Alternative health care system and referral system, community health nursing

Alternative systems of health include various healing approaches that originate from around the world and that are not based on conventional western medicine. There therapies are called alternative system of health as they are used alone as complementary medicine or these can be used with conventional medicine.

1. ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND REFERRAL SYSTEM SUBMITTED TO:- Mrs. Talita.k. Bara
(Clinical tutor) College of Nursing RIMS Ranchi SUBMITTED BY:- Name:- Ruby Kiran Roll no.:- 29 Basic BSc Nursing 4 th year Session – 2017- 2021 College of Nursing RIMS, Ranchi

2. CONTENTS ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Introduction Definition Types
Ayurveda Siddha Unani and tibbi
Homeopathy Naturopathy Herbal medicine Nurtional therapy Meditation Guided imagery Chiropractic Massage therapy Acupuncture Aromatherapy Spiritual therapy Dance therapy Cupping therapy Music therapy REFERRAL SYSTEM Introduction Definition Purpose Requirements of effective referral system Selection of referral cases
Cases requiring immediate care
Advantages Key points to effective referral system Nurses role
Reference Bibliography

3. ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

4. INTRODUCTION Alternative systems of health include various healing approaches that originate from around the world and that are not based on conventional western medicine. There therapies are called alternative system of health as they are used alone as complementary medicine or these can be used with conventional medicine.

5. DEFINITION Alternative system of health defines as the absence of disease is usually thought to result from isolated factor and treatment often involves drugs and surgery.

6. TYPES Alternative medical system
Biologically based treatment Mind body techniques Manipulative and body based methods Energy therapy Other therapy

7. Alternative medical system :- This includes Ayurveda, siddha, unani and tibbi , homeopathy and naturopathy. Biologically based treatment :- This includes herbal medicine and nutritional therapy. Mind body techniques :- This includes meditation, hypnotherapy, biofeedback, and guided imaginary. Manipulative and body based method :- This includes yoga and chiropractice .

8. 5. Energy therapy :- This includes massage therapy and accupuncture. 6. Other therapy:- This includes aromatherapy, spiritual therapy, dance therapy , cupping therapy and music therapy.

9. AYURVEDA:- Ayurveda is a system of medicine with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Globalized and modernized practices derived from Ayurveda traditions are a type of alternative medicine. SIDDHA:- Sidhha medicine is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient TAMILAKAM in South India. Sidhhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta Siddhi a or the eight supernatural powers. UNANI AND TIBBI:- It is the term for Perso- Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Mughal india and the Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day central Asia

10. HOMEOPATHY:- It can be based on the concept that disease can be treated with drugs with which are capable of producing the same symptoms in healthy people as the disease itself. NATUROPATHY:- it is the system of therapy based on preventive care and on the use of heat, Water, light, air and massage as primary therapies for disease. HERBAL MEDICINE:- Herbal medicine has always attracted some scientific interest and many well known drugs are plant derived.eg. DIGOXIN from foxgloves and MORPHINE from poppies
NURTIONAL THERAPY:- It is a system of healing based on the belief that food as nature intended provides the medicine we need to obtain and maintain a state of health.

11. MEDITATION Meditation involves focusing the mind upon a sound, phrase, prayer, object, visualized image, the breath or consciousness in order to increase awareness of the present moments, promote relaxation, reduce stress and also enhance the spiritual growth.

12. HYPNOTHERAPY Hypnotherapy is a type of alternative medicine in which hypnosis is used to create a state of focused attention and increased suggestibility during which positive suggestions and guided imagery are used to help individuals deal with a variety of concerns and issues.

13. BIO-FEEDBACK It is a technique that is used monitoring instrument to measure and feedback information about the muscle tension, heart rate, sweat responses and skin temperature or brain activity. The term associated with biofeedback include psycho physiology or behavioral physiology. It is also viewed as a mind- body therapy use as an alternative medicine.

14. GUIDED IMAGERY Guided imagery also known as guided affective imagery or katathym – imaginative psychotherapy (KIP) is a mind – body intervention by which ba trained practitioner bor teacher helps a participant or patient to evoke and generate mental images that stimulate or re- create the sensory perception of sights, sounds , tastes. It is a form of focused relaxation that helps create harmony between the mind and body. It is a way of focusing your imagination to create calm, peaceful images in your mind thereby providing “mental escape” .

15. YOGA Yoga is a group of physical, mental and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. Yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the western world. Yoga in Indian tradition, however, is more than physical exercise, it has a meditative and spiritual core. Yoga uses combination of physical postures (ASANAS), breathing techniques ( PRANAYAMAS), and meditation to promote relaxation and enhance the flow of vital energy called prana.

16. CHIROPRACTIC It is the relationship between system of spine and function of nervous system is thought to be in the key in maintaining or restoring health. It improves health, sleep, stress, happiness, wellbeing, immune system and strength life. It decreases illness pain, aches, injuries, bad posture, depression etc.

17. MASSAGE THERAPY Massage involves working and acting on the body with pressure- structured , unstructured, stationary or moving – tension, motion or vibration done manually with or without mechanical aids. Massage can be applied with the hands, fingers, elbows,knees, forearms, feet or a massage device. It is beneficial in treating sports injuries band other problems affecting the musculature of the body such as postural misalignment and many painful conditions.

18. ACUPUNCTURE A therapy within traditional Chinese medicine is one of the most widely accepted alternative therapy in western world specific points on the body are stimulated usually by inserting thin needle into the skin and underlying tissues. Sometimes additionally stimulation is added by using very low voltage electric current by twisting the needle or by warming the needle stimulating the specific points. A variation of acupuncture is called acupressure uses localized massage instead of needle to stimulate acupuncture points.

19. AROMATHERAPY Aromatherapy is a holistic healing treatment that uses natural plant extracts to promote health and well being. Sometimes it’s called essential oil therapy. Aromatherapy uses aromatic essential oils medically to improve the health of the body, mind and spirit. It enhances both physical and emotional health.

20. SPIRITUAL THERAPY It is a regimen designed to heal ones spirit and psyche as well as the body in many tradition is believed if one’s spirit is calling ones whole being suffers.

21. DANCE THERAPY Dance therapy uses expressive movement as a therapeutic tool for both personal expression and psychological or emotion healing. Practitioner work with people with physical disabilities, additional issues, sexual abuse histories, eating disorders and other concerns.

22. CUPPING THERAPY It is a traditional chinese medical technique which applies suction to diseased part of the body using ceramic glass or bamboo cups in order to increase regional circulation and thereby promote healing.

23. MUSIC THERAPY Music therapy is an allied health professions and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of a process in which a music therapist uses music and all of its facets – physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual – to help the clients improve their physical and mental health. Music therapists primarily help clients improve their health in several domains such as cognitive functioning, motor skills, emotional development.

24. REFERRAL SYSTEM

25. INTRODUCTION At each level of health care infrastructure, there is need for support from higher level of infrastructure band also from secondary and tertiary level hospitals to strengthen and promote credibility of primary health care system.

26. DEFINITION Referral system is defined as a system of transferring cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure to a higher level infrastructure/ institution having technical competency and all other resources to provide desired health services.

27. The referral system is vertical in nature. The cases can be referred from village health post to SC/ PHC, from SC to PHC/CHC and from PHC to CHC/ Secondary or tertiary level hospital and from CHC to secondary or tertiary level hospital. Provision is made for bypassing 1 or 2 level depending upon the nature and seriousness of cases so that required medical and nursing care can be given on time to the case and mortality and morbidity can be prevented and controlled.

28. PURPOSES To provide need based comprehensive care within the technical competencies and resources at each level of primary health care infrastructure efficiently and effectively. To help people avail specialised services available at higher level institution which are beyond their reach. To streamline the appropriate use of PHC infrastructure and specialized services on order to prevent overloading of specialized institution by direct uses.

29. REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE REFERRAL SYSTEM The referral units of PHC system need to :- Well trained required number of professionals, medical equipment and supplies, organization Structure etc. Continuing training, guidance and supervision of community health workers. Guidance on sanitary measures and to disseminate information on disease control methods. Conduct health education sessions

30. 5 . Provide logistic supports in terms of equipment and supplies required at PHC. 6. Establish liasion and functional relation with other sectors involved in social and economic development. 7. Organise transportation facilities for cases to be referred.

31. THE REFERRAL HOSPITAL BAT SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVEL NEED TO Provide specialized clinical outpatient and inpatient care continuosly. Back up primary health care system by providing PH care messages/ teaching. Discourage people attending OPD’s directly i.e. To attend OPD when they have referral card/ letter or a genuine emergency. Act as teaching center for health professionals including community health workers.

32. SELECTION OF REFERRAL CASES The very serious patient requiring immediate medical care and treatment. Patients presenting serious signs and symptoms. He/she may not be sick but requires immediate referral. When special diagnostic procedures are required for diagnosis.

33. CASES REQUIRING IMMEDIATE CARE The cases who may require immediate referral are as under:- Cases presenting any problem which cannot be handled during pregnancy, labour and post natal period. Several diarrhea with dehydration or not responding to treatment. Pain in abdomen and vomiting with or without presence of bowel sounds. Heart burn, dyspepsia, dysphagia, haematemesis and maleana etc. Continuous cough with or without sputum, haemoptysis.

34. Fever with stiff neck. Fever not responding to treatment. Fever with severe joints pain, rashes, bleeding under the skin Breathing difficulty while walking, sleeping, doing physical work. Chest pain with or without pain in the left arm, restlessness and vomiting. Jaundice, loss of appetite. Convulsions with fever. Coma, paralysis, fracture, severe injury, hemorrhage, poison etc.

35. ADVANTAGES OF REFERRAL CASES Beneficial to patients because they recieve effective care at the primary level which is near to their home. Beneficial to health workers because they are able to take care of patients which are within their level of competence and are not frightened to handle difficult cases because they can refer them to higher level centers and referral units. Beneficial to management because it is economical as highly trained and highly paid doctors, nurses and other professionals take care of patients with serious and complex problems at higher level referral unit and patients with simple and minor problems are taken care at much low cost by heath workers at lower level.

36. KEY POINTS TO EFFECTIVE REFERRAL SYSTEM Mutual understanding of each others role. Mutual respect. Mutual cooperation.

37. NURSE’S ROLE IN REFERRAL SYSTEM Observe and collect information about the illness, trauma, related situation, factors etc. Identifies the nature of illness/ emergency and it’s seriousness. Provide immediate treatment care within her competence, standing orders and resources available. Assures the casuality/ family members/ any other person accompanying Explains about the seriousness of the problem situation and need fir reference to the casualty.

38. Fills up the referral form as desired and hands over the same with related documents to be given to health professionals in referred health center. Arranges for transport of the patient according to feasibility as soon as possible. May do the telephonic consultation or provide information to referred health center. May accompany the casualty/ patient if required and feasible. Maintains the records and reports. Provide follow up care as per treatment and instructions prescribed by the referral unit.

39. BIBLIOGRAPHY Swarnkar Keshav; Community Health Nursing; 4 th edition; N.R Brothers; page no. 125-126 Sreevani.R; Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing; 4 th edition; Jaypee publication; page no.154- 156 Manivannan Shyamala D; Textbook of Community Health Nursing; CBS Publication; volume 2. www.slideshare.net en.M.Wikipedia.org www.scribd.com