the same field. Manure- It is an organic compound obtained by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes. Fertilizers- They are human made chemical substances that are rich in one or more nutrients. Compost- It is prepared by the decomposition of farm and domestic organic wastes. Green Manure- A fertilizer consisting of growing plants that are ploughed back into the soil.

16. 4. Irrigation The supply of water to the crop plants at regular intervals through sources other than rain is called irrigation. The time and frequency of irrigation depends on following 3 factors- Crop based irrigation- Some crops require more water while some require less water. Soil based irrigation- Irrigation also depends on nature of soil in which the crop is grown. Sandy soil needs frequent irrigation but clayey soil needs less frequent irrigation. Season based irrigation- In summers frequency of irrigation is higher. It is due to increased rate of evaporation of water from soil and the leaves. There are many methods of doing irrigation- Pulley system 2. Persian Wheel 3. Drip system 4. Sprinkler system

17. 5. Crop Protection It involves 2 types of protection - 1. Protection from weeds- The unwanted plants that grow along with the crop plants are called weeds. They are harmful because the take the nutrients required by crops. They can be removed by- a) Mechanical method(By a harrow or a garden trowel) b) Chemical method(By weedicides like 2-4-D, MCPA) c) Biological method(By insects that consume weeds, Ex- Opuntia) 2. Protection from pests and diseases- Pests are organisms that attack and damage crops. They are harmful because they cause diseases in plants. (Ex- Rust in wheat) We can protect the crops from pests by spraying- a) Pesticides(pathogens) b) Bactericides(bacteria) c) Fungicides(fungi)

18. 6. Harvesting The process of cutting and gathering of crops after it’s maturation is called Harvesting. There are further more steps included after harvesting that are- Threshing- The separation of grains from chaff is called Threshing. Winnowing- The separation of husk from grain is called Winnowing.

19. 7. Storage Proper storage of food grains is necessary to get regular supply of food products throughout the year as proper storage protects the food grains for a long time. Protection from pests, rodents and other microbes is required. Due to improper storage more than 10% of crop produced is spoiled in India. Before storing the grains they need to be dried in sun because they have more moisture content. This prevents the attack by insects, pests, bacteria and fungi. The dried food grains are stored according to their quantity in- On small scale farmers store grains in jute bags or metallic bins. On a commercial or large scale farmers store grains in gunny bags in graniries or in silos.

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