AGRO FORESTRY.pptx agriculture agro forest

Agro forest

1. AGRO FORESTRY STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DHIVYA D

2. Nature of the components Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation Taungya system Multispecies tree gardens Alley cropping Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands Crops combination with plantation crops Agroforestry for fuelwood production Shelter belts Wind breaks Soil conservation hedges

3. Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation : Shifting cultivation: Africa, Latin America, South-East Asia and Indian subcontinent. India Assam, Meghalaya, Jharkhand, Manipur, Orissa, Nagaland, Chattisgarh , M.P., Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, Kerala, West Bengal, Sikkim. ‘ jhuming ’ -North-east ‘ khallu / kurwa ’ - Jharkhand ‘ dahiya ’ or ‘podo ’ in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh 25–30 years to 2–3 years

4. Improved fallow species in shifting cultivation: to recover depleted soil nutrients. nitrogen fixation restore soil fertility and reduce erosion should be compatible with future crops, free of any negative physical or chemical effects

5. Taungya system Burma in 1850 Modified shifting cultivation Introduced to India by Brandis in 1890 first taungya plantations -1896 in North Bengal India- 1896 in North Bengal Regular plantation -1912 1923 -UP still practiced in Kerala, West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka and the north-eastern hill region 1-3 years

6. Types of Taungya : Departmental Taungya : forest department keep down weed growth Leased Taungya : lease to the person Village Taungya : most successful people -village inside the forest family - 0.8 to 1.7 ha for 3 to 4 years.

7. Multi-species tree Gardens: production of food, fodder and wood products for home consumption and sale

8. Alley cropping hedgerow intercropping 4 to 8 m and 0.5 to 2 m suppress weeds and/or add nutrients. increase crop yields tree products from the hedgerows, including fuelwood, building poles, food, medicine and fodder

9. Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands: multipurpose trees and other fruit trees and common agricultural crops primary role - production & protective Examples:  Leucaena  leucocephala , Acacia albida, Cassia  siamea , Casuarina  equisetifolia ,  Azadirachta  indica, Acacia  senegal , Cocos nucifera

10. Crop combinations with plantation crops: Integrated multistory mixture alternate Shade trees Tea - Albizia chinensis, A. lebbek, Grevillea robusta, Acacia spp., Erythrina  lithosperma  and Indigofera  tesmanii . Coffee - Erythrina  lithosperma , Ficus glomerata, F. nervosa, A. chinensis, A. lebbek, Dalbergia latifolia, Artocarpus  integrifolius , Grevillea robusta Cacao - coconut and areca nut Black pepper - Erithrina  indica, Mangifera, Gliricidia   maculata  and Grevillea robusta Small cardamom and large cardamom - Mesopsis  Emini Large cardamom - Alnus  nepalensis , Cinchona spp , Albizia lebbek; Terminalia  myriocarpa ;  Bischofia   javanica

11. Agroforestry for fuelwood production fencing, shelter belts and boundary demarcation Tree species Acacia  nilotica , Albizia lebbek, Cassia  siamea , Casuarina  equisetifolia , Dalbergia sissoo, Prosopis  juliflora , Eucalyptus  tereticornis

12. SHELTERBELT wide belt of trees right-angle to the direction of the prevailing triangular quadrangles. Height of shelterbelt is very important Higher the trees forming the shelterbelt, the greater is the zone of influence on the leeward side. 20% reduction in wind & extends up to 15 to 20 times the height of the belt.

13. WINDBREAK 2-3 rows of trees or shrubs spaced at 0.5 m to 2.5 m apart, depending on the species.

14. Silvi - Pastoral System (Trees + Pasture and/or Animals) protein banks Grewia optiva , Bauhinia variegata , Morus alba, Artocarpus spp., Cordia dichotoma , Dalbergia sissoo, Eutralobium saman, Zizyphus jujube , etc. Live fence of fodder trees and hedges Sesbania grandiflora, Gliricidia sepium , Erythrina abyssinica , Euphorbia spp., Acacia spp. etc. Trees and shrubs on pasture land

15. AGROSILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM – HOME GARDEN Kerala, Tamil nadu , Tripura, Assam, West Bengal and part of Islands of Andaman and Nicobar. multilayered AFS Area - 0.2-0.5 ha Pineapple - common in home garden F icus glomerata ,  Juglans regia  and  Punica granatum , Grewia optiva In rural areas- Acacia and Neem

16. Woody hedges for browsing, Green manure, mulching and soil conservation production of food/fodder/fuelwood and soil conservation. Species used are generally  Erythrina spp., Leucaena leucocephala   and  Sesbania spp.  etc .

17. APICULTURE WITH TREES Mangifera indica ,  Vitex negundo ,  Melia azedarach ,  Azadirachta indica ,  Prunus salicina ,  Prunus armeniaca ,  Rubus ellipticus ,  Eucalyptus spp. ,  Callistemon lanceolatus ,  Berberis lycium ,  Toona ciliata   production of honey. wood, fodder, soil protection, soil reclamation MULTI PURPOSE WOOD LOTS

18. AQUA-FORESTRY coastal regions (Andhra coast) Farmers are cultivating fish and prawn in saline water and growing coconut and other trees on bunds of ponds. Gliricidia sepium , Leucaena, Moringa oleifera, Acacia nilotica etc earth emba nk ments. system of ridges and canals

19. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT Dense mixed stands e.g., home gardens Sparse mixed stands e.g., most systems of trees in pastures Zonal arrangement - microzonal , macrozonal zonal pattern is hedge intercropping

20. TEMPORAL ARRANGEMENT COINCIDENT : woody and non woody occupy – together - coffee CONCOMITTANT: When two components woody or non woody stays together for some part of life as in taungya INTERMITANT: annual crops + perennial crops - paddy with coconut INTERPOLATED: When different components occupy space during different time as in home garden SEPARATE: When components occupy space during separate time such as improved fallow species in shifting cultivation