Agrochemicals.ppt

the presentation is about various agro chemicals and the formulations used for agricultural crops.

1. Preparation of different
agrochemical doses in field and
pot applications

2. What are agrochemicals?
•Agrochemicaloragriculturalchemical-
variouschemicalproductsusedinagriculture.
•Itincludes
•Pesticides(insecticides,herbicidesand
fungicides)
•Syntheticfertilizers
•Hormonesandotherchemicalgrowthagents

3. Pesticide
•Apesticideisanysubstanceormixtureofsubstances
intendedforpreventing,destroying,repellingormitigating
anypest
•Pestsinclude
–insects,
–plantpathogens,
–weeds,
–molluscs,
–birds,
–mammals,
–fish,
–nematodesand
–microbes
•thatdestroyproperty,spreaddiseaseorareavectorfor
diseaseorcauseanuisance

4. Insecticide
•Apesticideusedagainstinsects
•Includesovicidesandlarvicidesusedagainsteggs
andinsects,respectively
•Useofinsecticidesisbelievedtobeoneofthe
majorfactorsbehindtheincreaseinagricultural
productivityinthe20
th
century
•Nearlyallinsecticideshavethepotentialto
significantlyalterecosystems;manyaretoxicto
humans;andothersareconcentratedinthefood
chain.

5. Herbicide
•Anherbicide,commonlyknownasaweedkiller,isa
substanceusedtokillunwantedplants
•2types-selectiveandnon-selective
•Selectiveherbicideskillspecifictargetswhileleavingthe
desiredcroprelativelyunharmed.
•Someoftheseactbyinterferingwiththegrowthofthe
weedandareoftensynthetic"imitations"ofplant
hormones.
•Herbicidesusedtoclearwasteground,industrialsites,
railwaysandrailwayembankmentsarenon-selectiveand
killallplantmaterialwithwhichtheycomeintocontact.
Smallerquantitiesareusedinforestry,pasturesystems,and
managementofareassetasideaswildlifehabitat.
•Herbicidesarewidelyusedinagricultureandinlandscape
turfmanagement.
•Theyaccountforabout70%ofallagriculturalpesticide
use.

6. Term Definition Example
Selective
Herbicide formulated to
control specific weeds or
weed categories. A
material that is toxic to
some plant species but
less toxic to others.
2,4-D (Selectively
toxic to broadleaf
weeds)
Non-selective
(a.k.a. Broad
spectrum)
Herbicide formulated to
control both broadleaf and
grass weeds.
Paraquat,
Glyphosate

7. Term Definition Example
Preplant
Herbicides that are applied
before planting the crop -
typically from several days to
just before planting
EPTC,
Glyphosate
Preemergenc
e
Herbicides applied anytime
before the weed seedlings
emerge through the soil surface
Simazine
Postemergen
ce
Herbicides applied after the
crop seedlings (or weed
seedlings) have emerged
through the soil surface
2,4-DB,
bromoxynil
Established
stands
Herbicides applied after the
roots systems have developed
sufficiently enough to allow
selective use.
2diuron, terbacil,
hexazino

8. Fungicides
•Fungicidesarechemical
compounds orbiological
organismsusedtokillorinhibit
fungiorfungalspores.
•Fungicidescaneitherbe
systemicornon-systemic.

9. Systemic fungicides
•Systemic fungicides are taken up and redistributed
through the xylem vessels to the upper parts of the
plant. New leaf growth is protected for a short period
•Systemic fungicides act within the plant after being
taken up in the tissue and translocated through the
plant.
•These fungicides can kill a fungus after infection during
incubation (curative control) or with symptoms already
visible (eradicant control).
•Examples are triazoles, SDHI's and QoI’s.
•These are more prone to resistance build up of the
target fungal population.

10. Non-systemic fungicides
•Non-systemic fungicides are not taken up into
the plant tissue, and only protect the plant
where the spray is deposited
•Contact fungicides, like copper, mancozeb and
chlorthalonil act on the outside of the plant
mostly by interfering with spore germination
•They can also have an effect on the growth of
hyphae but won't stop an infection though

11. Fertilizers
•Fertilizersaresoilamendmentsappliedto
promoteplantgrowth;themainnutrientspresent
infertilizerareNPK(nitrogen,phosphorusand
potassium-the'macronutrients')andother
nutrients('micronutrients')areaddedinsmaller
amounts.
•Fertilizersareusuallydirectlyappliedtosoiland
alsosprayedonleaves(foliarfeeding)
•Primarymacronutrients:nitrogen(N),phosphorus
(P),andpotassium(K)
•Secondarymacronutrients:calcium(Ca),Sulfur
(S),Magnesium(Mg)

12. Fertilizers
•Micronutrientsortraceminerals:Boron(B).
Chlorine(Cl),manganese(Mn),iron(Fe),zinc(Zn),
copper(Cu),Molybdenum(Mo)andselenium(Se)
•Macronutrientsareconsumedinlargerquantitiesand
arepresentinplanttissueinquantitiesfrom0.2%to
4.0%(onadrymatterweightbasis).
•Micronutrientsareconsumedinsmallerquantities
andarepresentinplanttissueinquantitiesmeasured
inpartspermillion(ppm),rangingfrom5to200
ppm,orlessthan0.02%dryweight.

13. Plant hormones
•Plant hormones(also known as
phytohormones) are chemicals that
regulateplantgrowth
•These are also termed 'plantgrowth
substances'
•Plant hormonesare signal molecules
produced within theplant, and occur in
extremely low concentrations

14. Plant growth regulators
•Theplantgrowthregulatorsaresimpleorganic
moleculeshavingseveralchemicalcompositions.They
arealsodescribedasphytohormonesorplant
hormones.
•Theseplantgrowthregulatorsaredividedintotwo
majorgroups–
1.Auxins,Gibberellins,andCytokininsaregrouped
intoPlantgrowthpromoters
2.AbscisicacidandEthylenearegroupedintoPlant
growthinhibitors.
•Ethylene may fit in either of these groups.

17. Consumption of pesticides in India

18. Use of Pesticides
•Pesticidesplayavitalroleincontrolling
pestsanddiseases.
•Theuseofagrochemicalsinallcontextsis
highlyregulated.
•Theregulatoryframeworkofpesticides
encompassesnational,regional,and
internationallegislationandconventionsthat
helpassuresafetyforusers,consumersand
theenvironment.

19. Pesticide formulation
•The biological activity of apesticide, be it chemical
or biological in nature, is determined by its active
ingredient(AI)
•Pesticide products -very rarely consist of pure
technical material
•AIis usually formulated with other materials and this
is the product as sold, but it may be further diluted in
use
•Formulation improves the properties of a chemical
for handling, storage, application and may
substantially influence effectiveness and safety

20. Pesticide formulation
•Pesticides are manufactured as technical
material which are further processed into
formulations to get even distribution of the
active ingredients over the application area.
•Each formulation has its own special
characteristics.

21. Solid
•Dustsare free flowing powders containing technical
material in the range of 2 to 10 per cent and inert
carrier.
•Granuleproducts contain technical material in the
range of 3 to 10 per cent and granule base.
•Water dispersible powders or Wettable Powders (WP)
are free flowing powders containing technical material
mostly in the range of 25 to 75 per cent, and contain
wetting and dispersing agents and carriers.

22. Liquid
•Water soluble liquids (SL) are liquid formulations
based on technical material which are insoluble in
water and contain 36 to 85 per cent technical
material and solvent.
•Emulsifiable concentrates (EC) are liquid
formulations based on technical material which are
not soluble in water and contain 25 to 80 per cent
technical material, solvent and emulsifier.
•Fumigant formulations used for indoor application
for storage of grains.

23. Other formulations
•Water soluble powders are similar to water
dispersible powders but active ingredient is
insoluble in water.
•Flowable concentrates are slurry like
formulations mixable in water.
•Aerosolsare liquids under pressure filled in
cans which on release give a misty spray.
•ULV formulations are liquid formulations
suitable for ultra low volume applications.

26. Significance of symbols on the Pesticide label
Toxicity
category
Acute oral
toxicity LD
50
(mg/Kg)
Colourof the
triangle
Signal word
required on
the label
Warning
symbols on
the label
Extremely
toxic
0-50 Red POISON Skull and
cross bones
Highly toxic51-500 Yellow POISON -
Moderately
toxic
501-5000 Blue Danger -
Slightly toxic5000 Green Caution -

28. Selection of pesticide
•pesticides need to be selected after consulting the expert if available
locally. Due consideration should be given to the following:
•Efficacy
–Highly toxic to the target pathogen
–Required persistency
–Required spectrum of action
–Required compatibility
•Economy
–Reasonable cost
–Easy availability
–Sufficient storability
•Safety
–Least toxic to mammals and environment
–Relatively safe to beneficial organisms
–Non toxic to crop plants

29. Preparation of spray solution
•To ascertain the quantity of fungicide needed for
required spray solution, following formula is used:
•Quantity of pesticide required (in g/ml) =
•Percentage of solution desired x Quantity of spray
solution required (in ml)
__________________________________________
Given strength of pesticide formulation

30. Example
•If 100 litres of 0.05 per cent malathion is to be
prepared (50 EC), the required quantity of
insecticide can be calculated as:
Quantity of insecticide required (in ml/ml) =
0.05x100 = 5x 100
50 100 x 50
= 0.1l or 0.1x 1000 = 100 ml

31. Example
•If 100 litres of 0.25 per cent mancozeb is to be
prepared from Dithane M-45 (75 % W.P.), the
required quantity of fungicide can be calculated as:
Quantity of fungicide required (in g/ml) =
0.25x100 = 25x 100
75 100 x 75
= 1/3 kg or 0.333 kg or 0.333 x 1000 = 333g

32. Example
•However, in case of fungicides, generally the strength of the
formulated product is generally not considered and the given
strength is always taken as 100 per cent, until and otherwise
desired so and the recommendation is made on a.i. basis.
Therefore, mancozeb required for 100 L of water will be
calculated as follows:
25 x 100x 1000 = ¼ x 1000 = 250g
100 x 100

33. Procedure
•Mix the measured quantity of the fungicide in
small quantity of water say 5-10 litres in a
separate bucket and put the mixture in the
required water quantity in a bigger container
as per requirement.
•Also add stickers etc. if required in rainy
weather
•Keep stirring the contents with a wooden rod
frequently, so that the fungicidal suspended
particles do not settle down, thereby reducing
the fungicidal concentration.

34. Application of pesticides
•Pesticides are applied by different appliances or methods
based on their formulations and of pathogen attack.
•Pesticide application equipments are available in a variety of
sizes ranging from small to big keeping in view the application
capacity and the source of energy.
•These application equipment may be either manually or
power operated.
•They can be further classified into movable and portable
appliances.
•Movable appliances are those which can be moved around on
wheels or lifted by two or more persons.
•Portable equipments can be carried by one person.
•In the field, knapsack aprayers, foot sprayers, power sprayers
and rotary dusters are used.

35. Pesticideformulations

38. Selection of appliance
Purchaseofpesticideappliance
isalongterminvestment.One
needstokeepinmindthetypeof
jobonewantstohandleand
checktheapplianceforthe
following:
•Suitability for the job
•Ease of operation
•Good performance
•Good serviceability
•Easy availability of spare parts
•Reasonable cost

39. Working principle of appliance

40. Types of appliances
•Pesticidesareavailableinvariousforms.Applicationequipment
aredesignedaccordingtothetypesofformulationstobe
sprayed.Applicationequipmentareavailableinavarietyofsizes
rangingfromsmalltobigkeepinginviewtheapplication
capacityandthesourceofenergy.
•Theseapplicationequipmentmaybeeithermanuallyorpower
operated.Theycanbefurtherclassifiedintomovableand
portableappliances.Bymovableismeantthatwhichcanbe
movedaroundonwheelsorliftedbytwoormorepersons.
Portablemeansequipmentwhichcanbecarriedbyoneperson.

42. Nozzle
A nozzle performs four basic functions:
•Atomizesliquidintodroplets.
•Dispersesthedropletsinaspecificpattern.
•Metersliquidatacertainflowrate.
•Provideshydraulicmomentum.
Thenozzletipisoneofthemostimportantand
leastexpensivepartofasprayingsystem.

45. The shape and size of nozzle tip orifice controls the spray angle,
discharge rate and spray pattern. Spray angle influences the swath
of a spray.

46. •Droplet size increases as orifice size increases (for any given
pressure).
•Droplet size decreases with an increase in fan angle (for any given
nozzle size and pressure).

47. When it is desired to spray with more than one nozzle
with the help of a spray Rig or a spray boom, care
should be taken in mounting to avoid overlapping
avoid overlapping or gapping.

48. Pesticidesaremostlyappliedintheformofspraydroplets.Dropletsproducedby
hydraulicnozzlearenotuniforminsize.Sprayscontainbothfineandcoarsedroplets.
Theyaredefinedintermsoftheirdiameteranddensityonthetarget.
SPRAY DROPLETS

49. Optimum droplet size
•Dropletsizeismostimportantforefficientapplicationwithminimum
contaminationofenvironment.A500microndropletwillcontain1000times
theLethaldoseofa50microndroplet.Toreducewastage,narrowrangeof
dropletspectrumisessential.
•Coarse droplets are largely influenced by gravitational force and relatively
unaffected by turbulence. Fine droplets will be influenced by wind and
turbulence and have a tendency to drift.

51. Spray application area
Thetargetinfestedbyaninsect,pest,diseaseorweedneedstobesprayed.Generally,the
sprayapplicationareadiffersfromthelandareaexceptinthecasewherepre-sowing
treatmentisrequiredonsoilwherelandareaequalstheareatobesprayed.Thearearequired
tobesprayedvarieswiththedistancebetweentherowsofplants,distancebetweenthe
plantsinthesamerowandgrowthofthecrop.Thisisbeingillustrateddiagrammatically.

52. APPLICATION TECHNIQUE
Spray volume: depending upon the volume of spray required per
hectare the application is categorized

53. Maintenance of sprayer
•Sprayer should be well
maintained.
•Clean both inside and outside
the sprayer daily.
•Sprayer should be lubricated
thoroughly.
•All parts should be inspected.
•Filters and nozzles should be
cleaned thoroughly.

54. Precautions Before spraying
Identifythepestand
ascertainthedamage
done.Usepesticide
onlyifithas
exceeded the
economicalinjury
level.Useonlythe
recommended
pesticidewhichisthe
leasttoxic.
Read instructions
manualofthepesticide
andequipment.Check
thesprayingequipment
andaccessorieswhich
aretobeused.
Ascertainthatall
componentsareclean,
especiallyfillingand
suction strainer,
sprayertank,cutoff
deviceandnozzle.
Testthesprayerand
checkthenozzlespray
patternanddischarge
rate.

55. Before spraying
Calibratethe
sprayer. Set
sprayingspeed
andnozzleswath
by adjusting
sprayheightand
nozzlespacing.
Makesurethat
appropriate
protectiveclothing
isavailableandis
used.Ensurethat
soap,toweland
plentyofwateris
available.
Pesticides
shouldbekept
inadry,
lockedstore.

56. During spraying
Takeonlysufficient
pesticidefortheday’s
applicationfromthe
storetothesite.Donot
transferpesticidesfrom
originalcontainers.
Makesurepesticides
aremixedinthecorrect
quantities.
Wear appropriate
clothing. Avoid
contaminationofthe
skinespeciallyeyesand
mouth. Liquid
formulationshouldbe
pouredcarefullyto
avoidsplashing.
Donotsprayinhigh
wind, high
temperatureandrain.
Avoiddriftby
selectingproper
directionofspraying
andalsoholding
nozzleandboomata
properheight.

57. During spraying
Nevereat,drinkor
smokewhenmixing
or applying
pesticides.Never
nlowoutclogged
nozzlesorhoses
withyourmouth.
Followcorrectsprayplant
cropthoroughlyby
operatingsprayeratcorrect
speedandcorrectpressure.
Neverallowchildrenor
other unauthorized
personstobenearby
duringmixing.Never
leave pesticides
unattendedinthefield.

58. After spraying
Remainingpesticides
leftinthetankafter
spraying should
emptiedanddisposed
offinpitsdugin
wasteland.Never
emptythetankinto
irrigationcanalsor
ponds.
Neverleaveunused
pesticidesinsprayers.
Always clean
equipmentproperly.
Afteruse,oilitandthen
keepawayinstore
room.
Donotuseempty
pesticidecontainers
foranypurpose.
Crushandburythe
containers
preferablyinaland
filleddump.

59. After spraying
Cleanbuckets,sticks,
measuringjarsetc.
usedinpreparingthe
spraysolution.
Removeandwash
protectiveclothing
andfootwear.Wash
yourselfwellandput
oncleanclothing.
Keepanaccurate
recordofpesticide
usage.Preventpersons
fromenteringtreated
areasuntilitissafeto
doso.Markthe
sprayedplotswitha
flag.