Agriculture SST Geography class 10.pdf

Sugney Agriculture (Class 10) Presentation. This is a comprehensive presentation featuring detailed graphical representations of the given chapter. I hope you like it! Keep reading and keep learning! Agriculture (Class 10) Presentation. This presentation provides comprehensive and detailed graphical representations of the given chapter. I trust that you will find it valuable. Keep reading and keep learning!

1. AGRICULTURE

2. Agriculture is a primary activity,
which produces most of the food
that we consume.
Agriculture is the broad term for everything
that goes into growing crops and raising
animals, to provide food and materials that
people can use and enjoy. Farming, which
involves cultivating the land and raising
livestock, is one part of agriculture.

3. ●India is an agriculturally important country.

●Two-thirds of its population is engaged in it.

●Besides food grains, it also produces raw
material for various industries.

4. Agriculture: An age-old economic activity
Cultivation methods have changed significantly
depending upon the characteristics of physical
environment, technological know-how and
socio-cultural practices.
TYPES OF FARMING
SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
COMMERCIAL
FARMING
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
PLANTATION

5. ➔ Practised on small patch of land with the help of
primitive tools like hoe, dao, and digging sticks, and
family/ community labour.

➔ Farming is done for self-consumption.

➔ Example - Slash and Burn method
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING

6. ●Slash and burn agriculture is practised in some parts
of India.

●This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and suitability of other
environmental conditions to the crops grown.

●Farmers clear a patch of land and then shift to a new
patch when the soil fertility decreases, to produce
cereals and other food crops.

●When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.

●Shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the
soil through natural processes.
PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING

7. ●It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states.

●Low land productivity as the farmer does not use
fertilizers or other modern inputs.
●It is known as jhumming in north-eastern states.

●Low land productivity as the farmer does not use
fertilizers or other modern inputs.

8. ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’ -
Madhya Pradesh

‘Podu’ or ‘Penda’- Andhra
Pradesh

“Pama Dabi’ or ‘Koman’
or ‘Bringa’- Odisha.

‘Kumari’- Western Ghats,

‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’-
South-eastern
Rajasthan.

Khil- Himalayan belt

“Kuruwa’- Jharkhand
‘Milpa’- Mexico and
Central America.

‘Conuco’- Venezuela

‘Roca’- Brazil.

‘Masole’- Central Africa

‘Ladang– Indonesia

‘Ray’- Vietnam
REST OF THE
WORLD
INDIA
Different Names of Slash & Burn Agriculture

9. ●Practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

●It is labour-intensive agriculture.

●Use of high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation
used to get higher output.

●Issue with this type of farming: The land is divided
into many holdings by the ‘right of inheritance’
leading to the division of land among successive
generations which has rendered land-holding size
uneconomical, the farmers continue to take maximum
output from the limited land in the absence of
alternative source of livelihood.

●Thus, there is intensive pressure on the land for the
maximum output.
INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING

10. Primitive Subsistence Intensive Subsistence
●Practised on small patches of land


●Primitive tools are used - like hoe,
dao and digging sticks, etc

●Depend upon rainfall


●Manure is used to maintain soil
fertility

●Family members provide labour

●Low production

●Only cereals and other food crops
are grown

●The land holdings are comparatively
bigger.

●Modern machines are used -
harvester, thresher, etc.

●Irrigation facilities - tubewells, canals
are required

●Modern inputs - chemical fertilizers,
pesticides are used.

●Labourers are hired.

●High production

●Variety of crops are grown for
commercial purpose.

11. Commercial Farming

Farming done using high doses of modern
inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds,
chemical fertilisers, insecticides, & pesticides,
to obtain higher productivity.
The degree of commercialisation of agriculture
varies from one region to another.

12. For example, rice is a
commercial crop in
Haryana and Punjab,
but in Odisha, it is a
subsistence crop

13. PLANTATION
3. Cover large tracts of
land, using high level of
inputs, with the help of
migrant workers.
1. A type of commercial
farming. Single crop grown in
large area. Eg., E.g.- Tea,
Coffee, Rubber, etc.
2. The plantation has an
interface of agriculture
& industry. Produced is
used raw material in
agriculture based
industries.

14. REASON FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTATIONS

Since the production is mainly for market, a well
developed network of transport and communication
connecting the plantation areas, processing
industries and markets plays an important role in
the development of plantations.
In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane,
banana, etc., are important plantation crops.

15. CROPPING PATTERN

16. SEASON SOWN HARVEST CROPS
RABI Oct - Dec April - June
Wheat,
Barley
KHARIF May - July Sep - Oct
Paddy,
Maize
ZAID March June
Watermelon,
cucumber

17. Sown- Onset of Winter (Oct-Dec)
Harvested- Summer (April- June)
Major Crops- Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram, and Mustard.
Availability of precipitation during winter months help
in the success of these crops.
Grown in- Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu
Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh.
Rabi CropsRabi Crops

18. Success of the green revolution-

In Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh
and parts of Rajasthan has also been an
important factor in the growth rabi crops in
these regions.

19. Sown- Onset of Monsoon (May-July)
Harvested- Summer (Sept - Oct)
Major Crops- Rice, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Moong, Tur,
Urad, Cotton, Jute, Soyabean, & Groundnut.
Important rice growing region- Assam, W.Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Maharashtra, particularly (Konkan Coast) along with
UP & Bihar.
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha three crops
of paddy are grown in a year : Aus, Aman & Boro
Rabi CropsKharif Crops

20. In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a
short season during the summer months known as
the Zaid season
Sown- Between Rabi and Kharif Season (March - June)
Major Crops- Watermelon, Muskmelon, Cucumber,
Vegetables, and Fodder Crops.
Did you know?
Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.
Rabi CropsZaid Crops

21. MAJOR CROPS

22. RICE- Kharif Crop
India- 2
nd
largest
producer of rice in the
world after China.
2.
Staple food crop of a
majority of people in
India.
1.
Rice is grown in the plains
of north & north-eastern
India, coastal areas & the
deltaic regions.
4.
In areas of less rainfall,
grown with the help of
canal irrigation & tubewells.
3.

23. Development of dense network of canal
irrigation and Tubewells -
Made possible to grow rice in areas of less
rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana, Western U.P
& parts of Rajasthan
Requirement:

●High temperature
(above 25°C);

●High humidity;

●Annual rainfall
above 100 cm.

25. WHEAT- Rabi Crop
Second most important cereal crop.
Main food crop, in north and
north-western part of country.
Wheat growing zones:

The Ganga-Sutlej plains (North-west)
Black soil region (Deccan)
Major wheat producing state: Punjab,
Haryana, U.P., M.P., Bihar, and Rajasthan.

26. Requirement:

●Cool growing season & bright sunshine
at the time of ripening.

●Annual rainfall of 50-75 cm
evenly-distributed over the growing
season.

27. MILLETS
Important millets:

●Jowar
●Ragi
●Bajra
Also known as
Coarse Grains.
Have high
nutritional value.

28. Jowar Bajra Ragi
Third most important
food crop with respect to
area & production.

It is a rain-fed crop,
grown mostly in moist
areas that hardly needs
irrigation.

States: Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, M.P., and
Maharashtra.
Grows well on sandy soils
and shallow black soil.







States: Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, and Haryana.
Rich in iron, calcium,
other micronutrients &
roughage.

Dry region crop & grows
well on red, black, sandy,
loamy, and shallow black
soils.

States: Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu, H.P., Uttarakhand,
Sikkim, Jharkhand, and
Arunachal Pradesh.

29. MAIZE- Kharif Crop
Crop used both as food and fodder.
In some states like Bihar maize is
grown in rabi season also.
Modern inputs contributed to the
more production of maize.
Producing states- Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana.

30. REQUIREMENTS:

Temperature required- 21˚ - 27˚ C.

Annual Rainfall- 50-100 cm.

Grows well in alluvial soil.

31. PULSES
●India is the largest producer & consumer of
pulses in the world.
●A major source of protein in
a vegetarian diet.
●Needs less moisture and
survive even in dry
condition.
●Major pulse- Urad, Moong,
Masur, Peas & Gram.
●Produced in Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh
and Karnataka.

32. Being leguminous crops, all
these crops except arhar
help in restoring soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen from the
air.

Therefore, these are mostly
grown in rotation with other
crops.

33. FOOD CROPS AND OTHER GRAINS

34. SUGARCANE
❏ It is tropical as well as subtropical crop.

❏ India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only
after Brazil.

❏ It is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggery), khandsari
and molasses.

❏ Major sugarcane-producing states: Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
REQUIREMENT:

●Climate- Grow well in hot
and humid climate.
●Temperature - 21°C to 27°C
●Rainfall - 75-100cm
●(Irrigation is required in
the regions of low rainfall)

35. OIL SEEDS
In rapeseed production India
was third largest producer in
the world after Canada &
China in 2016.
Covers approximately 12%
of the total cropped area
of the country.
Main Oilseeds:

➔Groundnut
➔Mustard
➔Coconut
➔Sesamum (til)
➔Soyabean
➔Castor Seeds
➔Cotton seeds
➔Linseed
➔Sunflower
Most of these are edibles & used as cooking mediums.
However, some of these are also used as raw material in
soap production, cosmetics & ointments.

36. It is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the
major oilseed produced in the country.

In 2016 India was the second largest producer of
groundnut after china.

Gujarat was the largest producer of groundnut followed
by Rajasthan & Andhra Pradesh in 2016-17.
GROUNDNUT

Are Rabi crops.
LINSEED & MUSTARD

It is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
SESAMUM

Grown both as rabi and kharif crop.
CASTOR SEED

37. TEA
2
An important
beverage crop
introduced in India
initially by the British.
3
Today, most of the
tea plantations are
owned by Indians.
1
An example of
Plantation
agriculture.
4
In 2016 India was the
second largest
producer of tea after
China.

38. TEA
●Grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.

●Requires deep, fertile, well drained soil, rich in humus
and organic matter.

●Need warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the
year.

●Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year
ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

●Tea is a labour-intensive industry.

●Major tea producing states Assam, Darjeeling, Kerala ,
Tamil Nadu & Jalpaiguri District West Bengal, etc.

39. COFFEE
2
The Arabica variety
from Yemen
produced in India
and is in great
demand.
3
Initially its cultivation
was introduced on the
Baba Budan Hills and
even today its
cultivation is confined
to the Nilgiri in
Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu.


1
Indian coffee is
known in the world
for its good quality.

40. HORTICULTURE:

In 2016- India was second largest producer of
fruits and vegetables in the world after China.

India- producer of tropical as well as temperate
fruits.

India is an important producer of pea,
cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal, and
potato.

41. Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal;

Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee
(Meghalaya);

Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu;

Lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar;

Pineapples of Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra;

Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great
demand the world over.

42. NON-FOOD CROPS

43. RUBBER
●It is an equatorial crop.

●Also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

●Requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of
more than 200 cm.

●Temperature above 25°C.

●Rubber is an important industrial raw material.

●It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills
of Meghalaya.

44. FIBER CROPS
Major fibre crops grown in India:
Cotton JuteHemp Silk
Obtained from cocoons of the
silkworms fed on green leaves
specially mulberry.
Derived from the crops grown in soil.

45. SERICULTURE
Rearing of silk worms for the
production of silk fibre.

46. COTTON
India is believed to be the original home of the cotton
plant.

Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton
textile industry.

In 2016, India was second largest producer of cotton
after China.

47. Produced in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Telangana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra
Pradesh.
It is a kharif crop.
Requirements

1. Drier parts of Deccan plateau &
black soil

2. High temperature & light Rainfall

3. 6 to 8 months to mature.

4. 210- frost free days and
bright sunshine for growth.

48. The Golden Fibre, grows well on well-drained fertile
soils in the flood plains.
Produced in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and
Meghalaya.
Losing its market to synthetic fibers and packing
materials due to its high cost.
REQUIREMENT:

During time of growth high
temperature is required.
JUTE

49. TECHNOLOGICAL
& INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS

50. ●Sustained uses of land without compatible
techno-institutional changes have hindered
the pace of agricultural development.

●In Spite of development of sources of
irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of
the country still depend upon monsoon and
natural fertility in order to carry on their
agriculture.

●For a growing population, this poses a serious
challenge.
Agriculture which provides livelihood for
more than 60% of its population, needs
some serious technical and institutional
reform
Thus, agricultural reforms are important
Regular use of
land- obstructs
agricultural
development.
Most farmers still
depend upon
natural soil
fertility &
monsoon.

51. ●After independence major institutional
reforms such as collectivisation,
consolidation of holdings, cooperation
and abolition of zamindari etc. were given
priority.
●‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our
First Five Year Plan.
●The right of inheritance had already lead
to fragmentation of land holdings
necessitating consolidation of holdings.
●The laws of land reforms were enacted but
the implementation was lacking.

52. AGRICULTURAL REFORMS

The Government of India embarked upon
introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian
agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.
Green Revolution - packet
tech was used to increase
agricultural production
White Revolution
(Operation Flood) - for
increasing milk production

53. Outcome - Green and white revolution led
to the concentration of development in
few selected areas.

In the 1980s and 1990s a
comprehensive land
development program
was initiated, that
included both
institutional and
technical reforms.

OTHER IMPORTANT STEPS
●Provision for crop insurance against
drought, flood, cyclone, fire and
disease;

●Establishment of Grameen banks,;

●Cooperative societies and

●Banks for providing loan facilities to
the farmers at lower rates of interest

54. Special weather
bulletins and
agricultural
programmes for
farmers were
introduced on radio
and TV.
Minimum support
price set by the
Government to
check
exploitation of
the farmers.
Schemes such as
Kisan Credit Card
(KCC), Personal
Accident Insurance
Scheme (PAIS)
INITIATIVE TAKEN BY
GOVERNMENT

55. BHOODAN- GRAMDAN

Initiated by Vinoba Bhave.

Shri Ram Chandra Reddy offered 80 acres of land to be
distributed among 80 land-less villagers. This act was
known as ‘Bhoodan’.

Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to
distribute some villages among the landless. It was known
as Gramdan.

This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement is known as Blood-less
Revolution, as total change came without any bloodshed.

56. ➔ In 2010-11 about 52% of the total workforce was employed by
farm sector.

➔ Declining share of agriculture in GDP is serious concern.
Steps taken by Government to modernise Agriculture
●Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR).

●Agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal
breeding centres.

●Horticulture development, research and development in the
field of meteorology and weather forecast.
Contribution Of Agriculture To The National
Economy Employment, And Output

57. The table below shows:

Though the GDP growth rate is increasing over the
years, it is not generating sufficient employment
opportunities in the country.

The growth rate in agriculture has been
decelerating which is an alarming situation

58. Major problems faced by Indian Farmers
Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from
international market.
Reduction in the public investment - in agriculture sector
particularly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and
mechanisation.
Decreasing subsidy on fertilisers is leading to increase in
the cost of production.
Reduction in import duties on agricultural products
results in low sales.
Farmers are withdrawing their investment from
agriculture causing a downfall in the employment in
agriculture.

59. IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION
ON AGRICULTURE

60. Globalisation in India prevailed since colonial times
In 19th century - Indian spices were exported to
different countries of the world by the Europeans
& south India were encouraged to grow these
crops.



Till today it is one of the Important items of export
from india.
During British period- cotton was exported as a
raw material to Britain for their textile industries.




In Manchesters & Liverpool cotton textile
industries flourished due to the availability of
good quality of cotton from india.

61. ➔After 1990, Indian farmers faced new
challenges.

➔Despite being an important producer
of Rice, Wheat, Rubber, Cotton India
could not compete against developed
nation with highly subsidised
agriculture.

62. Agriculture in India is now at a crossroad
To make agriculture successful and
profitable, proper thrust should be
given to the improvement of the
condition of marginal and small
farmers.

63. Green Revolution under
Controversies


Green revolution which benefited to
increase agricultural production in
1960’s is under controversies nowadays.

It is being alleged that the excessive use
of chemicals and drying aquifers
resulted in land degradation and
vanished biodiversity

64. Genetic
Engineering
which involved
inventing new
hybrid varieties
of seeds is
revolutionising
agriculture.
E.g. GOLDEN
RICE,
Non-crying
onions
Organic
Farming is
becoming
trending in
India because it
is practised
without
pesticides and
factory.
Experts
suggests that
farmers should
adopt diverse
cropping
pattern
catering to the
increasing
demands and
preventing land
degradation.
Some practices to improve Indian
Agriculture

65. Does indian farmers have a bleak
future?

66. Some economists predict that if Indian farmers continue
to grow crops on small plots while their population is
growing rapidly, their future will be bleak.
India’s rural population is about 833 million (2011) which
depends upon 250 million (approximate) hectares of
agricultural land, an average of less than half a hectare
per person.

67. 3. Because fruits,
vegetables, bio-diesel
crops like jatropha
& jojoba need much
less irrigation than
rice or sugarcane
4. India’s diverse
climate can be
harnessed to grow a
wide range of
high-value crops.
1. Farmers should
diversify their
cropping pattern
from cereals to
high-value crop.
2. Benefit -
This will increase
incomes and reduce
environmental
degradation.
Diversify their cropping pattern
1) Mushrooms. 3. · 2) Microgreens.
4. · 3) Ginseng. 5. · 4) Lavender. 6. ·
5) Saffron. 7. · 6) Goji Berries. 8. · 7)
Wasabi.

68. CHANGE IN CROPPING PATTERN

If India changes its cropping pattern, i.e., from
cereals to high value crops, then it has to
import food crops.

During 1960s, it was seen as a disaster.

On the other hand, if India imports cereals
while exporting high value commodities, it will
be following successful economies like Italy,
Chile & Israel.

These countries export farm products e.g.,
fruitsm olives, especially seed and wine and
import cereals.

69. Agriculture (Identification only) a.
Major areas of Rice and Wheat



b. Largest / Major producer states
of Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Rubber,
Cotton and Jute

70. Name of
Crop(s)
Type of
Crop(s)
Cultivation
Season
Soil Type
Preferred
Temperature Annual
Rainfall
Major
Regions
RICE Staple Food Kharif Clay/ clay loam
(good water
retention capacity)
Above 25˚ C Above 100 cmPunj, Haryana,
Plains of North
& NE India, WB
WHEAT Cereal Crop Rabi Well-drained
fertile soil, black
soil, clayey, loamy.
10˚-15˚ C
during growth
& 25˚-28˚ C at
ripening
50-75 cm Ganga-Sutlej
plains (Punj,
Hary, UP, MP,
Bihar, etc.
JOWAR Coarse grains/
millets
Any Black (regur) or
Alluvial
Average
26˚-33˚C
Below 100 cm MP,
Maharashtra,
Karnataka, etc
BAJRA Coarse grains/
millets
Any Sandy or Shallow
Black Soil
20˚-28˚ C 40-75 cm UP, Gujarat,
Haryana,
Maharashtra,
Rajasthan
RAGI Coarse grains/
millets
Any Sandy, loamy, red
or Shallow Black
Soil
18˚-28˚ C 60-80 cm Kar,
Uttarakhand,
TN, HP, etc.

71. Name of
Crop(s)
Type of
Crop(s)
Cultivation
Season
Soil Type
Preferred
TemperatureAnnual
Rainfall
Major Regions
MAIZE Food &
Fodder
Kharif
Rabi (only in
Bihar)
Old Alluvial 21˚ - 27˚ C 50-100 cmUP, MP, Andhra
Pradesh,
Karnataka
PULSES Leguminous Any Dry, light soils 20˚-30˚ C 50-75 cmUP, MP, Rajasthan,
Karnataka, etc
SUGARCANE Plantation Annual Fertile,
well-drained soil
21˚-27˚C (hot &
humid)
75-100 cmUP, Maharashtra,
Haryana, TN,
Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh
OIL SEEDSEdibles & raw
material
Rabi (Linseed
& Mustard)
Kharif
(Groundnut)
Both- Castor
Sandy loam &
black (Groundnut)
Depends on
type
Depends
on type
Groundnut-
Gujarat (largest
producer), Other
seed: MP, Punjab,
WB, Bihar etc

72. Name of
Crop(s)
Type of
Crop(s)
Cultivatio
n Season
Soil Type
Preferred
Temperatur
e
Annual
Rainfall
Major Regions
TEA Plantation Annual Deep, fertile,
well-drained
soil, rich in
humus &
organic matter.
10˚ - 30˚ C Above
200 cm
Assam, hills of
Darjeeling &
Jalpaiguri distt of
WB, Tripura, Kerala
HP, etc.
COFFEE Plantation - Well drained
soil, rich in
humus &
organic matter
23˚-28˚ C 150-200
cm
Karnataka- major
producer, Nilgiri
Hills in Kerala &
Tamil Nadu
HORTICULTU
RE CROPS
Fruits &
vegetable
Zaid/ Any Variable - - All over India

73. NCERT QUESTIONS

74. Which one of the following describes a system of
agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
A.Shifting Agriculture
D.Intensive AgricultureB.Plantation Agriculture
C.Horticulture

75. Which one of the following describes a system of
agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?
A.Shifting Agriculture
D.Intensive AgricultureB.Plantation Agriculture
C.Horticulture

76. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
A.Rice
D.CottonB.Millets
C.Gram

77. Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
A.Rice
D.CottonB.Millets
C.Gram

78. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
A.Pulses
D.SesamumB.Millets
C.Jowar

79. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
A.Pulses
D.SesamumB.Millets
C.Jowar

80. Name one important beverage crop and specify the
geographical conditions required for its growth.
Tea.

Geographical Conditions:

-Climate Warm and moist frost-free climate
throughout the year.

-Rainfall Frequent showers evenly distributed.

-Soil Deep and fertile well-drained soil rich in
humus.
Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is
produced.
Rice is the staple crop of India. It is grown in Paschim
Banga, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assom and
Punjab.

81. Enlist the various institutional reforms programmes
introduced by the government in the interest of the
farmers.
The following steps have been taken by the government to
modernise Indian agriculture :

(a) The government has established the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities and
animal breeding centers to carry out research and
development activities in agriculture.

(b) The government is also investing in rural infrastructure
to link the rural market with the international market.

(c) The kisan credit card, personal and crop insurance
schemes, etc have been launched.

(d) A comprehensive land development programme has
also been launched.

82. The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day.
Can you imagine its consequences?
(a) This will put more pressure on industry and other
sectors because people are migrating from the
agricultural sector to the other sectors.

(b) This will affect food security.

(c) Agro-based industry will suffer because of the
shortage of raw materials.

83. Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure
the increase in agricultural production.
Government has made concerted efforts to ensure the
increase in agricultural production since 1951. These
include:

(a) Abolition of zamindari system.

(b) Announcement of minimum support price every year to
prevent any exploitation of farmers.

(c) Consolidation of small landholdings into a large one
where mechanisation is possible.

(d) Ceiling on landholdings where maximum limit towards
ownership was fixed by the government.

(e) Introduction of insurance to provide security against
failure of crops.

(f) Opening up of rural banks and co-operative societies to
provide credit to the farmers at a low interest.

84. Describe the impact of globalization on Indian
agriculture.
-The farmers in India have been exposed to new
challenges,particularly after 1990,under globalisation.

-Despite being an important producer of tea, coffee,
rice, cotton, spices, agricultural products of India
have low demand in international market.

-Farmers are not able to compete with the agricultural
products of developed countries.

-Agriculture in developed countries is highly
subsidised which makes their products cheaper and
Indian items costly.

-Improving the conditions of small and marginal
farmers should be the priority to make agriculture
profitable and successful.

85. Describe the geographical conditions required for the
growth of rice.
-Require high temperature and high humidity.

-It requires a high temperature (above 25 °C).

-Needs annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of
less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation.

-It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern
India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.