airport-design-chapter-1-aviation-timeline.pdf

airport-design-chapter-1-aviation-timeline.pdf

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Civil Engineering Diploma Program
Vocational School Gadjah Mada University
AVIATION TIMELINE
Nursyamsu Hidayat, Ph.D.
Types of Airplane
„A monoplaneis an aircraft with one main set of
wing surfaces Since the late 1930s it has beenwing surfaces. Since the late 1930s it has been
the "ordinary" form for a fixed wing aircraft.
„A biplaneis a fixed-wing aircraft with two main
wings. The Wright brothers' Wright Flyer used a
biplane design, as did most aircraft in the early
years of aviation.
„A triplaneis a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with
three sets of wings, each roughly the same size
and mounted one above the other. The best-
known triplane is Fokker Dr.I during WW1.
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Types of Airplane
„A seaplaneis a fixed-
wing aircraft which canwing aircraft which can
only take off and landing
on water.
„An amphibianis an
aircraft that can take offaircraft that can take off
and land on either land or
water.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1903: Wright Brothers’ “Flyer” makes first
controlled flight of a powered heavier thanaircontrolled flight of a powered, heavier than-air
aircraft.
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¾1906: Santos-Dumont makes the first successful European
airplane flight.
Aviation Timeline
14-bis, the plane in which Santos-Dumont
made his historic 1907 flight. His plane flies
a distance of about 200 feet in Paris.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1908: Piloting his plane, the “June Bug”, Glenn
Curtisswas first American to fly a distance over oneCurtiss was first American to fly a distance over one
kilometer.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1909: Louis Blériot becomes the first to fly
across the English Channelacross the English Channel.
„It took 37 minutes for him
to fly across the English
Channel in 1909.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1909: Monoplanes developed and used for relatively
shortdistance flightsshort-distance flights.
A circa 1955 photo of Cole Palen's
restored 1909 Bleriot monoplane flying
from Stormville Airport
http://www.airfields-freeman.com/NY/Airfields_NY_SE.htm
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Aviation Timeline
¾1911: First practical seaplane built.
http://veronicathepajamathief365project.wor
dpress.com/2012/01/26/26-january-2012/
¾1913: Airplanes used by French and British during WW1 as
bombers and surveillance craftbombers and surveillance craft.
http://www.century-of-
flight.net/Aviation%20history/airplane%20at%20war/Aviation%
20at%20the%20Start%20of%20the%20First%20World%20W
ar.htm
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Aviation Timeline
¾1914: 1
st
scheduled air service in Florida, By seaplane
designed by Glenn Curtiss, could take off and land indesigned by Glenn Curtiss, could take off and land in
water.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1916: William Boeing'sfascination with aviation leads
to the creation of his own airplane manufacturing
bi O th t ld d thbusiness. Over the next several decades, the
company would evolve into the world's largest
commercial airline manufacturer.
¾1918: The United States officially establishes air mail
servicewith flights between New York City,
Philadelphia and Washington D.C.
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Aviation Timeline
¾World War 1 saw the rise of the aircraft as a weapon
system and the changing face of war.system and the changing face of war.
¾The aircraft changed the modern battlefield
¾1918: Fighter planes developed (and used in battle).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I
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Aviation Timeline
¾1919 – 1938
¾Aviation focus on Airmail Services¾Aviation focus on Airmail Services
¾Birth of Commercial Aviation
¾Birth of the Airlines
¾Birth of Air Traffic Control
¾Charles Made an Historic Flight
¾Birth of Instrument Flying
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Aviation Timeline
¾1919 – 1938
„Large advancement in aircraft technology„Large advancement in aircraft technology.
„Wood and canvas converts to aluminums.
„Engine development, In-line water cooled gasoline
engines convert to rotary air cooled engines (increase
propulsive power).
„After WWI, experienced fighter pilots were eager to
show off their new skills.
„Air shows sprang up around the country, with air races and acrobatic stunts.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1921: Birth of Rotating Beacons
¾In 1921, the Army deployed rotating ,ypy g
beaconsin a line between Columbus and
Dayton, Ohio, a distance of about 80
miles. The beacons, visible to pilots at 10-
second intervals, made it possible to fly
the route at night
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Aviation Timeline
¾Birth of the Airlines
¾B ildi f th i¾Building of the airways
¾Airmail routes become Airways
¾Lighted airway beacons—every 10 miles (1926)
¾Intermediate Airfields—every 50 miles
¾Airway Communication Stations (1928)
¾NATC¾No ATC
Intermediate
Airfield
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Aviation Timeline
¾1926: Ford Tri-motor: First all-metal aircraft designed for
passengerspg
¾Ford Trimotor’ also called as the “Tin Goose” because of its
corrugated metal skin.
¾Can carried 12/13 passengers and could fly up 6,000 feet
(1,829 kilometre), but it’s climb to that altitude was slow,
level off, bump around, and drop repeatedly before it
reached its cruising altitude.
¾With no air conditioning and little heating, the plane was hot¾With no air conditioning and little heating, the plane was hot
in summer and cold in winter,
¾With no circulation system, its environment was made even
more unpleasant by the smell of hot oil and metal, leather
seats, and disinfectant used to clean up after airsick
passengers. Opening a window was the only way to
escape the smell.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1927: Long-distance passenger craft developed that had
constant radio contact with the groundconstant radio contact with the ground.
¾1930s: The “Air Age” begins with pioneers like Amelia
Earhart, Howard Hughes, and Charles Lindbergh.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1927: Charles Lindbergh, First flying across the
Atlantic ocean (New York-Paris) in using the Spirit ofAtlantic ocean (New YorkParis) in using the Spirit of
St. Louis
„3,610 miles (5,815km) in 33
and 1/2 hours.
„The first solo, non-stop
transatlantic flight.
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Challenges faced by Lindbergh
¾He had not slept in nearly twenty-four hours when he took
off, so fighting sleep was the most difficult part of the gg p p
flight. Difficult to keep awake on long flight – put his face outside the cockpit to allow air to blast his face and eyes
¾Susceptible to hypoxia and bad weather flying
¾Fighting icing - cold
¾Flying in poor visibility through fog for several hours
¾Navigating only by the stars (when visible), using mental
dead reckoning (maintain heading time and speed)dead reckoning (maintain heading , time and speed)
¾No proper water survival gears – if ditched in the sea might not survive.
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Challenges faced by Lindbergh
¾The plane designed with no forward visibility and only a
periscope giving the pilot any forward view at all. Difficult ppggpy
to fly
¾Difficult to fly accurately with limited instrumentations.
Might be deviated by wind causing lost in transit
¾No proper communications – if there was an aircraft or
aircrew problem no way of getting help
¾There was no radio, no navigator, and no co-pilot
¾The aircraft was highly unstable, requiring constant vigilance by the pilot. Very stressful to pilot..
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Charles Lindbergh Impact
¾Aviation became a more established.
¾Aviation becomes respectable and the popular¾Aviation becomes respectable and the popular
Lindbergh goes on world tours to promote aviation
and Pan-American Airways.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1933: First of the modern airliners (Boeing 247)
developed. It could carry 13 passengers and travel at 155 pypg
mph.
http://aerofiles.com/boe-247.jpg
¾1934: Amelia Earhart and Lockheed Electra 10" mysteriously disappeared while on a "round the world
fli htflight.
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Donald Douglas, the first - and
youngest - aeronautical engineers in
America
The company's first successful aircraft, the Cloudster,made its first flight on
February 24, 1921. Later that year, the company would change its name to
simply The Douglas Company.
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Douglas Airplane: Early Commercial
Aviation
„(1933): DC-2,12 passengers
„(1935): DC-3,21 passengers
DC-3
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In 1935, DC-3 first aircraft to make
money carrying passengers rather than
mail. It seated 21 passengers and its
1 000 h i d it1,000 horsepower engine made it
possible to fly coast to coast in 16
hours. It proved air transport could be
profitable. Ninety percent of air traffic
fl i th i ftb 1940was flying on these aircraft by 1940.
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Birth of Air Traffic Control
„First airport controller (1929)
Archie League at St. Louis
Airport, 19299/6/2012 27
Birth of Air Traffic Control
1929-1933
„Light gun„Control tower
„First radio-equipped control
tower—Cleveland (1930)
Cleveland
Airport,
Ohio
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Birth of Instrument Flying
„Jimmy Doolittle’s first “blind flight” (September 24, 1929)
LFR F CNiiS (l30) ÆFi„LFR Four-Course Navigation System (early 30s) ÆFirst
instrument airways
The end of “see and avoid”
Four-course range
station
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Birth of Instrument Flying
„New Flying Instruments developed to enable flying during 
night and bad weather
„Visual radio direction finder:Using vibration system to direct 
the aircraft. The closer the plane is to the beacon, the more 
intense the vibration. 
„Artificial horizon:showed at what angle the plane was flying in 
relation to the ground, whether and how the wings were 
tilted, whether the nose was up, down or level, and to what 
degreedegree.
„Barometric altimetershowed how far above the ground of a 
particular field,. They will sensitively record the time and 
therefore the distance which a sound or radio impulse travels 
from a plane to the ground and back.
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World War II
„Drastic increase in the of aircraft development and
production
„Aircraft faster and more maneuverable
„Stronger in design
„Weapon systems are more sophisticated
„Roles are dedicated:
„Fighter
„Bomber
„Attack
„Reconnaissance
„Operate with high accuracy
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Aviation Timeline
¾1936: Spitfires (fast maneuverable fighter airplanes)
developed for use in WWIIdeveloped for use in WWII.
http://artcontrarian.blogspot.com/2011/02/spitfire-bests-
hurricane-hunter-bests.html
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Aviation Timeline
¾1943: Helicopters are mass-produced for WWII.
http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~leishman/Aero/history.html
¾1943: Jetpowered fighters are developed and used in¾1943: Jet-powered fighters are developed and used in
WWII.
http://airplanes-aircraft.knoji.com/5-deadly-german-jet-powered-
aircraft-of-world-war-ii/
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Cold War 1945 -1991
„Most ex-military aircraft were used in the business of transporting
people and goods.
„Many companies existed, with routes that criss-crossed North America, Europe and other parts of the world.
„Heavy and super-heavy bomber airframes (e.g., B-29, Lancaster, DC-3) easily converted into commercial aircraft
„By 1952, the British state airline introduced into service the first jet airliner, the De Havilland Comet (the plane suffered a series of highly public failures)
Oth j t i li d i B i 707 f t bl hi h f t„Other jet airliner designs Boeing 707 -comfortable, higher safety
and meet passenger expectations.
„In October of 1947, Chuck Yeager took the rocket powered Bell X-1
past the speed of sound (1
st
controlled, level flight to cross the
sound barrier).
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Cold War 1945 -1991
„Further barriers of distance were eliminated in 1948 and 1952 as
the first jet crossing of the Atlantic occurred and the first nonstop
fflight to Australia occurred.
„In 1967, the X-15 set the air speed record for an airplane at 4,534 mph or Mach 6.1 (7,297 km/h).
„1969, Boeing came out with its vision for the future of air travel
(Boeing 747). This plane is still one of the largest aircraft ever to fly,
and it carries millions of passengers each year.
„Commercial aviation progressed even further in 1976 as British
Ai id i i th Atl ti (C d )Airways provide supersonic service across the Atlantic (Concorde).
„A few years earlier the SR-71 Blackbird had set the record for crossing the Atlantic in under 2 hours.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1947: Airplanes fly faster than the speed of sound.
The Douglas D-558-2Skyrocket
http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/Mach_1.html
The Douglas D5582 Skyrocket
(shown here at Edwards Air Force
Base circa May 1949) pushed past
Mach 2 on November 20, 1953,
beating an advanced X-1 to the
record.
¾1947: Radar is developed to keep track of aircraft from the¾1947: Radar is developed to keep track of aircraft from the
ground.
¾1950s: The airliner begins to replace other means of
transportation as the primary means of long-distance travel.
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Aviation Timeline
¾1968: Aircraft are developed that can take off and land
vertically, without the use of a runway (Harrier “Jump y, y ( p
Jet.”).
Website: Military Equipment, Monday, February 9, 2009
¾1969: The Concorde is developed and used as the first¾1969: The Concorde is developed and used as the first
supersonic airliner. (It crosses the Atlantic Ocean in less
than 3 hours.)
wipo.int
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Aviation Timeline
¾1981: Space Shuttle is developed as a reusable space
ship that can land after reentry into Earth’s atmosphere.py p
space.com
¾1981: The Lockhead F-117A is developed, which is virtually invisible to radar.
en.wikipedia.org
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