ALTERNATIVES AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN PSYCHIATRY.pptx

This document discusses alternative and complementary therapies in psychiatry, including definition, principles, common beliefs, classification and different therapies

1. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN PSYCHIATRY Prepared by: Mrs. Divya Maria Sebastian M.Sc.(N) MPH

2. DEFINITION “ Group of diverse medical and healthcare systems , practices and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine” (NCCAM)

3. Complementary medicine :- It is used together with conventional medicine Alternative medicine :- It is used in place of conventional medicine

4. PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING CAM The body has the ability to heal itself Health and healing are related to the harmony of mind , body and spirit Basic good health practices build the foundation for healing Healing practices are individualized People are responsible for their own healing

5. COMMON BELIEFS REGARDING CAM When the body is not balanced , it results in illness In right condition the body can heal itself and restore its balance For good health ,the individual should be treated as a whole and not just the symptoms Begin with the mild treatment and then proceed stronger procedures Healing and treatment take time and are not instant

6. CLASSIFICATION OF CAM NCCAM classifies CAM therapies into:- Alternative medical system Mind – Body interventions Biologically based therapies Manipulative and body based methods Energy therapies

7. CAM THERAPIES

8. AYURVEDA

9. AYURVEDA Meaning- Knowledge of life Originated in India about 300 BC Oldest and most comprehensive medical systems in world Uses principles of nature

10. HISTORY OF AYURVEDA Originated from India Focus here is on healthy living rather than treatment Concept of this therapy was written by Veda Vyasa Three books dealing with Ayurveda:- charka samhita sushruta samhita Ashtanga Hridaya samhita

11. EIGHT DISCIPLINES OF AYURVEDA Kaya chikitsa – Treatment of all disease situated in the body Shalya Chiktsa – Preoperative surgical and postoperative procedures Bhuta Vidya - Deals with spiritual healing Shalakya Tantra – Deals with treatment of disease of head and neck

12. Agada Tantra – Deals with food poisoning ,snake poisoning , insect bite etc. Kaumarabrithya Tantra – Deals children's health and illness Vjikarana – Deals with the reproductive organs Rasayana Tantra – Prevention of disease and improved immunity

13. AYURVEDA AND PSYCHIATRY A branch of ayurveda deals with the mind and this branch is called bhutviya Ayurveda has been used for restoring and maintain mental and emotional equilibrium Ayurveda defines mental health as a state of mental , spiritual , and intellectual well being .

14. PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA Unmada – Insanity Apsmara – Epilepsy Avasada - Depression Citto Udvega – Anxiety Disorders Manasa Mandata – Mental Retardation Atava abhinevisha – Obsessive Disorders Madatyaya - Intoxication

15. Pathophysiology of Mental illness according to Ayurveda Accumulated dosha Creates Toxins Unhealthy condition

16. If not driven out in stipulated time Chronic mental illness If not treated leads to permanent disorders

17. METHODS OF HEALING IN AYURVEDA 1.Daivavyaprashya chikitsa Mantra Gems Mangala Niyama Upavasa

18. 2.Yukti Vyapashraya Antha Parimarjana Shodhana Shamana Bahir parimarjnana Mudraha Taila Ahyanga Shirodhara

19. 3.Satvavajaya chikitsa AIM:- To correct imbalance between in state of rajas and tamas

20. HOMEOPATHY

21. HOMEOPATHY Developed in Germany by Samuel Hahnemann at the end of 18 th century Three conventional theories:- >Like cure like >Law of minimum dose >Remedies are effective when they are selected on the total characteristics set of symptoms , not just those of the disease

22. Homeopathy and psychiatry Remedies available for:- >PTSD >Social Phobia >OCD >Panic disorders

23. Remedies are derived from plants, minerals , or animals Formulated as sugar pellets There is no uniform prescribing standard for practitioners

24. ACUPUNCTURE

25. ACUPUNCTURE This is a form of treatment used in the traditional and classical Chinese medicine Based on the energy pathways that comes to the surface at certain points Used to regulate flow of qi According Chinese medicine acupuncture unblock the obstruction of energy

26. DEFINITION OF ACUPUNCTURE Acupuncture is considered a complimentary therapy that uses puncture of certain points on the skin for the therapeutic purposes .It based on the belief that there are energy pathways that are associated with the internal organs and structures of one’s body

27. HISTORY OF ACUPUNCTURE Originated from china Known as the emperor classic of internal medicine Needles made used of gold and silver In India acupuncture has been used for thousands of years as a part of ayurveda

28. PURPOSES OF ACUPUNCTURE Modifying the perception of pain Normalizing physiological functions Treating or preventing disease

29. TYPES OF ACUPUNCTURE Auricular Electro

30. ACUPUNCTURE AND PSYCHIATRY Acupuncture has been tried for neuropathy , anxiety disorders ,depression , and substance abuse The findings have been conflicting for substance abuse but positive for anxiety and depression , uncontrolled anger , ADHD , OCD , PTSD , Sleep disorders

31. YOGA

32. YOGA Word YOGA means INTEGRATE It is derived from Sanskrit word Yuj Based on the belief that in order for human to be in perfect harmony , person needs integrate body , mind , and spirit Promote a sense of harmony with universe

33. HISTORY OF YOGA Yoga present from the time of the Indus valley civilization Vedic samhitha contained reference to Yoga The term yoga was first used in Katha Upanishads Swami Vivekanda introduced this form of meditation to the Western countries in 1983 at chickago

34. PURPOSES OF YOGA Helping humans become aware of their deepest nature Create harmony and a sense of peace Clarity of mind Expand creativity and joy of living

35. BRANCHES OF YOGA Hatha yoga Bhakti yoga Raja yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Tantra yoga

36. PSYCHOLOGICAL BENEFITS OF YOGA Relives stress Increases somatic and kinaesthetic awareness Improves mood and a sense of well-being Decrease anxiety , depression and hostility Improves attention , concentration ,memory and learning efficiency Improves a sense of social well-being

37. APPLICATION OF YOGA IN PSYCHIATRY Effective for both the client and family in terms of improving their quality of life Yoga is found to be effective in managing depression and anxiety Yoga also have a mood enhancing effect

38. MEDITATION

39. MEDITATION Meditation is a consciousness training , which is a discipline in itself . It is a regulated exercise of awareness The term Meditation originated from Latin word meaning think ,devise, contemplate or ponder It enables the mind to be channelized in a positive direction

40. HISTORY OF MEDITATION Some of the earliest records of meditation are found in the Hindu Vedas Other forms of meditation were found in China and among the Buddhists Secular forms of the meditation were introduced in India in the 1950

41. PURPOSES OF MEDITATION It involves an internal effort to self regulate Clear the mind Ease health issues

42. MEDITATION AND PSYCHIATRY Improves stress related illness Reduces anxiety Treats insomnia It increase sense of identity and lowers irritability Meditation can induce a peaceful mental state

43. Resolves neurosis when used with cognitive therapy Enhances general well-being Treats anxiety , addition ,aggression ,and depression Improves problem solving and attention

44. REIKI

45. REIKI It is also called palm healing It is based on the ancient Buddhist technique where the therapist channelize himself through whom the energy flows into the client The term combination of two words ‘Rei’ meaning departed spirit ,sacred ,divine and ‘ki’ meaning vital energy , force ,energy

46. HISTORY OF REIKI Developed in the later part of the 19 th century by Dr. Mikao Usui While he was performing a 21 day Buddhist training course on mount karma ,it was supposed that this training involved meditation ,fasting and prayer. It is during this time that he claimed to have received a mystical revelation and the power to apply and attune others to the thing called reiki

47. TYPES OF REIKI Traditional Japanese Reiki Western Reiki

48. STEPS OF REIKI Step 1- Shoden It means elementary or entry setting Step 2 – Okuden It means inner teaching Step 3 – Shipinden Master training

49. REIKI AND PSYCHIATRY Focused on symptom relief and well-being Reiki suggested as an alternative treatment for depression and stress It used for mental clarity It seems to be a safe treatment

50. COLOUR THERAPY

51. COLOUR THERAPY Colours are the part of life and to some extent reveal our state of mind Colours has also been used in planning the interiors with the intension of influencing ones state of mind Also called chromo therapy , colourology or chromotherapy

52. DEFINITION OF COLOUR THERAPY Color therapy defined as the use of colors to draw out its positive effects for the purpose of balancing body's centers in order to promote physical , emotional , spiritual and mental health

53. HISTORY OF COLOUR THERAPY This form of healing has been prevalent for over thousands of years Its initial use can be seen among the Egyptians and in Greece This form of treatment is also mentioned in the Atharva Veda

54. MECHANISM OF ACTION The most important source of energy is light , which has a spectrum of colors , all wavelength , and an entire electromagnetic spectrum which is required for existence Light enters through our eyes and triggers the production of hormones , which in turn influences the entire complex biochemical system

55. Light travels along with other energies Our body absorbs the color energy through the various vibrations given off by the color The function of all the organs is stimulated or suppressed through the main energy centers Through the color we receive all the energies needed to maintain a healthy body , mind , and soul

56. PROCEDURE OF COLOUR THERAPY The procedure involves placing the affected part about 12 inches away from the glass and 10-12 inches away from the light source This may be administered twice a day till the complaint subsided

57. COLOUR THERAPY AND PSYCHIATRY Psychiatrists who have used colour therapy propose that this therapy helps achieve mental clarity Following colours can be used for the following purposes:- Red – courage ,stamina and strength

58. Orange – Happiness , creativity ,pleasure and intimacy Yellow – greater ambition , personal power and commitment Blue – greater focus , clarity , better communication and decision making Violet – greater sense of peace and inspirational bliss

59. LIGHT THERAPY

60. LIGHT THERAPY Light therapy is also called photo therapy or heliotherapy This therapy involves the use of light for the purpose of treatment This may be the form of exposure to daylight or specific wave length wavelength of light for a prescribed amount of time

61. HISTORY OF LIGHT THERAPY This was first used in ancient Greece , ancient Egypt and ancient Rome The early German settlers worshipped the sun as deity bringing in health The Indian literature of 1500BC describes treatment with the use of natural sunlight for treatment The Buddhist literature from AD 200 and the 10 th century Chinese also document the same

62. LIGHT THERAPY AND PSYCHIATRY Light therapy has been used effectively for the following conditions that are as follows:- Seasonal depression Establishment of normal sleep Alleviating symptoms of unipolar or bipolar depression

63. Increase day time alertness Reducing slumping in the afternoon and evening Improving cognitive function , mood , and affect Improving sleep in adults with attention –deficit hyperactivity

64. TOUCH THERAPY

65. TOUCH THERAPY The process of touch therapy involves the practitioner scanning the body of the client and diagnosing areas of accumulated tensions The practitioner then attempt to redirect these energies to bring the person back into energy balance similar to that of the practitioner

66. DEFINITION OF TOUCH THERAPY Therapeutic touch is a gentle energy therapy involving a compassionate healing intension which practitioners claim promotes healing and reduces pain and anxiety. It is based on the belief that everyone has the power to heal themselves and others needing healing

67. HISTORY OF TOUCH THERAPY Dora Kunz and Dolores Krieger developed therapeutic touch in the 1970s Originated from ancient yoga texts written in Sanskrit , which describe it as a pranic healing method It is based on the belief that man can use his own energy to heal others

68. PROCEDURE OF TOUCH THERAPY This therapy carried out through direct touch or placing the hands just above the body The therapist focuses on the areas they believe the energy field is stagnant The focuses is on clearing the blocks and facilitating the smooth flow of energy in order to promote the healing process

69. THERAPEUTIC TOUCH AND PSYCHIATRY Practitioners of this therapy claim benefits of the therapy for the following conditions:- Anxiety reduction Depression reduction Stress reduction Assistance in developing personal well being Assistance in trauma recovery for those with suppressed emotions

70. AROMATHERAPY

71. AROMATHERAPY The essential oils of plants or organic compounds that are benzene derivatives were used in ancient civilization to promote health and as perfumes Plant oil have the therapeutic effects , which include relief of pain and psychological and antimicrobial effects

72. DEFINITION OF AROMATHERAPY Aromatherapy is defined as the use of essential , volatile , and natural oils procured from plants , for its aromatic property with the purpose of enhancing psychological and physical well-being and promoting healing

73. HISTORY OF AROMATHERAPY Aromatherapy originated thousands of years ago The Chinese , Egyptians , Persians and Indians used aromatherapy using the oil of cedar wood They were used as oils, smoke , and perfumes Hippocrates who is considered the father of medicine used fumigation for medicinal purposes

74. In 1928 Gattefosse a French scientist who was interested and experimented with essential oils coined the word aromatherapy .He also wrote a book on aromatherapy

75. AROMATHERAPY AND PSYCHIATRY In psychiatry , aromatherapy has been used in the management of depression , anxiety , some cognitive disorders , insomnia , and stress related disorders .Some trials are as follows Lavender oil for anxiety Lemon balm for agitation in people with dementia Lavender for sleep Stress and anxiety

76. HERBAL THERAPY

77. HERBAL THERAPY It is estimated that approximately 25,000 species of plants are used in medicine throughout the world It is the oldest form of medicine Herbal therapy is also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine

78. DEFINITION OF HERBAL THERAPY Herbal medicine may be defined as the art or practice using medicine made from plants , parts of plants such as root , seed , leave or flowers and plant products for the purpose of promoting health , preventing illness , treating illness and promoting healing

79. HISTORY OF HERBAL THERAPY Herbal therapy is an ancient therapy used in china ,Egypt ,Africa ,America and India In the 19 th century , chemical analysis first became available that helped analyse and modify the ingredients from plants Now at least one fourth of the pharmaceutical drugs are derived from plants

80. MECHANISM OF ACTION Scientists are not sure which specific ingredient in herb is therapeutic. It is believed that the substances present in the herb together produce the beneficial effects . The effectiveness of the herb depends on factors such as climate , soil condition , harvesting and processing and insects

81. TYPES OF HERBS Echinacea St.John’s wort Garlic Saw palmetto Valerian Feverfew Ginger

82. HERBAL THERAPY AND PSYCHIATRY Herbal therapy has been tried in the following conditions Anxiety Depression OCD Bipolar depression Phobia Seasonal affective disorder

83. Research has indicated Effectiveness of Kava and st.johns wort in treating wort in treating anxiety and depression Roseroot and saffron for depression Passionflower for anxiety disorders Kava for phobic and OCD

84. CREATIVE THERAPIES

85. MUSIC THERAPY

86. MUSIC THERAPY Many emotionally disturbed individuals derive a great relief of enjoyment from music Music therapy is method by which human being is attuned to the harmony of the universe

87. DEFINITION OF MUSIC THERAPY Music therapy is the use of music and it has influence on human being to aid in physiological , psychological , and emotional integration of the individual during the treatment of an illness and disability- Munro

88. AIMS OF MUSIC THERAPY To bring the individual into contact with the world of perceptual , emotional reality To promote self – knowledge and to develop awareness Encourage the expression of feelings Music therapy promotes psychological closeness and can help orient to reality

89. PURPOSES OF MUSIC THERAPY It has powerful effect on the mind and body and provides a good medium for therapeutic work Music frees imagination and distracts one from pain and loneliness It helps facilitate relaxation It helps in reduction of psychological stress , pain and anxiety

90. TYPES OF MUSIC THERAPY Classical music: Here the focus is on contrasting moods Baroque music: The music is free flowing promoting the release of tension New age :This kind of music promotes the release of tension Others: This include thought – provoking and mood modulating music

91. MECHANISM OF MUSIC Music relaxes the patient that in turn helps in the reduction of the blood pressure and the heart rate and promotes the release of endorphins from the brain which reduces the pain ,relaxes the muscles and reduces blood pressure

92. ADVANTAGES OF MUSIC THERAPY It provides entertainment and diversion Music has a profound emotional impact It is an effective intervention for anxiety Music increase the psychological closeness , self esteem and participation in group activities

93. DANCE THERAPY

94. DANCE THERAPY Dance movement therapy strengths the body / mind connection through body movements to improve both the mental and physical well being of individuals The ultimate purpose is health balance and sense of wholeness

95. PRINCIPLES OF DANCE THERAPY Dance movement therapy rests on certain theoretical principles .These are: Body and mind interact so that a change in movement will affect total functioning Movement reflects personality Movement contains a symbolic function and as such can be evidence of unconscious process

96. PROCESS OF DANCE THERAPY Preparation Incubation Illumination Evaluation

97. INDICATIONS OF DANCE THERAPY Autism Eating disorders Mental retardation PTSD Parkinson’s disorders Elderly

98. DRAMA THERAPY

99. DRAMA THERAPY Drama therapy is an active approach that helps the client tell his or her story to solve a problem Psychodrama attempts to create an internal restructuring of dysfunctional mindsets with other people It challenges the participants to discover new answers to some situations

100. DEFINITION OF DRAMA THERAPY The systematic and intentional use of drama / theater processes , products , and associations to achieve the therapeutic goals of symptom relief , emotional and physical integration and personal growth

101. PSYCHOLOGICAL USES OF PSYCHODRAMA To explore internal conflicts through acting out their emotions and interpersonal interactions on stage Psychodrama attempts to create an internal restructuring of dysfunctional mindsets with other people It challenges the participants to discover new answers to some situations and become more spontaneous and independent

102. MECHANISMS OF PSYCHODRAMA Psychodrama employs a range of techniques to explore the interaction of a person with somebody else to enable the therapist to explore how that situation has made the person feel and how it might have been handled differently .These are 4 main variations: Role reversal Mirroring Modelling Doubling

103. ART THERAPY

104. ART THERAPY Art therapy is a creative method of expression used as a therapeutic technique Art therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses the creative process of making art to improve a person’s physical , mental , and emotional well-being

105. DEFINITION OF ART THERAPY A Mental health profession that uses the creative process of art making to improve and enhance the physical , mental and emotional well-being of individuals of all ages

106. BENEFITS OF ART THERAPY Self – healing Personal fulfilment Empowerment Relaxation and stress relief Symptom relief

107. BENEFITS OF ART THERAPY Eating Disorders Family / relationship problems Abuse and Domestic violence Trauma and Loss Sexual abuse Depression and other mental disorders Substance abuse and addictions

108. DIET AND NUTRITION Nutritional methods to prevent and cure disease have an important place in modern medicine Their efficiency has also been approved by scientific evidence There are many alternatives , and specific disease or bodily processes.

109. Studies have also revealed that the kind of food taken influences neurochemical production and absorption Vitamins and minerals promote the production and activation the neurotransmitters

110. Recent research has recommended the administration of vitamin D, omega 3 , and folic acid as nutrition therapy for depression For autism , vitamin C and multivitamins have been tried

111. MASSAGE Massages are the treatments that involve manipulation of soft tissues and surface of the body It was prescribed for the treatment of disease over 5000 years ago chinease physicians Massage is believed to affect the body in several ways:-

112. It increase blood circulation Improves the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system Improves the tone of the musculoskeletal system It has a tranquilizing effect on mind

113. Various techniques in massage : Stroking Kneading Hacking Rubbing Tapping Applying friction

114. REFLEXOLOGY Reflexology is a gentle massage of the feet, hands and ears to stimulate the body’s natural feeding power It is used to alleviate tension by clearing crystalline deposits under the skin that may interfere with the natural flow of the body’s energy Applying pressure on a particular area of the feet can relive the disorders related to the body part it presents

115. NATUROPATHY It is a health care system intended to ensure a healthy mind and body based on three principles: Maintaining pollution – free air and water supply Eating healthy foods Exercising regularly

116. The treatment based on the belief that the body has the power to heal itself It requires patience and active participation in the health maintenance programme These methods include eating special diets , breathing ionized air , using fermentations , taking colonic irrigations and enema , drinking pollution –free water , eating fruits grown organically and using massage therapy , herbs, and rest therapy

117. BIOELECTROMAGNETIC BASED THERAPIES Use of magnetic fields One of the energy therapies Two methods Static pulsed

118. HYPNOSIS Artificially induced state Relaxation guided by therapist Posthypnotic suggestions also provided by the therapist Self hypnosis also encouraged

119. MAJOR PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND RELATED CAM THERAPIES ALCOHOL ABUSE Acupuncture Herbal Therapy Meditation Yoga

120. ALZHEIMER’S DEMENTIA Herbal Therapy Massage Meditatio n

121. ANXIETY Acupressure Biofeedback Therapeutic touch Self hypnosis Massage Meditation

122. ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Acupuncture Biofeedback

123. DEPRESSION Acupuncture Healing touch Herbal Therapy Meditation Magnetic stimulation

124. INSOMNIA Herbal Therapy Relaxation Techniques Meditation

125. OBESSEVIE COMPULSIVE DISORDER Acupuncture Meditation

126. STRESS Therapeutic touch Massage Meditation

127. REASONS WHY PEOPLE SEEK CAM THERAPIES Holistic orientation in health care Concern over the side effects of conventional therapies Dissatisfaction with conventional health care The rapid pace and ease of information sharing Having sense of responsibility

128. ROLE OF A NURSE IN INTEGRATING CAM INTO CONVENTIONAL SETTINGS Healer Helper Facilitator Practitioner Co- ordinator Advocate Leader Educator

129. THANK YOU