Agriculture In India methods and procedures.pptx

Agriculture methods

1. Agriculture C. Sreesh Narayan 8A Roll no. 7

2.   Basic requirement of life to survive Made up of various kind of energy rich substances like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, which are known as nutrients FOOD

3. The process of growing crops on large scale is called Agriculture Art of growing fruits, Vegetables and ornamental plants Horticulture Agriculture is the largest occupation in our country (70%) Progress in agriculture influence the progress of our country The plants grown by human beings in large number to get useful products are known as crops or crop plants

4. 1. Wheat 2. Rice 3.Maize CEREALS 4. Barley 5. Millets (Bajra) 6. Oats

5. 1. Peas 2. Green gram (Moong) PULSES 3. Beans 4. Pigeon pea ( Arhar )

6. VEGETABLES 1. Tomato 2. Potato 3. Cabbage 4. Onion 5. Cauliflower

7. 1. Apple 3. Plum 2. Guava FRUITS 4. Peaches 5. Grapes

8. 2. Mustard 3. Groundnut 1. Coconut OIL SEEDS

9. 1. Chillies 2. Cardamom 3. Ginger SPICES 4. Turmeric 5. Garlic

10. Sugar cane Sugarbeet Sugar Yielding Crops

11. Medicinal Crops Belladona Mint Cinchona

12. Tulasi Isabgul Medicinal Crops

13. Cotton Jute Hemp Fiber Crops

14. Beverages Tea Coffee Cocoa

15. Crop Seasons Rabi season Rabi Crops Oct / Nov March / April No Monsoon Kharif season Kharif Crops June / July Sep / Oct Monsoon

16. Agricultural Implements / Tools Some are used manually Some are used with help of animals lie bullocks and camels Now a days Tractors and combine harvesters help farmers in their work

17. Khurpa / Hoe For Weeding Agricultural Implements / Tools

18. Agricultural Implements / Tools Spade For diggng and bund formation

19. For tillage Wooden Plough Iron Plough Agricultural Implements / Tools

20. Agricultural Implements / Tools Seed Drill For Sowing Leveller For levelling and pressing the soil

21. Seed Drill For sowing Harrow For weeding

22. Sickle For Harvesting Combines For Harvesting and threshing

23. Sparyers For spraying insecticides

24. Basic Agricultural Practices All the activities which are involved in the cultivation of crops, from sowing to harvesting, are known as agricultural practices Preparation of soil ( ploughing , levelling , manuring ) Sowing Applying manure and fertilisers Irrigation Weeding Protection of crops from pests and microorganisms Harvesting, threshing and winnowing Storage

25. Preparation of the soil This is an essential stage for cultivating any crop plant It involves ploughing or digging levelling manuring

26. Ploughing or digging The process of loosening and turning up of the soil is called tilling or ploughing This is done by using a wooden or iron plough A plough has a strong triangular iron strip called ploughshare The main part of the plough is a long log of wood and is called ploughshaft

27. wooden plough iron plough Ploughs are either drawn by bullocks or driven by tractors Tractor-driven ploughing saves time and labour

28. Loosening of soil by ploughing has the following advantages It permits easy and deeper penetration of the roots It provides good aeration to the roots It retains moisture for a longer period It exposes soil pests to natural predators It helps in uprooting the weeds It promotes growth of useful microorganisms in the soil It helps in bringing nutrient-rich soil to the top for plant use Spade, shovel, hoe, pickaxe and rakes are some of the hand-held implements used to dig and level soil on a small scale

29. Levelling Soil, if ploughed in dry season, breaks into big mud pieces called crumbs It is necessary to break these crumbs with a wooden plank or iron leveller With the help of these, the field is levelled for sowing as well as for irrigation Advantages of Levelling : It breaks crumbs into smaller pieces. It protects the upper fertile layer of soil from erosion. It helps the soil retain moisture. It promotes uniform irrigation. It makes the soil a little compact.

30. Sowing The process of putting seeds into the soil is called sowing Points to be kept in mind while sowing seeds: Seeds should be of good quality, healthy and free from infections Seeds should have a good percentage of germination Seeds should be treated with suitable fungicides to prevent seed-borne diseases Seeds should be sown at the correct depth in the soil Seeds should be sown at the right distance from each other to avoid overcrowding The soil should have enough water for the seeds to germinate. If the soil is dry, then it should be watered before sowing

31. Methods of sowing Broadcasting Sowing seeds manually by scattering them into the soil It is a traditional method which is used in most parts of the country It results in unequal distribution of seeds over the area resulting in reduced crop yield

32. The simple tool used for sowing seeds consists of an iron tube with a funnel at the top attached to the plough Seeds are introduced into the funnel opening and then released into the soil furrows made by a plough Traditional Tool

33. Sows the seeds precisely in the soil at proper depth and distance and then covers them with soil It protects the seeds from birds and also saves time and labour A seed drill

34. The seeds of certain crops ‘such as paddy and some vegetables are not sown directly in the field They are first germinated in nurseries and then the seedlings are transferred to the main field Farmers usually produce their own seeds However, they can also buy good quality seeds from the State Agricultural Department of Seed Corporation

35. Applying manure and fertilisers Crops absorb various nutrients required tor their growth and development from the soil This can be replenished by adding manure and fertilisers to the soil This process is called manuring

36. Manure is a natural, organic substance obtained by the decomposition of animal waste and plant residues They supply essential nutrients and humus to the soil and make it fertile Advantages of manure It enriches the soil with nutrients It adds organic matter to the soil, which improves the quality of soil It increases the water-holding capacity in sandy soil and drainage in clayey soil It increases the population of useful microorganisms in the soil It improves and maintains the quality of the soil for a long time Manure

37. Farm yard manure It consists of cattle dung, urine, straw, leaves and other farmyard waste Compost Manure It is the manure obtained by the decomposition of dead plants and animal waste and sewage waste It is made by burying all available organic material in a pit with alternative layers of soil and leaving it to rot Green manure Green manure is formed by the decomposition of fast growing leguminous plants such as guar and sunhemp These plants grown and ploughed back into the soil

38. It is a man-made inorganic compound which supplies specific nutrients to the soil The most commonly used fertilisers are the NPK fertilisers which are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium Chemical fertilisers have become popular with farmers because most of them are soluble in water and can be easily absorbed by plants They are easy to store and handle Fertilisers are applied either by broadcasting them in the field or by spraying or through irrigation channels Some examples of commonly used fertilisers are urea, ammonium sulphate , super-phosphate and potassium nitrate Fertiliser

39. Manure is a natural substance. It is formed from dead, decaying organic matter and animal waste such as cow dung, plant residue and bird droppings. 2. Manure contains all the essential nutrients required for plants but in small amounts. 3 It provides hunts to the soil and also improves its quality. 4. Manure is not absorbed quickly by the plants as it is not easily soluble. 5. It is not nutrient specific. 6. Manure is required in large amounts. 7. It is inconvenient to store, transport or apply. 8. It takes a long time to show results and require a long time for their preparation. 9. It is eco-friendly. 1. Fertilisers are salts or inorganic compounds. They are produced in factories from chemicals. 2. They are rich in plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 3. They do not provide any humus to the soil. 4. They are soluble in water and can be readily and directly absorbed by the plants. 5. These are nutrient specific. 6. They are concentrated and hence required in small quantities. 7. They can be conveniently transported, supplied and stored. 8. They show immediate results and take less time in their manufacturing. 9. Their inappropriate usage can make the soil either acidic, alkaline or saline.

40. Natural methods of replenishing the soil with nutrients Leaving the field fallow: Leaving the field uncultivated (fallow) for one or more seasons helps the land regenerate the lost nutrients. However, due to high demand for foodgrains this method is no longer followed. Crop rotation: It is the method of growing leguminous and non-leguminous crops alternately on the same land. Farmers should grow leguminous plants such as pulses in one season and non-leguminous plants such as cereals in the next season. This practice is helpful in the replenishment of the soil with nitrogen because the bacteria present in the root nodules of leguminous plants fix atmospheric nitrogen. This is an eco-friendly way to replenish soil. Multiple cropping: Sometimes two or more crops are grown together in the same field. This practice is called mixed cropping or multiple cropping. The crops are chosen in such a way that the products and waste materials from one crop help in the growth of the other. Cotton and groundnut crops are often grown together for this reason However, these methods alone are not enough to maintain soil fertility, hence farmers have to add manure and fertilisers from time to time.

41. Plants need water for proper growth and development Seeds need water for germination Plants need water to draw nutrients from the soil and for photosynthesis Water helps the plant to translocate food from one part to other parts of the body It also protects the crop from frost and extremely hot air currents Water plays an important role in the life of plants right from the germination stage to the maturity stage Irrigation

42. The process of supplying water to crops in the field at different intervals is called irrigation The time and frequency of irrigation vary from crop to crop, soil to soil and season to season In summer, the frequency of watering crops is more Sandy soils need more frequent watering than clayey soils Paddy is transplanted in standing water and needs continuous irrigation Wheat , Gram and Cotton need irrigation at regular intervals Irrigation

43. The main sources of irrigation in our country are rivers, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, wells , tubewells , dams and canals Water from these sources is delivered by irrigation canals or pumped by using electric or diesel pumps Biogas and solar energy are also used to run these pumps Irrigation Sources of Irrigation

44. Pulley system (moat), chain pump, lever system ( rahat ) and dhekli have been in use for centuries to lift water from water reservoirs and supply it to the field for irrigation. These methods are cheaper but less efficient. Irrigation Traditional Methods

45. Furrow Irrigation Water is allowed to enter the field through channels or furrows made between two rows of a crop Irrigation Modern Methods

46. Basin irrigation Used in flat fields The field is divided into basins by creating bunds filled with water Eg Paddy Irrigation Modern Methods

47. Irrigation Modern Methods Sprinkler Irrigation This type of irrigation is used where the soil cannot retain water for a long time. Here the water is dispersed by sprinklers with rotating nozzles imitating natural rainfall

48. Drip irrigation / Trickle irrigation / Microirrigation The system minimises the use of water and fertilisers by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either by dripping onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone through a network of valves, pipes, tubes and emitters. Drip irrigation is used by farms, commercial greenhouses and residential gardens. It is adopted extensively in areas of acute water scarcity Farmers learn from experience as to when and how many times a field requires to be irrigated. Some plants need to be watered more frequently than others. Irrigation Modern Methods

49. Disadvantages of excessive or untimely irrigation All crop plants require water at different stages of their development. Plants require the right amount of water at the right time. Excess of water ( water logging ) in the soil inhibits the process of germination of seeds as the seeds do not get sufficient air to respire. Roots do not grow well if there is water logging in the field. 3. If the crop is irrigated when it is fully mature, that is, near about ready for harvest it gets damaged. Plants, which are unable to resist strong winds, fall down affecting the yield. The falling down of the crop due to untimely irrigation is termed as lodging. ‘Then the excess water from the field has to be drained off immediately.

50. Status of irrigation facilities in India In India, only 18% of the cultivated land is fully irrigated and 24% is partially irrigated. The remaining 58% of the land is dependent only on rain, particularly the monsoon rains. There is an urgent need to bring this rainfed area under assured irrigation to boost food production for the ever increasing population of our country.

51. Weeds are the unwanted plants which grow along with the main crops and reduce crop yield Undesirable as they compete with the main crop for nutrients, space, air, light and water Spread pests to the crops and sometimes produce poisonous substances which are harmful to animals and humans Weeding

52. The process of removing weeds from a field is called weeding The best time for removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and seeds Most common weeds wild oats ( Javi ), grass, Amaranthus ( Chaulai ), Chenopodium ( Bathua ) and Convolvulus ( Hiran Khuri ) Weeding

53. Manual Weeding / Mechanical Either by uprooting them or by cutting them with the help of tools such as hoe, khurpa and harrow Methods of Weeding

54. Chemicals , destroy (kill) weeds but do not harm the crop Eg . Dalapon , Metachlor , Siniazine and Butachlor Diluted in Water and sprayed in the field with a sprayer Poisonous and must be used with care Farmers should cover their nose and mouth with a piece of cloth while spraying to protect themselves from the harmful effects of the chemicals Methods of Weeding Weedicides / Herbicides

55. Biological Method Destruction of weeds with the help of living organisms Eg . Cochineal insects are used to control the growth of the weed called Opuntia Methods of Weeding

56. Pests are organisms that attack and damage crops They may be rodents (rats), insects (locusts, weevils, termites), stray animals and birds It is estimated that 10% of crops are destroyed every year by pests Protection of Crops

57. Crops are also attacked by Bacteria / Fungi / Viruses These diseases reduce the quality and quantity of the produce These diseases get transmitted through seeds, air, soil or through insects Protection of Crops

58. Chemicals ( Pesticides) such as DDT, Atrazine and diuron are used to kill pests without harming the crops They are sprayed using a sprayer or a low flying aircraft Protection of Crops

59. Birds can be scared away by placing scarecrows in the fields Protection of Crops

60. The process of cutting and gathering a matured crop All over the world harvest Season is celebrated with excitement Baisaki. Holi , Pongal , Diwali , Nabanya and Bihu are some of the harvest festivals Most of the grain crops are reaped close to the ground manually with the help of a sickle or by a harvester machine Harvesting

61. It is the process of separating grain from the harvested stalks of hay Done manually or by spreading the harvested crop on the ground and walking over them Animals such as bullocks, buffaloes or camels are also used Threshing

62. It is the process of separating the grain from the chaff The wind blows away the lighter chaff from the mixture The grains being heavier fall directly on the ground below and are thus separated Winnowing

63. Huge machines called combines which cut, thresh as well as separate the grain from the chaff, all in one go Winnowing

64. Food materials which contain high amount of moisture, get spoiled easily when kept at room temperature Storage

65. Food grains are dried in the sun to bring down moisture content to below 14% by weight and prevent attack by pests The dried food grains are weighed , packed in gunny bags and transferred to properly ventilated halls called godowns The godowns are kept free from pests by spraying various pesticides from time to time Farmers store food grains for their personal use in metal bins and add dried neem leaves to prevent pest infestation Dry Storage

66. Specially designed tall, cylindrical structures for bulk storage Can store different stocks of foodgrains at different levels The required foodgrain can be taken out from the openings provided in the silos Grain Silos In our country foodgrains are stored by Food Corporation of India and State Warehousing Corporation

67. Icebox or refrigerator is used at home to store fruits, vegetables, milk, milk products and fish On a commercial scale, such food materials are stored in either a deep freezer or a cold storage Cold Storage Used for storage of food materials that have very short shelf-life Food materials are usually stored at low temperature

68. Prevents food from being spoiled by moisture, insects and rats Increases the storage period of food materials Helps in the availability of off- season fruits and vegetables round the year Makes the transportation of food materials easier Helps to maintain prices in the market Helps in maintaining buffer stock to meet any emergency in the country Advantages of Food Storage