AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Unit 1 introduction [autosaved]

AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

1. UNIT 1 - INTRODUCTION AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Presented by, Mr. Arivumani Ravanan , Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Ph . : 9894077126

2. INDEX :- Meaning of agriculture and waste management. Management process Types of agricultural waste Treatment process Concerns about agricultural waste management Benefit of agricultural waste management Implementation waste management References

3. AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT Agriculture :- Agriculture is the largest contributor of any resource sector, to the economy . It is also a large generator of waste materials . Agriculture is also called as farming which is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.

4. Agricultural waste (Introdcution) :- Agricultural waste is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form of slurries and farmyard manures , spent mushroom compost , soiled water and silage effluent) Include :- Types of agricultural wastes Natural waste Animal waste Plant waste Field Wastes Weeds Straws Agro-Industrial Wastes Sugar cane: Molasses, Peals Animal Wastes : Animal Dung Dead Bodies

5. Glossary of Environment Statistics, UN (1997 ) defines agricultural waste as: Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields Agricultural waste otherwise called agro-waste is comprised of animal waste (manure, animal carcasses), food processing waste (only 20% of maize is canned and 80% is waste), crop waste (corn stalks, sugarcane bagasse, drops and culls from fruits and vegetables, prunings ) and hazardous and toxic agricultural waste (pesticides insecticides and herbicides, etc ).

6. Characterization of AW depending on the agricultural activity ( Loehr , 1978) Agricultural activity Types of wastes Method of disposal Crop pdn and harvest Rice production Fruit and vegetable Processing Biological sludges , trimings , peels, leaves, stems, soil, seeds, pits Land filling, animal feed, Land application, burning Sugar processing Biological sludges, pulp, lime mud, Land filling, burning, composting, animal feed Animal Production Blood, bones, feather, litter, manures, liquid effluents Land application, manure Dairy pdt processing Biological sludges Land filling, Land spreading Leather tanning Fleshings, hair, raw and tanned trimmings, lime & chrome sludge, grease By product recovery, Land filling, Land spreading Rice production Bran, straw, hull / husk Feeds, mulch/ soil conditioner, packaging material for glass, ceramics Rice production Stover, cobs, husk, leaves, coco meal Feeds, vinegar, activated carbon, coir pdts .

7. According to Subba Rao [1993] and Caprara et al. [2011], Agrowastes contain Insoluble chemical constituents (e.g., cellulose and lignin) and soluble constituents (e.g., sugar , amino acids, and organic acids ). Other constituents are fats , oil waxes, resins, pigment, protein, & mineral. The agro wastes such as decaying part of plants are the primary source of organic matter in soil . Therefore, agro-wastes are the cheapest source that can be used by farmers to improve the fertility of soil .

8. Waste management :- If wastes are not properly handled they can pollute surface and groundwater and contribute to air pollution The proper management of waste from agricultural operations can contribute in a significant way to farm operations Waste management helps to maintain a healthy environment for farm animals and can reduce the need for commercial fertilizers while providing other nutrients needed for crop production The waste which is reduce , recycle and make it usable for different purpose is a waste management.

9. Agricultural wastes (AW) can be defined as The residues from the growing field crops and processing of raw agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, meat, poultry, dairy products and crops . They are the non-product outputs of production and processing of agricultural products that may contain material that can benefit man but whose economic values are less than the cost of collection, transportation, and processing for beneficial use . This term includes both natural (organic) and non-natural wastes produced through various farming activities such as dairy farming, horticulture, seed growing, livestock breeding, grazing land, market gardens, nursery plots and even woodlands AW can be in the form of solid, liquid or slurries depending on the nature of agricultural activities Although the quantity of wastes produced by the agricultural sector is significantly low compared to wastes generated by other industries, the pollution potential of agricultural wastes is high on a long-term basis.

10. MANAGEMENT PROCESSES Generation (Production) Collection Transportation ( T ransfer ) Storage Treatment processes Disposal

11. Gene r ati on : - India is one of the richest country in agricultural resources. Presently in India, annually 350 MT are organic wastes from agricultural sources. The major quantity of solid waste generated from agricultural sources are sugarcane baggage, paddy and wheat straw and husk, waste of vegetables', food products, tea, oil production, jute fibres, groundnut shell, wooden mill waste, coconut husk, cotton stalk, etc.

12. Collection :- Waste like fruit and vegetable waste are collected form houses called domestic waste Waste collected form road street or side . Collected waste like dry refuse and green waste , animal dung from agricultural field.

13. Transportation process :- Waste collected from the side of roads, agricultural field all are transported to d e composed site and for further treatment by trucks , trailers , carts . Different types of waste are collected and then transported for further treatment and the waste which is not used is directly disposal to the sanitary land . Waste are not burn in open air so it is then transported to incineration.

14. Straw and stubble waste Green waste Dry waste from farm Roadside and vegetable market waste

15. Storage :- Storage is the temporary containment of the waste. The waste management system should identify the storage period ; required storage volume; type, estimated size, location, and installation cost of the storage facility; management cost of the storage process; and impact of the storage on the consistency of the waste.

16. Treatment process :- Various treatment process are performed on agricultural waste are as follows :- When dealing with agricultural waste , we must follow health and safety regulations . should provide written instructions for storing and disposing of each type of waste we produce. must dispose of waste if we have determined that we can not use prevention , preparation for reuse , recycling or any other recovery method.

17. Treatment process :- Co m p o st i ng Recycling Incineration Treatment is any function designed to reduce the pollution potential or modify the physical characteristics of the waste, such as moisture and TS content, to facilitate more efficient and effective handling. Manure treatment is comprised of physical, biological, and chemical unit processes. It also includes activities that are sometimes considered pretreatment, such as the separation of solids.

18. COMPOSTING :- Composting is a method in which organic matter present in agricultural waste is decomposed by aerobically / anaerobically through a biochemical process and converted into humus .

19. Composting is divided into- Three step operation: Preparation of agricultural waste Decomposition Product preparation & marketing

20. i . Preparation of agricultural waste :- Shall be free of material that is not produced in agricultural field. Shall be reasonably free of dirt , soil and visible surface Shall be arranged so that it will burn with a minimum of smoke.

21. ii. Decomposition :- Waste is decomposed by three way- Nadep system Vermiculture decomposition Anaerobically decomposition

22. method of organic composting: The   NADEP  method of organic composting uses a wide range of organic materials such as crop residues, weeds, forest litter and kitchen waste with an end-product of a fertilizer that serves as a good alternative to farmyard manure.

23. Description : construction of a simple, rectangular brick tank maintained between the bricks for necessary aeration. The recommended size of the tank is 10 ft (length) x 5 ft (breadth) x 3 ft (height ). All the four walls with 6// vents - height of 1ft. from bottom for aeration Tank can be constructed in mud mortar or cement mortar The NADEP method of organic composting was developed by a Gandhian worker called Narayan Deorao Pandharipande of Maharastra ( Pusad ). prepared from a wide range of organic materials including dead plant material (crop residues, weeds, forest litter and kitchen waste) converting all kinds biomass into high value fertilizer that serves as a good alternative to farmyard manure, especially for crop-growing households without livestock

24. Establishment Activities : Raw materials required for filling NADEP tank Agricultural waste (Dry and green) – 1350-1400 kgs . Cattle dung or biogas slurry – 98 – 100 kgs . Fine sieved soil – 1675 kgs . Water – 1350-1400 litres . The important technique : Nadep compost is that the entire tank should be filled in one go, within 24 hours and should not go beyond 48 hours, as this would affect the quality of the compost Thatched roof, Brick Wall Flooring, Air Vents, Green-farm technologies for small and marginal farms Resources Centre for Sustainable Development Before filling:  the tank is plastered by dilute cattle dung slurry to facilitate bacterial activity from all four sides. It is also filled in definite layers each layer consisting of the following sub layers.

25. Sub-layer-1 4 to 6// thick layer of fine sticks, stems, (To facilitate aeration) followed by 4 to 6// layer of dry and green biomass Sub-layer-2 4 kgs . Cow dung is mixed with 100 litres of water and sprinkled thoroughly on the agricultural waste to facilitate microbial activity Sub-layer-3 60 kgs . of fine dry soil is spread uniformly over the soaked biomass for moisture retention and acts as a buffer during biodegradation. Thus the proportion of organic materials for each layer is 100 kgs . Organic biomass: 4kgs.cowdung + 100 litres water+60 kgs soil. In this way, approximately 10 -12 layers are filled in each tank After filling the tank, biomass is covered with 3// thick layer of soil and sealed with cow dung + mud plaster

26. Maintenance : After 15-30 days of filling the organic biomass in the tank gets automatically pressed down to 2 ft. The tank is refilled by giving 2-3 layers over it and is resealed After this filling the tank is not disturbed for 3 months except that it is moistened at intervals of every 6-15 days The entire tank is covered with a thatched roof to prevent excessive evaporation of moisture Under no circumstances should any cracks be allowed to develop. If they do, they should be promptly filled up with slurry Benefits : Reduced cash expenses on chemical fertilizer, improved soil fertility, increased crop yield Supports organic crop production, reduced dependence on outside inputs approximately 2.5 tons of compost is prepared with in 90-120 days reduced the need for mineral fertilizer thus reducing production costs and outside dependence

27. Vermi compost Unit

28. Vermicompost  ( vermi -compost ) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of  worms , usually  red wigglers ,  white worms , and other  earthworms , to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or  food waste , bedding materials, and vermicast . This process is called vermicomposting, while the rearing of worms for this purpose is called vermiculture . Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich  organic fertilizer  and soil conditioner. [3]  It is used in farming and small scale sustainable, organic farming. Vermicomposting can also be applied for  treatment of sewage . A variation of the process is  vermifiltration  (or vermidigestion ) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens and  oxygen demand  from  wastewater  or directly from  blackwater  of flush toilets .

29. Anaerobic digester

30. Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Process Plants Why Use Anaerobic Digestion? Reduction of pollution through integrated waste management Commercial Benefits In an anaerobic digestion plant, there are two types of AD process: 1. Mesophilic digestion 2. Thermophilic digestion

31. Anaerobic Decomposition , or  Anaerobic Digestion , is Renewable Energy technology, where organic materials are placed in a container and are broken down by microorganisms to create Biogas.

32. 2. Thermophilic Digestion Thermophilic digestion is less common and not as mature a technology as mesophilic digestion. The digester is heated to 55 o C and held for a period of 12 to 14 days. Thermophilic digestion systems provides higher biogas production, faster throughput and an improved pathogen and virus ‘kill’, but the technology is more expensive, more energy is needed and it is necessary to have more sophisticated control & instrumentation.

33. 1. Flow Diagram of Mesophilic Process Pasteurisation Stage

34. Landfill :- A landfill site (rubbish dump or dumping ground) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial have been most common method Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling

35. Sanitary landfill Waste is compacted and covered with soil When disposal site has reached its capacity-a final layer of 2ft is applied

36. Sanitary land fill

37. Recycling Process to change waste into new products Prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage Reduce air pollution from incineration and water pollution from land filling Lower greenhouse gas emissions Key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle"

38. Management of Recycling agro-wastes A g ro- W as t es M eat Leather Indus t ries Bio-fertilizer Bio g as Pulp and Paper Phosphorus and calcium Alcohol p r oduc t ion F uel

39. Biogas Production Animal Dung Biogas plant Fuel L i g h t Biofertilizer

40. Agro -wa s t e s B i o g as V er m i c ulture Dugging with various microorganisms Cyanobacteria and other nitrogen fixating MO Bio-fertilizers production

41. Leather and Meat Industry Old animals Le a ther Sl au g h t e r i ng Sl au g h t e r i ng M eat

42. Bone utilization Old animals B o nes Bone Powder Animal Feed Drugs Phosphorus and calcium extraction F er t i l i z ers

43. Sugarcane – Source of Green Energy JUICE BAGASSE LEAVES & TOPS SU G AR C O - GE N ER A TION OF ELECTRICITY Et h a n ol

44. MASH JUICE FOR SUGAR FACTORY SUGAR E T H A NO L FROM SUG A RS SUGARCANE MIL L ING MO L AS S ES JUICE FOR ETHANOL ETHANOL FROM M O L A SS E S ETHANOL DISTILLERY FERMEN T A T ION DISTILLATION Ethanol from Molasses and Juice

45. Straws and peals used for Pulp and Paper Production Straws and peals P a p e r Wood/ Ply P u lp

46. Incineration :- Incineration is a modern and most hygienic method of disposal of dry refuse It is widely used in western countries , like , USA , UK , etc. and in INDIA this it is gradually popular especially for large cities The method consist of burning the dry refuse in incinerator

47. Uncontrolled incineration Controlled incineration

48. Concerns about agricultural waste management :- If not managed properly, agricultural waste can pollute the environment The degradation of water quality can impact adjacent waterways and groundwater both onsite and offsite This degradation reduces the ability of these resources to support aquatic life and water for human and animal consumption. Nitrates can found in fertilizers and agricultural waste runoff, can seep into groundwater Well water contaminated with nitrates is hazardous to humans, as it results in oxygen depletion in the blood

49. Drawbacks of Improper Agro-Waste Management Global warming Field filling Mosquito generated diseases

50. Current constraints in collection and handling of agricultural wastes Legal Constraints Federal (nation) State Local private Foreign Social Constraints Drawbacks of Using Composts

51. Current constraints in collection and handling of agricultural wastes The reuse of animal waste in farming operations can reduce the quantity and hauling costs of commercial fertilizer. The contribution of animal waste increases the organic matter content of soils, which increases nutrient availability for crops and improves the water holding capacity. Good waste management reduces the instances of well water contamination and minimizes surface water pollution . Agriculturally caused pollution is but one part of the national environmental quality problem. All pollution sources, i.e., municipal, industrial, marine, agricultural, and mining sources

52. Benefits of agricultural waste management :- Reduce indiscriminate disposal or burning of waste products which cause both soil, water and air pollution. Can maintaining the fertility of the soil Conversion of all forms of vegetable and animal waste into organic matter suitable for the needs of the growing crop . To reduce the dependence on chemicals and to move towards more natural and healthier methods of food production Can help the farmer to increase their socioeconomic and also country income Able to reduce the cost of animal feeding For productive use To ensure the success of the project , environmental and economic gain for the country