alkaloids-240409175554-5cbhbhjjkjjkjbnbnjbj09aae9.pptx

types and clssification

1. Extends Heartfelt Welcome Campus: NH-05, Chandigarh – Ludhiana State Hwy, Mohali (P.B.) -140413

2. Introduction and Classification Alkaloids PRESENTED BY TOPIC Mr. Abhishek Mahajan (Assistant Professor) B. Pharmacy 5 th Semester Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry-II Class <1>

3. 3 SR NO Content 01 Introduction 02 Function Of Alkaloids 03 Properties Of Alkaloids 04 Classification Of Alkaloids 05 Chemical Tests

4. ALKALOIDS Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Alkaloids are derived from plant sources they are basic they contain one or more nitrogen atoms (usually in a heterocyclic ring) and they usually have a marked physiological action. 4

5. Function of alkaloids they may function as stimulants or regulators in activities like growth, metabolism and reproduction. They may act as reservoirs for protein synthesis. 5

6. Properties of alkaloids Alkaloids are colourless, crystalline, non-volatile, solids, a few such as coniine and nicotine are liquids and a few even coloured, viz. berberine is yellow. The free bases (i.e. alkaloids themselves) are insoluble in water but soluble in most of the organic solvents. Most of the alkaloids are laevorotatory (optically active), although a few are dextrorotatory (e.g. coniine), while a few are even optically inactive, viz. papaverine. the alkaloids are bitter in taste and have pronounced physiological activity. 6

7. Classification of alkaloids a. Taxonomic classification - On the basis of taxonomic profile of the drug. For ex. Solanaceous alkaloids. b. Biogenetic classification- On the basis of amino acid precursor. For ex. Phenylalanine, Tyrosine alkaloids c. Pharmacological classification- On the basis therapeutic activity of the alkaloid For ex. Morphine as analgesic, Quinine as antimalarial. 7

8. d . Chemical classification - On the basis of basic chemical structure of alkaloid. It is of further three types- 1. True alkaloid- The alkaloids which have all basic properties of alkaloids, derived from amino acid and contain Nitrogen in heterocyclic ring. Ex. Atropine, Morphine. 2. Proto alkaloid- The alkaloid in which nitrogen atom is not present in the ring, but it is present outside the ring I form of amino group, so also called amino alkaloids or biological amines. Ex. Ephedrine. 3. Pseudo alkaloids- Actually these are not alkaloids. These are not derived from amino acid and not give basic identification tests of alkaloids. These are Steroidal (Solanine), Terpenoidal (Diterpene alkaloid) and Purine alkaloid (Caffeine). 8

9. chemical classification of alkaloids 1. Non-Heterocyclic Alkaloids   Groups   Example   Source   Uses   Phenyl ethyl amine alkaloid  Ephedrine, Mescaline Hordenine   Ephedra sp. Lophophora wiliamsoil Asthama     Tropolone alkaloids   Colchicine   Colchicum sp.   Gout   Modified diterpene   Taxol   Taxus sp.   Anti cancer   9

10. 2. Heterocyclic Alkaloids   A. Mono-nuclear Heterocyclic Alkaloids Groups   Example   Source   Uses   Pyridine Lobeline     Lobelia sp.   Asthama   Piperidine   Piperine   Piper sp   Antioxidant   Pyrrole   Hygrine     Coca sp.   CNS Stimulant Pyrrolidine Nicotine Tobbaco sp CNS Stimulant Imidazole Pilocarpine Pilocarpus   Contraction pupil of B. Poly-nuclear Hetero-cyclic alkaloids   Isoquinoline     Morphine, papaverine   Opium Narcotic analgesic   Quinoline Quinidine, quinidine   Cinchona   Anti-malarial     10

11. Chemical tests Reagent   Composition   Remarks   Alkaloid Precipitants       Mayer's   Potassium- mercuric iodide   Immediate creamy white ppt.(+ ve with most alkaloids except Caffeine and dil. Ephedrine   Wagner's   Iodine in potassium   Reddish brown   Hager's Dragendorff's   Iodide Saturated soln. of picric acid   Yellow Orange-reddish brown   Marme's   Potassium bismuth iodide   Potassium cadmium iodide   Yellow 11

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