Agriculture presentation

Explain about Agriculture

1. Agriculture Sector in INDIA

2. PRESENTATION DONE BY : AKSHITA ANUSHA AMAR CHINDU VAMSI VASEEM

3. ABOUT AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN INDIA

4. INTRODUCTION Agriculture describes the practice of growing crops or raising animals. Someone who works as a farmer is in the  agriculture  industry . The Latin root of  agriculture  is  agri , or "field," plus  cultura , "cultivation." Cultivating a piece of land, or planting and growing food plants on it, is largely what  agriculture  means. Raising animals for meat or milk also falls under the category of  agriculture . If we didn't have agriculture, we'd all be running around the woods, picking berries and trying to shoot things . India is an agricultural based country and agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 16 per cent of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce.

5. India is the world’s largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products. India has many areas to choose for business such as dairy, meat, poultry, fisheries and food grains etc. India has emerged as the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world . In India, about seventy percent of total population is engaged in farming and other agricultural activities. India’s geographical condition is unique for agriculture because many favorable conditions like climate, soil etc. for farming are available here and these agriculture products provide raw materials to a much agro-based company which are abundant in India. Apart from soil and climatic condition every day various scientific techniques and innovations are done for the growth of agricultural production. Agriculture is the biggest industry in India and it also plays a key role in the socio-economic growth of the country.

6. HISTORY The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. Indian agriculture began like in 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants. Double monsoon leads to two harvest in a year. The Grow More Food Campaign (1940s) and the Integrated Production Program (1950s) focused on food and cash crops supply respectively. In 1960s Green revolution took place. Agriculture production rose. Export increased at 10% in 1990s.

7. C ontd ….. Agricultural practices such as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago but have made great strides in the past century The recent history of agriculture has been closely tied with a range of political issues including water pollution, biofuels, Genetically modified organisms, tariffs, and farm subsidies. In recent years, there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of mechanized agriculture, and increasing support for the organic movement and Sustainable agriculture.

8. Schemes for Development of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation was earlier implementing 51 schemes for development of agriculture and welfare of farmers in the country. These schemes have recently been restructured into 5 Centrally Sponsored Missions, 5 Central Sector Schemes and 1 State Plan Scheme as given below: Centrally Sponsored Missions: National Food Security Mission (NFSM) National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NMAET) Mission of Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

9. Cont… B . Central Sector Schemes National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Cooperation (ISAC) Integrated Scheme for Agriculture Marketing (ISAM) Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics & Statistics (ISACE&S) Secretariat Economic Service (SES) C. State Plan Scheme Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) The schemes are constantly reviewed and evaluated at National, State and Zonal levels and taken up during meetings with States and during Zonal and National Rabi/ Kharif season Conferences to identify the deficiencies in the implementation of the schemes.

10. GDP Contribution 0f Agriculture In INDIA As per the Economic Survey 2017–2018, the agriculture sector has contributed about 16% to India GDP at current price . The year on growth is merely in the range of 2.1 to 2.3% in agricultural sector alone and if as predicted by the current government to double the farming income by 2022, you must be able to grow at 12% year on year basis for the next 4 years. Agriculture sector has a pivotal role in Indian economy ,Agriculture sector a must for GDP growth in India and also Agriculture provides the principal means of livelihood for over 60 percent of India's population.

11. ABOUT CASH CROPS IN INDIA A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown to sell for profit. It is typically purchased by parties separate from a farm. The term is used to differentiate marketed crops from subsistence crops, which are those fed to the producer's own livestock or grown as food for the producer's family . Cash crop is a crop grown for its commercial value with the objective of making profit by selling them .

12. Cash Crops are divided into 3 major groups: Fibers: Cotton: Cotton is a major cash crop in India. It grows in equable and dry climate. The best soil for cotton cultivation is Black Cotton Soil . The most important cotton growing regions in India are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu . Jute: India is the principle producer of Jute in the World. It is mainly grown in Ganges-Brahmaputra regions. The major jute producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Bihar . Sugarcane: India is the second largest producer of sugarcane. It grows well in hot and humid climate. The major sugarcane producing regions are Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh ,Maharashtra.

13. Drugs & Beverages Tobacco: Tobacco was brought to India by the Portuguese. Gujarat , Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar. More than 1/3rd tobacco of the country is produced by Andhra Pradesh alone. Tea: India is the second producer of tea in the world. It is mainly grown in hills. West Bengal, North East India, and South India are the chief producers in India . Coffee: India contributes about 4% of the world’s total coffee production. It ranks 6th in the world in coffee production. More than half of the total coffee production in India is produced by Karnataka alone, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu .

14. Oil seeds: Oil seeds produced in India include groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesame ( til ), soy bean, castor seeds, linseed, and sunflower. Madhya Pradesh ranks first (31%) in the total oil seeds production and is followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some examples of cash crops are as follows: Coffee Groundnut Tea Castor Coconut Linseed Cotton Cocoa Jute Rubber

15. Major crops and their Regions:

16. Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture Inequality in Land Distribution : The distribution of agricultural land in India has not been fairly distributed. Rather there is a considerable degree of concentration of land holding among the rich landlords, farmers and money lenders throughout the country . Land Tenure System: The land tenure system practiced in India is suffering from lot of defects. Insecurity of tenancy was a big problem for the tenants, particularly during the pre- independence period . Cropping Pattern: The cropping pattern which shows the proportion of the area under different crops at a definite point of time is an important indicator of development and diversification of the sector .

17. Sub-division and Fragmentation of holdings : In India, the average size of holding is expected to decline from 1.5 hectares in 1990-91 to 1.3 hectares in 2000-01. Thus the size of agricultural holding is quite uneconomic, small and fragmented . Instability and Fluctuations: Indian agriculture is continuously subjected to instability arising out of fluctuations in weather and gamble of monsoon. As a result, the production of food-grains and other crops fluctuates widely leading to continuous fluctuation of prices of agricultural crops . Poor Farming Techniques and Agricultural Practices: The farmers in India have been adopting orthodox and inefficient method and technique of cultivation. It is only in recent years that the Indian farmers have started to adopt improved implements like steel ploughs, seed drills, etc.to a limited extent only .

18. Conditions of Agricultural Labourers : Agricultural laborers are the most exploited unorganized class in the rural population of the country . The level of income, the standard of living and the rate of wages remained abnormally low. Total number of agricultural workers has increased from 55.4 million in 1981 to 74.6 million in 1991 which constituted nearly 23.5 per cent of the total working population of the country . Inadequate Use of Inputs: Indian agriculture is suffering from inadequate use of inputs like fertilizers and HYV seeds. Indian farmers are not applying sufficient quantity of fertilizers on their lands and even the application of farm yard dung manure is also inadequate Indian farmers are still applying seeds of indifferent quality. They have no sufficient financial ability to purchase good quality high yielding seeds. Moreover, the supply of HYV seeds is also minimum in the country .

19. Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: Indian agriculture is still suffering from lack of assumed and controlled water supply through artificial irrigation facilities. Thus the Indian farmers have to depend much upon rainfall which is neither regular nor even. Whatever irrigation potential that has been developed in our country, a very limited number of our farmers can avail the facilities. Absence of Crop Rotation: Proper rotation of crops is very much essential for successful agricultural operations as it helps to regain the fertility of the soil. As the farmers are mostly illiterate, they are not very much conscious about the benefit of crop rotation. Therefore, land loses its fertility to a considerable extent.

20. Horticulture According to Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954), an American scholar who can be considered as one of the Fathers of Horticultural Science along with Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) and John Lindley (1799-1865) ( Janick 2002 ), horticulture is the growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables, and of plants for ornament and fancy (Ohio State University). Horticulture is a branch of plant agriculture and is both a science and an art. As an art, it incorporates the principles of design. Horticulture deals with intensively cultured and high-value crops. Horticultural crops include the vegetables, fruits, and nuts which are directly used by man for food, the flowers and other ornamental plants for aesthetic uses or visual enjoyment, and those used for medicinal purposes.

21. Main Branches of Horticulture Olericulture : The production of vegetables including storage, processing, and marketing. Vegetable crops are grown for their succulent and edible parts such as the roots, stems, leaves , flowers, fruits, or seeds for use in culinary preparations either fresh or preserved in the fresh state. Pomology: The branch of horticulture which deals with fruit crop production. Fruit crops are grown for their edible fruits which, as a rule, are consumed raw. Floriculture: The cultivation and management of cut flowers, flowering plants, and foliage plants including their use in ornamental construct such as flower arrangement.

22. A term that is used interchangeably with floriculture is ornamental horticulture . Plant Propagation / Nursery Crop Culture: the propagation and production of seedlings, young trees, shrubs and vines, as well as ground covers, turf, ornamental plants and other crops in nurseries for landscaping, interior plantscaping , or outplanting . Landscape horticulture: the branch of horticulture which includes the design, construction and care of landscapes taking into consideration proper choice of plants and aesthetic effects for homes, businesses and public places.

23. Descriptors of horticulture: Horticulture differs from agronomy in many ways but some crops can be classified as both horticultural and agronomic depending on use. In the tropics, however, the distinction between horticulture and agronomy is not clear . Horticulture is intensive. It deals with high-value crops which are intensively cultivated with high infusion of capital in terms of production inputs, labor and technology per land area . Protected cultivation, as in glasshouses and plastic tunnels, and irrigation are common . This terms are used to refer to production units for horticultural crops: gardens, orchards, groves, vineyards, greenhouses, nurseries, and sometimes plantations . It supports environmental enhancement through a special branch of horticulture called environmental or urban horticulture .It has been applied in horticultural therapy in which horticultural plants are used as therapeutic tools.

24. Green Revolution The Green Revolution in India was an effort to increase agricultural production in India via a package of industrial agriculture technologies, such as hybrid seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. This was part of a larger, international effort dubbed the Green Revolution. It was funded by the U.S. and Indian governments and the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations .

25. Who started the Green Revolution in India ? GREEN REVOLUTION IS NOT AN EXCEPTIONAL It started before Independence. The world's worst recorded food disaster occurred in 1943 in British-ruled India. Known as the Bengal Famine, an estimated 4 million people died of hunger that year in eastern India. Initially , this catastrophe was attributed to an acute shortfall in food production in the area. After independence this scenario is going to be worst ! That was the period , INDIA evolved from the various problems Yes , Agriculture was one of them. Evolution for this situation was GREEN REVOLUTION The Green Revolution in India was a period when agriculture in India increased its yields due to improved agronomic technology .

26. It started in India in the early 1960s and led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh during the early phase. THIS INITIATIVE IS TAKEN BY Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan Father of Green Revolution in INDIA !! From 1972 to 1979 he was director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. He was Principal Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture from 1979 to 1980. He served as Director General of the International Rice Research Institute (1982–88) and became president of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1988. In 1999, Time magazine placed him in the 'Time 20' list of most influential Asian people of the 20th century.

27. 8 Major Economical Impact of Green Revolution in India: Increase in Agricultural Production : The introduction of Green Revolution in 1967-68 has resulted in phenomenal increase in the production of agricultural crops especially in food-grains. From 1967 onwards, the Green Revolution aimed at bringing about a Grain Revolution . It is said that the Green Revolution in India is largely the Wheat Revolution . Prosperity of Farmers : With the increase in farm production the earnings of the farmers also increased and they became prosperous. This has, especially, been the case with big farmers having more than 10 hectares of land . Reduction in import of food-grains : The main benefit of Green Revolution was the increase in the production of food-grains, as a result of which there was a drastic reduction in their imports .

28. We are now self sufficient in food-grains and have sufficient stock in the central pool. Sometimes we are in a position to export food-grains also . Capitalistic Farming: Big farmers having more than 10 hectares of land have tended to get the maximum benefit from Green Revolution technology by investing large amount of money in various inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, machines, etc. This has encouraged capitalistic farming. Ploughing back of profit: The introduction of Green Revolution helped the farmers in raising their level of income. Wiser farmers ploughed back their surplus income for improving agricultural productivity. This led to further improvement in agriculture. According to a study conducted by Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana farmers plough back about 55 per cent of their income for agricultural progress.

29. Industrial Growth: Green Revolution brought about large scale farm mechanisation which created demand for different types of machines like tractors, harvestors , threshers, combines, diesel engines, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. Besides, demand for chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, weedicides, etc. also increased considerably . Rural Employment: While on one hand, large scale unemployment was feared due to mechanization of farming with the introduction of Green Revolution technology in India, there was an appreciable increase in the demand for labour force due to multiple cropping and use of fertilizers . Change in the Attitude of Farmers: The Indian farmer had remained illiterate, backward and traditional and had been using conventional methods of cultivation since the early times. But Green Revolution has brought about a basic change in his attitude towards farming .

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