AIRPORT PLANNING AND DESIGNING

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1. AIRPORT
PLANNING AND
DESIGNING

3. Airport Engineering
Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and
construction of terminals, runways, and navigation aids to
provide for passenger and freight service.
Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must
account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their
design of airport facilities.
These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind
direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size
of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to
wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the
clear zones in the entire port.

4. What is an AIRPORT?
•An airport is a facility where passengers connect
from ground transportation to air transportation.
It is a location where aircraft such as airplanes,
helicopters take off and land.
Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an
airport.
An airport should have runway for takeoffs and
landings, buildings such as hangars and terminal
buildings.

5. Definition
AIRFIELD is an area where an
aircraft can land and take off,
which may or may not be
equipped with any
navigational aids or markings.
Many grass strips are also
designated as airfields.

6. What are Aerodromes?
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,
installations and equipment) intended to be used either
wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.

7. Air transportation
One system of transportation which tries to improve
the accessibility to inaccessible areas
Provides continuous connectivity over water and
land
Provide relief during emergencies and better
compared to others some times
Saves productive time, spent in journey
Increases the demand of specialized skill work force

8. Air transportation
Helps tourism, generates foreign reserves
Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance
Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to
other modes
Requires highly sophisticated machinery
Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange
Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc.
Safety provisions are not adequate.
Providing a support system during the flight is complicate
Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is
essential

9. Development of Air Transport
1903 – first successful flight by Wilbur and Orville
Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1909 – Louis Bleriot crossed English channel to
England
1911 – Post was carried by air in India from
Allahabad to Naini (pilot: Henri Pequet) crossing
Ganga
1912 – Flight between Delhi and Karachi
1914 – Air passenger transport began in Germany

10. Development of Air Transport
1918 – first international service between France
and Spain
1919 – London – Paris flight
1919 – International Commission on Air Navigation
(ICAN) was established
1919 – 6 European airlines formed in Hague the
International Air Traffic Association (IATA) to control
the movement of air traffic and have a coordinated
approach

11. 1928 – Havana Convention on civil aviation
1929 – Warsaw convention on civil aviation
1944 – international civil aviation convention
1944 – Chicago convention, establishing provisional
ICAO (international civil aviation organization)
1945 – International Air Transport Association
(IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba
1947 – ICAO was established as a body of United
Nations

12. 27, July 1949 – worlds first jet airliner made its
journey from hatfield airport
1954 – Boeing Dash 80 type prototype, B707 first
flight
1969 – concorde first flight
2006 – Airbus A328 made first flight (one of the
biggest passenger air craft i.e., 800 persons)

13. Air Transport in India
1911 – post was carried by air in India from
Allahabad to Naini
1912 – flight between Delhi and Karachi
1927 – Civil Aviation Department was established
 1929 – Regular air service between Delhi and
Karachi
1932 – Tata airways ltd was setup
1933 – Indian trans-continental airways ltd was
formed

14. 1938 – 153 aircrafts were registered
1946 – Air transport licensing board was
established
1947 – Tata changed its name to Air India Ltd
1948 – Air India International ltd was established
by government
 1953 – Air Transport Corporation bill was made,
provision for establishing two corporations, one for
the domestic services and other for the international
services.

15. 1972 - The International Airport Authority of India
(IAAI) was setup
to coordinate the international aviation from different
locations of the country
1981 -Vayudoot service was started. It merged into
Indian Airlines in 1993
1985 - Air taxi policy
1994 -Airport Authority of India (AAI) was formed
by merging International Airport Authority of India
(IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA).

16. Airport Authority of India
Controls overall air navigation in india
Constituted by an act of parliament and it came
into being on 1st April, 1995
Formed by merging NAA (National Airport
Authority) and IAAI (International Airport Authority
of India)

17. Functions of AAI
Control and management of the Indian airspace
extending beyond the territory limits
Design, development and operation of domestic and
international airports
Construction and management of facilities
Development of cargo ports and facilities
Provision of passenger facilities and information
systems
Expansion and strengthening of operating area
Provision of visual aids
Provision of communication and navigational aids (ex:
Radar systems)

18. Aircraft components
Reference: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/airplane.html

19. AEROPLANE COMPONENT PARTS

20. Its essential parts are as given below:
I Engine
2 Propeller
3 Fuselage
4 Wings
5 Three controls
6 Flaps
7 Tricycle under-carriage

21. Engine
The main purpose of an aircraft engine is to provide a force
for propelling the aircraft through the air.
Aircraft can be classified according to their propulsion as
follows
(I) Piston engine
(ii) Turbo jet
(iii) Turbo fan or Turbo prop
(iv) Rocket
(I) Piston engine : It is powered by gasoline fed reciprocating
engine and is driven by propeller or airscrew.

22. Turbo Jet

23. (ii) Turbo prop
It is similar to the turbo jet engine except that a propeller is provided in it.
Main difference is in the design of turbines. The turbine in turbo prop extracts enough power to drive both the
compressor and the propeller. Only a small amount of power is left as a jet thrust.
(iv) Ram jet:
 It is an engine with no moving parts. It must be operated at comparatively high speed if it has to function at all.
It cannot operate statically unless a continuous source of air is flown past the engine. Its principle of working is
very simple. Air enters the air intake. By shaping the tube with a diverging-converging configuration, as shown in
the Figure, the air velocity is decreased in combustion chamber with a consequent increase in the pressure. Fuel
flow and combustion are continuous. A spark plug is used for starting only. The heated air expends and rushes
out of the exhaust nozzle at high velocity creating the thrust. The advantages of ram jet are the simplicity of
design and high speeds. But it requires the assistance of other types of power plants to reach the operating
speed and has a very high specific fuel consumption.
(v) Rocket engine
The rocket produces its thrust in the same manner as the ram jet except for one outstanding difference. All the
engines described previously have definite ceilings, depending upon when they run out of oxygen necessary to
support the combustion. But for rocket engines, there is no limit on altitude since oxygen in the atmosphere is not
relied upon for the combustion. The engine carries its own supply of oxygen placing it in the category of non-
atmospheric engines. which had flown faster than the speed of sound was powered by liquid-fuel rocket engine.

24. Operative altitude of aircraft depends up on
Type of engine
Propulsive power available to aircraft
Piston engines – low altitudes
Turbo jet or turbo propulsions – low to high altitudes
Ram jets – used in missiles at middle altitudes
Where other type of movements are less
Rocket jets – outside atmosphere

25. Propeller
This is provided in the conventional piston engine aircrafts as well as in turbo prop
engines.

When engine and propeller are in front, the machine is described as a tractor
types
Sometimes, but not very often, the engine and airscrew are behind the wing and
this is known as a pusher installation.
Fuselage - It forms the main body of the aircraft and provides for the power plant,
fuel, cockpit, passenger, cargo etc.
Wings - The purpose of an aircraft wing is to support the machine in the air when the
engine has given it the necessary forward speed.


Vertical Lift on the Cambered Aerofoil Various Parts of a Wing

26. Three Controls
The movement of aircraft about
the X axis is called lateral or
rolling movement.
The movements about Y and Z
axes are called pitching and
yawing movements respectively.
To control these movements, the
airplane is provided with three
principal controls, viz., (i) elevator
(ii) rudder and (iii) aileron.
The first two controls which are
provided at the tail end of the
fuselage are also known as
empennage. Each control can be
operated by the pilot from his
cabin.

27. ROLLING MOTION

28. YAWING MOTION

29. PITCHING

30. (i) Elevator
It consists of two flaps capable of moving up and down through an
angle of 50 to 60. They are hinged to a fixed horizontal surface (called
a tailplane or stabilizer) placed at the extreme rear of the fusilage. It
controls the pitching or up and down movements of the aircraft.
(ii) Rudder
It Consists of a streamlined flap hinged to a vertical fine provided at the
tail end of the fuselage. It can be moved right or left of the vertical axis
through an angle of about 300 It is utilised for the turning or yawing
movement of the aircraft.
(iii) Aileron
 It is a hinged flap which is fixed in the trailing edge of the wing near
the wing tip, as shown n Figure 3.19. It is so rigged that when aileron in
one wing is pulled up that in other is pulled down. The effect of pulling
the aieron c1own is to increase the camber and angle of incidence of
the wing. This results in an increased lift under the wing. Pulling an
aileron up reduces the lift on the plane.
Flaps
These are somewhat similar to ailerons and are used for increasing the
lift on acrofoils, Like the other three controls,

31. Tricycle Under-Carriage
It is a structure to support the
aircraft while it is in contact with
the ground, It has two principal
functions to perform as listed below
(i) To absorb landing shocks while
an aircraft lands,
(ii) To enable the aircraft to
maneuver on ground

32. Wheel configuration defines how the weight will be
transferred to the bottom
More the no of wheels, lesser the stress, hence less
thickness enough.
Different wheel combinations available based on size
of aircraft.
Single tandem, duel tandem and multi axle tandems
are used based on the size and weight of air craft.

33. Aircraft characteristics
Type of propulsion
Size of aircraft
Min turning radius
Min circling radius
Speed of aircraft
Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
Capacity
Jet blast
Fuel spillage
Noise

34. Type of propulsion
Engine Speed limit kmph
Piston 250 to 750
Ram jet 1280 to 2400
Rocket 4600

35. Size of Aircraft
Size of Aircraft involves

Wing span
Fuselage length
Height
Distance between main gears
Wheel base
Trail width

36. Aircraft components

37. Aircraft components

38. Cont..
Wing span decides
Width of taxi way
Clearance between two parallel traffic ways
Size of apron and hanger
Width of hanger gate

39. Cont..
Length of aircraft decides
Widening of taxi way on curves
Sizes of apron and hanger
Height of aircraft or empennage height
It decides the height of hanger gate
The gear tread and wheel base
Min turning radius of the aircraft.

40. Min turning radius
Min turning radius

While making a turn, the nose gear is steered and hence it makes an angle with
the axis of main gear called angle of rotation.
The point of intersection of axis of main gear and line through axis of steered
nose gear is called point of rotation.
A line is drawn through the axis of nose gear when it is at
its max angle of rotation.
Theoretically max angle of rotation is 90
0

It will causes the skidding
Because it is producing excessive wear.
Max angle of nose gear limited 50
0
to 60
0
for turbo jet.

41. Aircraft components

42. Min circling radius
Min radius required in space depends
Type of aircraft
Traffic volume
Weather conditions
Diff. radii for diff. types of aircraft
Small gear aviation aircraft under VFR condition
=1.6 Km

43. Bigger aircraft, say two piston engine under VFR
condition =3.2 Km

Piston engine aircraft under IFR =13 Km

Jet engine aircraft under IFR =80 Km

44. weight
Pavement thickness, design, materials etc., depend
on the weight and wheel distribution of aircraft.
Different types of weights
Maximum gross take-off weight
Total amount of weight when it is taking off from runway
Maximum standard landing weight
Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from take-
off weight
Operating empty weight
Operating at zero pay load

45. Weight and wheel distribution
Pay load
Load for which revenues are generated (passengers +
freight)
Zero-fuel weight
Air craft reaching destination and fuel is getting empty
Note: (maximum is taken considering biggest aircraft allowed at airport

46. Weight of Aircraft & wheel configuration
Wt of Aircraft directly influence the length of
runway and structural requirements, i.e. the thickness
of runway, taxiway, apron and hangers.

47. Speed of Aircraft
It is split into two ways
Cruising speed or ground speed: It is the speed of air
craft with respect to the ground when the aircraft
flying in air at its max speed.

Air speed: It is the speed of aircraft relative to the
wind.

48. Aircraft Capacity

The number of passengers, baggage, cargo and fuel that can
he accommodated in the aircrafts depends upon the capacity
of aircraft.
the capacity of aircraft using an airport have an important
effect on the capacity of runway systems as well as that of the
passenger processing terminal facilities.

49. Jet blast
High velocity Aircraft it will eject the hot exhaust gases.
The velocity of jet blast may be high as 300kmph
Due to this passenger may feel inconvenience.
To avoid this problems several jet blast deflectors are
available.

50. Fuel spillage
It is very diff to avoid the fuel spillages at loading
aprons and hanger.
Bitumen pavement are affected by the fuel spillage.
But it should bring within min limit.
So that constant supervision is required at fuel inlets,
engines and main landing gear.

51. Noise
Noise generated by Aircraft create problem.

Layout and capacity depend on it.

It should be min as per as possible.

It is regulated by FAA (Federation Aviation Agency).

52. Airport Planning
Airport planning is mainly concerned with three
aspects:

1.Adequate access to the metropolitan area
2.Securing sufficient airspace for access to air
3.Sufficient land for carrying out ground
operations

53. Master Planning
It refers to the planner’s idealized concept of the
form and structure of ultimate development of an
airport. Federal Administration Aviation (FAA)
suggests 4 phases.
1.Airport Requirements-existing/anticipated
facilities.
2.Site Selection – availability of utilities, land costs
3.Airport Plans-Plans of layout, land use, terminal
area, airport access
4.Financial Plan-Schedules, estimates, economic &
financial feasibility analysis.

54. Regional Planning
Aims at the formation of an effective network of airports
on national basis.
It avoids creation of separate airports by individual
jurisdiction. If airports located in close vicinity & not
properly coordinated, total capacity & efficacy gets
reduced.

Regional plan provides the following
Approximate locations of airports in national map
Classification of airports
Location of air strips
Routes of air travel

55. Data required for Regional Planning
Population
Topographical and Geographical Features
Existing Airports in the vicinity
Air traffic characteristics
Development of New Airport
1. Traffic forecast
2. Determination of the capacity of existing airport
3. Improvement of airport capacity
4. Planning of a new airport

56. Traffic Forecast
Following data is to be collected for traffic forecast
 Area to be served
Origin & destination of the residents and non-residents
of the area
Population growth in the area
Economic character of the area
Income level per capita
Types of business activities and labour employed
Trends in existing local & national air traffic volume
Population growth & economic standards of adjacent
areas

57. Determination of capacity of existing Airport
Suitability of approaches for the type of airports
Capacity of runways & taxiways to handle the peak
hour traffic
Adequacy of terminal building for handling passengers
and cargo
Adequacy of aprons & serving facilities

58. Improvement of Airport Capacity
Runway extension, new or parallel runway and
high speed exit taxiways.
Rearranging or increasing the size of terminal
building and/or loading apron.
Improving the traffic control devices.

59. Data required before Site Selection
Peak hourly volume of air traffic to be handled.
The present & future, types of aircrafts which may use
the airport.
Facilities to be provided for the passengers, baggage
and cargo, for landing and take-off and servicing of
aircrafts should be determined.

60. Airport Site Selection
1.Regional plan
2.Airport use
3.Proximity to other airports
4.Ground accessibility
5.Topography
6.Obstructions
7.Visibility
8.Wind
9.Noise Nuisance
10.Grading, drainage and soil characteristics
11.Future development
12.Availability of utilities from town
13.Economic considerations

61. 1. Regional plan

The site should fit for regional plan


Forming it an integral part of the national network
of airport.

62. 2. Airport use

Selection is depend on type use whether for civilian
or for military operations.

In emergency civilian airports also used for military
purpose.

63. 3. Proximity to other airports
The site should be considerable from the exiting
airports.
So that landing in one airport does not interfere with
the other airport.
Min spacing have been suggested:

For airports serving small aviation aircraft under VFR
condition =3.2 Km

64. For aircraft serving bigger aircraft, say two piston
engine under VFR condition =6.4 Km
For aircraft operating piston engine aircraft under
IFR =25.6 Km
For aircraft operating Jet engine aircraft under IFR
=160 Km

65. 4. Ground accessibility
Site should be selected that it is readily accessible to
the users.
Passenger time is more concerned rather than the
actual time in air travel.
The time required to reach an airport not exceeds 30
minutes.
It should be located adjacent to the main highway.

66. 5. Topography
Includes like ground contours, trees, streams.
Raised ground usually considered for airport.
Reasons:
Less obstructions in approach zones
Natural drainage
More uniform wind
Better visibility

67. 6. obstructions

For landing or take off, long clearance areas are
provided on either side of runway known as approach
areas.

These structures are controlled by zoning laws.

68. 7. visibility


The site should be free from visibility reducing
conditions like fog, smoke.

69. 8. wind
Runway is oriented by wind data.
Wind data i.e. direction, duration and intensity
collected over a min 5 yrs.

70. 8. Noise nuisance
Noise depends on type of propulsion and gross wt of
aircraft.
The problem is more with jet engine.
So that area should away from residential and
industrial area.

71. 10. Grading, drainage and soil
characteristics
Grading and drainage play an important role in
the construction and maintenance of airport.
Previous materials i.e. gravel, sand soils are suitable
for aircraft construction.

72. 11. Future development
Air traffic volume will continue to increase in future,
More no. of runways provided.
More no. of facilities for processing of passengers,
baggage and cargo.
Zoning laws implemented to prevent growth of
undesirable structures with in the area.

73. 12. Availability of utilities from town
Airport has to be provided with facilities like :
water supply
sewer
telephone
electricity

74. 13. Economic considerations
The estimate should be prepared for various site
that includes land cost, clearing and grading of
land, drainage, removal of hazards, paving, turfing,
lighting, construction of buildings, access roads and
automobile parking areas.
Select from one of from above which is economical
for us.

75. Surveys for site selection

1.Traffic survey
2.Meteorological survey
3.Topographical survey
4.Soil survey
5.Drainage survey
6.Material survey

76. Drawings to be prepared
1.Topographical plan
2.Obstruction plan
3.Drainage plan
4.Airport master plan

77. Future air traffic needs
1.Annual passenger volume
2.Annual volume of aircrafts
3.Peak-day and peak-hour volume of passengers
and aircrafts
4.Air cargo
5.Air mail
6.General aviation