Airborne diseases

Different airborne diseases

1. AIRBORNE DISEASES
DR. M. SONIA ANGELINE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES
KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE

2. INTRODUCTION
❖Airbornediseasesareillnessesspreadbytinypathogensintheair.
❖Thesecanbebacteria,fungi,orviruses,buttheyarealltransmittedthroughairbornecontact.
❖Inmostcases,anairbornediseaseiscontractedwhensomeonebreathesininfectedair.
❖Airbornediseasecanspreadwhenpeoplewithcertaininfectionscough,sneeze,ortalk,spewing
nasalandthroatsecretionsintotheair.
❖Somevirusesorbacteriatakeflightandhangintheairorlandonotherpeopleorsurfaces.
❖Manyairbornediseasesaffecthumans.
❖Anairbornetransmissionisdiseasetransmissionthroughsmallparticulatesthatcanbetransmitted
throughtheairovertimeanddistance.
❖Diseasescapableofairbornetransmissionincludemanyofconsiderableimportancebothinhuman
andveterinarymedicine.

3. INTRODUCTION
❖Colds andflu, are transmitted through the air.
❖Many airborne diseases are common and can have mild or severe symptoms.
❖Particles that cause airborne diseases are small enough to cling to the air.
❖They hang on dust particles, moisture droplets, or on the breath until they are picked up.
❖They are also acquired by contact with bodily fluids, such as mucus or phlegm.
❖Once the pathogens are inside the body, they multiply until someone has the disease.
❖Prevention tips include good ventilation to swap indoor and outdoor air.
❖Ventilation methods, such as opening a window or using fans, help to exchange dirty air.
❖Treatment for less serious airborne diseases includes rest and fluids.

4. COMMON AIRBORNE DISEASES
❑Influenza:theseasonal“flu”virusspreadseasilyfrompersontoperson.Therearemanystrainsoftheflu,andit
continuallychangestoadapttothehumanimmunesystem.
❑Thecommoncold:theconditioncalled“acold”isusuallycausedbyarhinovirus.Therearemanyrhinoviruses,andthe
strainschangetomakeiteasiertoinfecthumans.
❑Varicellazoster:thisviruscauseschickenpoxandspreadseasilyamongyoungchildren.Therashistypicallywidespread
onthebodyandmadeupofsmallredspotsthatturnintoitchyblisters,whichscaboverintime.Chickenpoxisspread
forabout48hoursbeforearashshows,whichishowitinfectsotherssosuccessfully.Itisusuallyspreadthroughtheair
orbytouchingtherash.
❑Mumps:thisvirusaffectstheglandsjustbelowtheears,causingswellingand,insomecases,lossofhearing.
Vaccinationisconsideredimportanttopreventthedisease.
❑Measles:thisillnessiscausedbycontactwithapersonwhohasthemeaslesvirus,orbyinhalingparticlesfromtheir
sneezesorcough.Aswithmumps,vaccinationisessentialforpreventingthespreadofthisdisease.
❑Whoopingcough(pertussis):thisisacontagious,bacterialillnessthatcausestheairwaystoswell.Thehackingcough
thatresultsispersistentandgenerallytreatedwithantibioticsearlyontopreventdamage.

5. UNCOMMON AIRBORNE DISEASES
INCLUDE
•Anthrax:thisisabacterialdiseasethatinfectsthebodywhenapersoninhalesanthraxspores.Itcauses
nauseaandflusymptoms.Inhaledanthraxisdifficulttodiagnosebecauseitresemblesotherdiseases
suchasflu.Anthraxistreatedwithantibioticstostopitworsening.
•Diphtheria:ararebacterialdisease,diphtheriadamagestherespiratorysystemandattackstheheart,
kidneys,andnerves.Itsraritymaybeduetowidespreadvaccination.Diphtheriacanbetreatedwith
antibiotics.
•Meningitis:meningitisswellsthemembranesaroundthebrainandspinalcord.Itisabacterialorviral
infection,butisalsocausedbyaninjuryorfungalinfection.Commonsymptomsincludea
persistentheadache,fever,andskinrash.
•Thelengthofanillnesscausedbyacommonairbornediseasecanvaryfromafewdaystoweeks,butit
isusuallydealtwitheasily.Uncommonairbornediseasesmayrequireadditionaltreatment.

6. SYMPTOMS
➢Cough
➢Chill
➢Muscleandbodyaches
➢Fatigue
➢Congestion
➢Sneezing
➢Runnyorstuffynose
➢Sorethroat
➢Slightbodyachesorheadaches
➢Sinuspressure
➢Somepeoplealsoexperiencealowfeverorgeneralsluggishnesswiththesesymptoms.

7. INFLUENZA
•Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system —your nose, throat and lungs. Influenza is commonly
called the flu, but it's not the same as stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhea and vomiting.
•For most people, influenza resolves on its own. But sometimes, influenza and its complications can be deadly. People at
higher risk of developing flu complications include:
•Young children under age 5, and especially those under 12 months
•Adults older than age 65
•Residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities
•Pregnant women and women up to two weeks postpartum
•People with weakened immune systems
•People who have chronic illnesses, such as asthma, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease and diabetes
•People who are very obese, with a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher
•Though the annual influenza vaccine isn't 100 percent effective, it's still your best defense against the flu.

8. SYMPTOMS AND CAUSE
•Feverover100.4℉(38℃)
•Achingmuscles
•Chillsandsweats
•Headache
•Dry,persistentcough
•Fatigueandweakness
•Nasalcongestion
•Sorethroat
Cause:Fluvirusestravelthroughtheairindropletswhensomeonewiththeinfectioncoughs,sneezesortalks.
Youcaninhalethedropletsdirectly,oryoucanpickupthegermsfromanobject—suchasatelephoneor
computerkeyboard—andthentransferthemtoyoureyes,noseormouth.
Prevention:TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC)recommendsannualfluvaccinationfor
everyoneage6monthsorolder.

9. THE COMMON COLD
•Thecommoncoldisaviralinfectionofyournoseandthroat(upperrespiratorytract).
•It'susuallyharmless,althoughitmightnotfeelthatway.Manytypesofvirusescancauseacommoncold.
•Childrenyoungerthan6areatgreatestriskofcolds,buthealthyadultscanalsoexpecttohavetwoorthree
coldsannually.
•Mostpeoplerecoverfromacommoncoldinaweekor10days.
•Symptomsmightlastlongerinpeoplewhosmoke.

10. SYMPTOMS
•Symptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus.
•Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, might include:
•Runny or stuffy nose
•Sore throat
•Cough
•Congestion
•Slight body aches or a mild headache
•Sneezing
•Low-grade fever
•Generally feeling unwell (malaise)
•The discharge from your nose may become thicker and yellow or green in color as a common cold runs its course.
This isn't an indication of a bacterial infection.

11. CAUSE AND PREVENTION
•Although many types of viruses can cause a common cold, rhinoviruses are the most common culprit.
•A cold virus enters your body through your mouth, eyes or nose.
•The virus can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.
•It also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by sharing contaminated objects, such as utensils, towels,
toys or telephones.
•If you touch your eyes, nose or mouth after such contact or exposure, you're likely to catch a cold.
PREVENTION
•There's no vaccine for the common cold, but can take precautions to slow the spread of cold viruses:
•Wash your hands.
•Use tissues while sneezing and coughing.
•Don't share.Don't share drinking glasses or utensils with other family members.
•Choose your child care center wisely.Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keepingsick
children at home.
•Take care of yourself.Eating well, getting exercise and enough sleep, and managing stress might help you keep colds at bay.

12. VARICELLA ZOSTER
•Varicella zoster is a virus. It causes chickenpox, also called varicella and shingles, called herpes zoster.
•Lesions are typically present in all stages of development at the same time.
•The rash usually appears first on the chest, back, and face, then spreads over the entire body. The lesions are usually
most concentrated on the chest and back.
•Symptoms typically last 4 to 7 days.
•Herpes zoster, also known as shingles, is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the same
virus that causes varicella (chickenpox).
•The rash develops into clusters of vesicles.
•New vesicles continue to form over three to five days and progressively dry and crust over. They usually heal in two
to four weeks.
•There may be permanent pigmentation changes and scarring on the skin.

13. SYMPTOMS
•Varicella is generally mild, with an itchy rash, malaise, and temperature up to 102°f for 2 to 3 days. Infants, adolescents,
adults, pregnant women, and immunocompromised people are at risk for more severe disease and have a higher incidence of
complications.
•The rash is usually painful, itchy, or tingly. These symptoms may precede rash onset by several days. Some people may also
have headache, photophobia (sensitivity to bright light), and malaise in the prodromal phase.
•Varicella is highly contagious. The virus can be spread from person to person by direct contact, inhalation of aerosols from
vesicular fluid of skin lesions of acute varicella or zoster, and possibly through infected respiratory secretions that also may
be aerosolized.
TREATMENT
•Two doses of varicella vaccine are recommended for all children, adolescents, and adults without evidence of immunity to
varicella. Those who previously received one dose of varicella vaccine should receive their second dose for best protection
against the disease.
•Acyclovir is licensed for treatment of varicella and herpes zoster, and acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir are approved
for herpes zoster.

14. MUMPS
•Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are located near your ears.
•Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands.
•These outbreaks generally affect people who aren't vaccinated, and occur in close-contact settings such as schools
or college campuses.
•Complications of mumps, such as hearing loss, are potentially serious but rare.
•There's no specific treatment for mumps.
SYMPTOMS
The primary sign of mumps is swollen salivary glands that cause the cheeks to puff out.
•Pain in the swollen salivary glands on one or both sides of your face
•Pain while chewing or swallowing
•Fever
•Headache
•Muscle aches
•Weakness and fatigue
•Loss of appetite

15. CAUSE
•Mumpsiscausedbyavirusthatspreadseasilyfrompersontopersonthroughinfectedsaliva.
•Cancontractmumpsbybreathinginsalivadropletsfromaninfectedpersonwhohasjustsneezedor
coughed.
•Cancontractmumpsfromsharingutensilsorcupswithsomeonewhohasmumps.
PREVENTION
•Thebestwaytopreventmumpsistobevaccinatedagainstthedisease.Mostpeoplehaveimmunityto
mumpsoncethey'refullyvaccinated.
•Themumpsvaccineisusuallygivenasacombinedmeasles-mumps-rubella(MMR)inoculation,
whichcontainsthesafestandmosteffectiveformofeachvaccine.
•TwodosesoftheMMRvaccinearerecommendedbeforeachildentersschool.

16. MEASLES
•Measles is a childhood infection caused by a virus. Measles can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine.
•Also called rubeola, measles can be serious and even fatal for small children.
•While death rates have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease still
kills more than 100,000 people a year, most under the age of 5.
Measles signs and symptoms appear around 10 to 14 days after exposure to the virus.
•Fever
•Dry cough
•Runny nose
•Sore throat
•Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
•Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek —also
called Koplik'sspots
•A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another
SYMPTOMS

17. CAUSES
•Measles is a highly contagious illness caused by a virus that replicates in the nose and throat of an
infected child or adult.
•When someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where
other people can inhale them.
•The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for
several hours.
•You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes
after touching the infected surface.
PREVENTION
•The centers for disease control and prevention recommends that children and adults receive the
measles vaccine to prevent measles.
•To prevent measles in children, doctors usually give infants the first dose of the vaccine between
12 and 15 months, with the second dose typically given between ages 4 and 6 years.

18. WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
•Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection.
•In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds
like "whoop."
•Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.
•Now whooping cough primarily affects children too young to have completed the full course of vaccinations
and teenagers and adults whose immunity has faded.
•Deaths associated with whooping cough are rare but most commonly occur in infants.

19. SYMPTOMS
•Once you become infected with whooping cough, it takes about seven to 10 days for signs and symptoms to
appear, though it can sometimes take longer.
They're usually mild at first and resemble those of a common cold:
•Runny nose, Nasal congestion
•Red, watery eyes
•Fever, Cough
•After a week or two, signs and symptoms worsen. Thick mucus accumulates inside your airways, causing
uncontrollable coughing. Severe and prolonged coughing attacks may:
•Provoke vomiting
•Result in a red or blue face
•Cause extreme fatigue
•End with a high-pitched "whoop" sound during the next breath of air

20. CAUSES
•Whooping cough is caused by a type of bacteria called bordetellapertussis.
•When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed
into the air and breathed into the lungs of anyone who happens to be nearby.
PREVENTION
•The best way to prevent whooping cough is with the pertussis vaccine, which
doctors often give in combination with vaccines against two other serious
diseases —diphtheria and tetanus.
•Doctors recommend beginning vaccination during infancy.

21. Bacteria:
•Brucellosiscausedbybrucellamelitensis
•Pulmonaryanthraxcausedbybacillusanthracis
•Typhoidfevercausedbysalmonellatyphi
•Whoopingcoughcausedbybordetellapertusis
•Legionellosiscausedbylegionellaspp.
Fungi:
•Aspergillosiscausedbyaspergillusfumigatus
•Cryptococcosiscausedbycryptococcusneoformans
•Nocardiosiscausedbynocardiaaesteroides
Human diseases caused by airborne microbes
Virus:
•Influenzacausedbyinfluenzavirus
•Commoncoldcausedbyrhinovirus
•Rubellacausedbyrubivirus
•Measlescausedbymorbillvirus

22. Airbornediseases-impactsonhumanhealth
•Allergies
•Psittacosis-driedbirddroppingsfrominfectedbirds,blownintoair
•Legionnaire'sdisease-dropletsfromair-conditioningsystems,watertanksorwhere
anybacteriumgrows
•Aspergillosis-fungalsporesinhaledfromdecomposingorganicmatter
Protozoandiseases
•Pneumocystis-skinlesions

23. Airborneviraldiseases
•Chickenpox-causesblister-likerash
•Flu/influenza-respiratoryillness
•Measles-alsoknownasrubeola,rashandfever
•Rubella/germanmeasles-rashandfever
•Mumps-feverandswellingofsalivaryglands
•Smallpox-extensiverashandhighfever
•Hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome-respiratorydiseasefromcontactwithinfectedrodents
•Pleurodynia-chestwallpain,gastrointestinal/respiratoryillness
•Commoncold
•Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)-identifiedasanewdiseasein2003

24. Airbornebacterialdiseases
•Whoopingcough-severecoughingfits
•Meningitis-fever,rash,nausea
•Diphtheria-nerveandorgandamage
•Pneumonia-spectrumofillnessrangesfromasymptomaticinfectiontoseveredisease
•Tuberculosis-canbelatent,weightloss,fever,chestpain
•Pulmonaryanthrax-causedbyhandlingproductsfrominfectedanimalsorbybreathingintheanthrax
spores,spreadsfrompersontoperson
•Staphylococcusrespiratoryinfection,sepsis,othercutaneousinfections-about30%ofpeoplecarrythisin
theirnose
•Streptococcusrespiratoryinfection-anexampleisstrepthroat
•Legionellosis-fever,chills,cough,canbetreatedwithantibiotics
•Pneumonicplague,bubonicplague-usuallytransmittedtohumansbyinfectedrodentfleabites

25. TREATMENT
•Itisimportantforpeopletotalktoadoctorassoonastheyexperiencesymptomstoavoidanycomplications
andtobegintreatment.
•Symptomsofthecommoncoldcanbetreated,buttheillnesstendstogoawaywithouttreatment.Thefluruns
itscourseoverafewdaysbeforesomeonestartstorecover.
•Whileairbornediseasesarecommon,seriouscomplicationsaremuchmorerareandnormalvaccinations
reducetherisk,substantially.
•Formostairbornediseases,you’llneedplentyofrestandfluids.Furthertreatmentdependsonyourspecific
illness.
•Someairbornediseases,suchaschickenpox,havenotargetedtreatment,theimmunesystemusuallydealswith
thevirusonitsown.However,medicationsandothersupportivecarecanhelprelievesymptoms.Theflu,can
betreatedwithantiviraldrugs.
•Treatmentforinfantswithwhoopingcoughcanincludeantibiotics,andhospitalizationisoftenneeded.
•TherearedrugstotreatandcureTB,althoughsomestrainsofTBaredrugresistant.Failuretocompletethe
courseofmedicinecanleadtodrugresistanceandreturnofsymptoms.
•Ifcaughtearlyenough,diphtheriacanbesuccessfullytreatedwithantitoxinsandantibiotics

27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DGwOJXSxqg