Alkaloids in plants

Alkaloids in plants use in crop protection

1. S.
no
Crop
name
Scientific name Family Plant used Alkaloid Alkaloid uses
1 Ginger Zingiber
officinale
Zingiberaceae Rhizome zingiberene Very likely to defend them against insect pests, fulfilling roles that might
include stopping insects from laying eggs and deterring them from feeding on
the plant.
Zingiberene has been shown to confer resistance to insect pests upon
tomatoes. (resistance of tomato to spider mites, whitefly, pinworm, repelling
whitefly)
2 Garlic Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae bulbs or
garlic cloves
flavonoids and sulphur-containing
compounds: diallyl sulphate, alliin,
ajoene, allicin
Raw garlic is also used for its Control the anti-bacterial and anti-viral
Diseases.
3 Turmeric Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome Curcumin curcumin has a therapeutic potential as antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and management of other pharmacological activities
4 Cinnamon
(DHALCHA
M
CHEKKA)
Cinnamomum
verum
Lauraceae Bark cinnamaldehyde, cinnamate, cinnamic acid Black rot fungal diseases from Pythium and and Phytophthora fungi are
common in many crops.
5 Chilli Capsicum
frutescens
Solanaceae

Fruits Capsaicinoids, Capsaicin, Capsanthin To Control the aphid pest and several diseases
6 Curry Leaf Murraya
koenigii
Rutaceae leaves, stems,
bark, and
seeds
cinnamaldehyde, and numerous
carbazole alkaloids, including
mahanimbine, girinimbine, and mahanine,
Koenigine, Murrayin

7 Coriander Coriandrum
sativum
Apiaceae leaves, stems
and seeds
linalool
8 Onion Allium cepa Amaryllidaceae quercetin and kaempferol
9 Neem Azadirachta
indica
Meliaceae leaves and
seeds.
Azadirachtin- Seeds, Nimbin- Leaves control whiteflies, aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, caterpillars, beetles, mushroom
flies, mealybugs, leafminers, gypsy moths and others on food, greenhouse
crops, ornamentals and turf.
Nimbin is thought to be responsible for much of the biological activities of
neem oil, and is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, fungicidal,
antihistamine and antiseptic properties.

2. 10 Tobacco Nicotiana
tabacum
Solanaceae leaves Nicotine,
Nornicotine and anatabine
pesticide production and animal nervous system
11 Pongamia
(KANUGA)
Pongamia sps. Fabaceae Leaves rotenone Rotenone is used as a pesticide, insecticide, and as a nonselective pesticide
(fish killer).
Rotenone is also used in powdered form to treat scabies and head lice on
humans, and parasitic mites on chickens, livestock, and pet animals.
(Rotenone has been used as an organic
[14]
pesticide dust for gardens.
Unselective in action, it kills potato beetles, cucumber beetles, flea
beetles, cabbage worms, raspberry beetles, and asparagus beetles, as well as
most other arthropods. It biodegrades rapidly in soil, with 90% degraded after
1–3 months at 20 °C (68 °F) and three times faster at 30 °C (86 °F).
[15]
A light
dusting on the leaves of plants will control insects for several days.)
12
Vitex
Niguda
(VAVILA
KU)

Vitex negundo Lamiaceae

Leaves iridoid glycoside (negundoside and
nishindaside), casticin, luteolin-7-
glucoside, vitexicarpin, betulinic acid,
ursolic acid, n-hentriacontanol, b-sitosterol,
para-hydroxybenzoic acid and so forth
Vitex negundo is used for treating stored garlic against pests and as a cough
remedy in the Philippines. It is also used to control mosquitoes.
13 Occimum
(THULASI)
Ocimum
tenuiflorum
Lamiaceae Leaves oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic
acid, eugenol, carvacrol, linalool
Insect repellent
For centuries, the dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel
insects.
14 Lantana
camara(ATH
AKODALU)

Lantana camara Verbenaceae Leaves saponins/tannins, germacrene-A, B and D,
triterpenes like lantadenes-A, B, C, D,
valencene (principle constituent) and γ-
gurjunene, verbascoside, martynoside.
Studies conducted in India have found that Lantana leaves can
display antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties.

L. camara has
also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of
ailments, including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, rabies, chicken
pox, measles, asthma and ulcers.
15 custard apple
(SITHAPHA
LAM)
Annona
reticulata
Annonaceae Leaves, seeds
and Bark.
isomeric hydroxyl ketones from leaf,
acetogenin, samaquasine, annonacin and
annonastatin from seeds, acetogenin, and
squamone from bark of it.

3. 16 Tephrosia
(VEMPALA
KU)
Tephrosia
purpurea
Fabaceae Leaves, seeds methylenechloride/methanol (1:1)
aromatic ester 1, a sesquiterpene 2 and
prenylated flavonoid 3.

17 Mari Gold Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Flowers and
leaves
cadinol, carotenoids, isorhamnetin,
saponins, triterpenes, sesquiterpenoids,
scopoletin, flavonoids, quercetin,
kaempferol.
destructive pests, such as leafminer flies and control any sucking pest

18 crysanthana
m
Chrysanthemu
m indicum
Asteraceae Flowers and
leaves
Flavonoids, Tannins, Terpenoids,
Pyrethrum
chrysanthemum leaves are still a major host for destructive pests, such
as leafminer flies and control any sucking pest

19 ipomoea
(THUTAKU
)
Ipomoea
carnea
Convolvulaceae leaves chanoclavine I (2), ergine (4),
ergobalansinine and lysergic acid α-
hydroxyethylamide

20 Bougainville
a

Bougainvillea
glabra
Nyctaginaceae leaves saponins, tannins, reducing sugar and
cardiac glycosides
Saponins content in plants is dynamic, and it influences various biotic
stimuli that are related to pest attack, pathogenic
infection, plant mutualistic symbioses with rhizobial bacteria and
mycorrhizal fungi.
Tannins have a strong deleterious effect on phytophagous insects and affect
the insect growth and development by binding to the proteins, reduce nutrient
absorption efficiency, and cause midgut lesions. Tannins are astringent
(mouth puckering) bitter polyphenols and act as feeding deterrents to
many insect pests.
21 papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Leaves,
Pericarp
arpaine as a lead component and
pseudocarpaine, dehydrocarpaine I and II,
choline, and methyl derivative of carpaine
in minor quantities and Papain

22 Aloe vera Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Leaves and
Fruits
hypoxanthine and xanthine, aloin

23 Abutilon
(thuthuruben
da )

Abutilon
indicum
Malvaceae Leaves and
Fruits
mucilage, tannins, β-sitosterol, asparagines

4. 24 Achyranthes

Achyranthes
aspera
Amaranthaceae Plant Parts triterpenoid saponins which
possess oleanolic acid as
the aglycone. Ecdysterone, an insect
moulting hormone, and long chain
alcohols are also found in Achyranthes
aspera.

25 Kalmegh (
nelavemu)
Andrographis
paniculata
Acanthaceae Plant Parts
(Leaves)
diterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols

26 bullet wood (
VISHAMUS
TI)

Mimusops
elengi
Sapotaceae bark,
flowers,
fruits, and
seeds
Pyrrolizidine

27 Bael
(MAREDU)
Aegle
marmelos
Rutaceae bark, flowers,
fruits, and
seeds
rutin, marmesin, fargarine,
isopentenylhalfordinol, methylhafordinol
antimalarial in Nigeria
28 Jamun Syzygium
cumini
Myrtaceae Fruits and
leaves
saponins; tannins; glycosides; phenols;
proteins; triterpenoids; steroids; and fixed
oils and fats

29 Senna
auriculata
(THANGED
U)
Senna
auriculata
legumes sap, leaves
and bark
cardiac glucoside (sennapicrin),
anthraquinones, tannins

30 guava Psidium
guajava
Myrtaceae Fruits and
leaves
carotenoids and polyphenols,
gallocatechin and leucocyanidin.

31 Custard
apple
Annona
squamosa
Annonacea Fruits and
leaves, seeds
Annonaine Annona squamosa have been used as treatments for epilepsy,
dysentery, cardiac problems, worm infection, constipation,
bacterial infection, fever and ulcers.