Agriculture pakistan studies powerpont igcse.pdf

a power point presentation on Agriculture for IGCSE Pakistan Studies

1. Agricultural
Development

2. •Primary industryconcerned with obtaining raw
material from the ground for immediate
consumption or for further processing.
Agriculture
•Small-scale subsistence farming
•Cash crop farming
•Livestock farming
Types of Farming

3. Agriculture as a system
Inputs
Natural
/
Physical
Land
Soil
Climate
Water
Human
/ Economic
Capital
Machines
Fertilizers
Labour
Irrigation
Pesticides
Processes
Ploughing
Sowing
Irrigation
Fertilizing
Weeding
Harvesting
Threshing
Outputs
Wheat
Rice
Cotton
Sugarcane
Maize
Pulses
Fruit
Vegetables

4. Cropping Season
Rabi / Winter Crops
Sown at the beginning of winter season (Oct –Nov) and harvested in
early summer (April-May)
Wheat, barley, grams, oilseeds and pulses
Kharif/ Summer Crops
Sown in summer (April –June) and harvested in early winter (Oct –
Nov)
Rice, sugar-cane, millets, maize and cotton

5. Chief Crops of Pakistan
Cotton Rice
Sugar-caneWheat

6. Mainly done to fulfil family needs
Animals are used for ploughing
Seeds saved from previous crops are used
Well irrigation/ Charsa/ Persian Wheel or
rainwater is used
Harvesting is done by manual labor
Cow dung is used as manure
Small Scale Subsistence Farming

7. Gaining maximum profit is the target
Tractor is used for ploughing
HYV seeds are used
Normally canal water is arranged, tube well can also be
used
Chemical fertilizers are used
Pesticides are used
Combine harvesters are used
Crops are grown on the basis of demand, price and
favorable government policies
Cash Crop Farming

8. Cultivation of Wheat
Ploughing
the field
Seeds are
sown
Irrigation
after one
month
after
sowing
Weeding
Second
irrigation
one
before
harvesting
Harvesting

9. Geographical requirements: Wheat
Temperature Rainfall / Irrigation Soil
10C –20C at the time of
growing
25C –30C for ripening
Need 90 to 120 day for
growing
Moderate rainfall, light
shower before harvesting
makes the grain bigger
Mostly irrigation
Potwar plateau and some
part of KPK are rain-fed
Moderately stiff loamy or
clayey soil
Flat or undulating ground
Land must be well drained

10. Wheat cultivation: Areas

11. Wheat products

12. Reasons for decrease in wheat production
Ever-increasing
population
Gradual decrease in
cultivable area,
waterlogging, and
salinity
Land
fragmentation
due to
inheritance
Pest attack
Soil exhaustion
due to
continuous
cultivation

13. Cultivation of Rice
Rice seeds
are sown
into
nurseries
Main fields
are
ploughed
and flooded
Rice
seedlings
are
transplanted
into the
main fields
Water from
fields is
drained
when rice
are ripe
Harvesting Threshing

14. Geographical Requirements
Temperature Rainfall / Irrigation Soil
Mean 20
o
to 30
o
with no
cold season
A warm dry period for
harvesting
Heavy rainfall of at least
1270mm but 2000mm is
ideal
Irrigation bridges the
rainfall gap
Flat ground
Soil should be loamy or
clayey
Impervious sub-soil is
essential as it is retentive
of water

15. Cultivation Areas

16. Rice Products

17. Cotton Cultivation
Ploughing
and cross
ploughing
Field
waterd to 6
inches
deep
Ploughing
and cross
ploughing
again
Seeds sown
April –May
2 –5
waterings
at 7 -9 days
intervals
Harvesting
in August –
January,
picked by
hand,
usually by
women and
children

18. Geographical Requirements
Temperature Rainfall / Irrigation Soil
25
o
to 35
o
Mild night temperatures for
the development of the bolls
Cotton is sensitive to frost
Ample rainfall is preferred
about 1000mm
When rainfall is less than
500mm, irrigation is necessary
Medium loam is best
Needs manure or chemical
fertilizers to maintain soil’s
fertility
Level land is required

19. Cultivation Areas

20. Cotton products

21. Sugar-Cane Cultivation
Planting, February
–March,
sugar –cane 30
cm long stalks are
planted, in some
fields, same stalks
produce crops for
2-3 years
Watering is
frequently done
from canals
Harvesting,
November onwards

22. Geographical Requirements
Temperature Rainfall / Irrigation Soil
Requires 25
o
to 35
o
C
Tolerant to frost for a short
period
Requires plenty of rainfall 1520
mm
Irrigation is necessary to bridge
the gap
Can be grown in variety of soils
Loam and clay soils with silt
are best
Consumes lots of nutrients,
manure or fertilizers containing
nitrogen, phosphorous and
potash are needed

23. Cultivation Areas

24. Products

25. Pulses
•Rich in proteins, Pulses fix nitrogen in
soil
•Grown less as these are considered as
low value crops.
•Can be grown in a variety of soils

26. Fruit Farming

27. Fruit Farming

28. Livestock Farming
Rearing of animals is called livestock farming, one of the oldest and
most common occupations in Pakistan.

29. Inputs
Grazing field
Water
Open land
Labor
Veterinary facilities
Animal sheds
Fodder
Processes
Breeding
Feeding
Milking
Slaughtering
Skinning
SheepSharing
Outputs
Milk
Meat
Wool
Eggs
Hides
Livestock: System

30. Subsistence
livestock farming
Raring animal for family
needs
movement from place to
place along with animals in
search of food and water,
settle when find a grazing
ground
Nomadic
Seasonal movement with animals on
pastures high up in the mountains in
summer and brought down to lower
pastures in winter, mostly practiced in
northern Mountains but also partially
practiced in Western Mountains
Transhumance
Kept in homes in villages,
suburbs or slums
Settled:

31. Livestock: Commercial
Practiced mainly for profit, some of the large
scale farms are owned by government or by
military, some private owners have their farms
but those are not large scale like govt. or military

32. Livestock: Products

33. Importance of livestock
Uses as
drought power
in the small-
scale farming
Supply food,
meat, milk,
Raw material
for industry,
leather, dairy
products
Contribution
in export, 10%
of GDP

34. Problems of livestock
Few veterinary
hospitals and
vaccination
facilities
Lack of grazing
grounds
High prices of
animal feed
Difficult to keep
in cities
Inefficient
marketing system
of milk and other
products, leading
to less profit
Gap in price of
livestock in
villages and cities
Inadequate
facilities for meat
storage
Unhygienic
conditions in
animal breeding

35. Government efforts for livestock
Control in animal disease
Improvement in livestock research farms
Improvement in vaccination facilities
Cultivation of fodder crops to turn agricultural lands into grazing
fields
Improvement in breeding and cross breeding methods

36. Factors affecting
Agricultural Production
Natural /
Physical
Topography
Soil
Water / Rainfall
Temperature
Pests and diseases
Human /
Economic
Marketing
Size of farm
High Yielding varieties
Irrigation
Mechanization
Fertilizers
Plant protection programs

37. Land Reforms
In 1947, 53% land was owned by 7% of the landowners
The government of Pakistan was aware of the importance of land reforms to increase
productivity and abolish ZamindariSystem
Land reforms were introduced by General Muhammad AyubKhan, ZulifiqarAli Bhutto
And Zia ulHaq.
Each tried to set minimum and maximum limit of land to be owned by an individual

38. Purpose of Land Reforms
Breaking the hold of
the large landlords
Equitable
distribution of land
Protection of the
rights of tenants
Consolidation of
holdings

39. Effectiveness of Land Reforms
Half-hearted
implementation
Lack of political
will
Incomplete record
of baranilands
Government
underestimated the
influence of big
landlords
Land transferred
under various land
reforms was simply
a paper exercise.

40. Farming and Environment
Mechanization
•Cause air
pollution, noise
pollution
Fertilizers
•When fertilizers
drains into rivers, it
pollutes water and
encourages the
growth of algae
which absorbs
oxygen
Irrigation
•Continuous supply
of water in unlined
canals leads to
waterlogging and
salinity
Pesticides
•Use of pesticides
weakens Immune
system, sometimes
these remain in crops
and affect human and
animal alike when
consumed,
Contaminates water
supply when washed
away by rain

41. Government efforts to improve
Agricultural Production
Increase the
production of
fertilizer to encourage
use of it
Distribution of improved
seeds / HYV through
government
departments
Developing a
plant protection
program / Pest
scouting
Providing loans
through ‘one
window’
operation
Distribution of
tractors and other
equipment on
easy installments
Interest free
loans to small-
scale farmers

42. Sustainable Agriculture
Development of agriculture in a way to fulfil the needs of present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs
Obstacles to Sustainable Agriculture
Land degradation due to waterlogging and salinity
Soil erosion
Desertification
Rapid Population growth
Land fragmentation due to inheritance

43. Suggestions for Sustainable Agriculture
Development of new,
highly productive and
environmentally
sustainable production
technologies
Reclaim
waterlogged and
saline soil
Soil management
through afforestation
projects to reduce
soil erosion and
maintain its fertility
Development of organic
farming, use of bacteria in
the soil to act as natural
nutrients for the
fertilization of soil
Reclaim deserts
through irrigation
schemes