American-Colonial-Architecture-KWIDBSK1.pdf

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American
Colonial
Architecture
Filipino American War in 1899
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Beginning of
Colonization
•The Philippines has established it’s
First Republic under the leadership
of Emilio Aguinaldo. But was short-
lived.
•The Philippines was illegally ceded
to the United States at the Treaty of
Paris for US$20 million, together
with Cuba and Puerto Rico.
•Filipino-American War: lasted for
more than 10 years with more than
600,000 Filipino casualties
Beginning of
Colonization
•Annexed the Philippines
among its colonial
possessions.
•They sought to reshape the
city of Manila after an
imperial image of a well
ordered and healthful
tropical city.
Treaty of Paris, 1898
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The Philippines was then ruled by three military
governors appointed by the president: Gen. Wesley
Merit; Gen Elwell Otis; and Gen. Arthur McArchur.
Problems Met During
the First Few Years
of Colonization
•When the Americans first
came to the Philippines, they
are met with several
problems most particularly
on housingand sanitation.
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Sanitary Barrios
An excrement collection wagon in
the early days of american
occupation of Manila.
SANITARY BARRIO
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Sanitary Barrios
•Neighborhood concept
•Nipa houses built on highly regulated
blocks of subdivided lots.
•Built-in system of surface drainage,
public latrines, public bath houses and
laundry, and public water hydrants,
which are free of charge.
Some of the plans of
sanitary barrios and its
facilities during the
reorganization of the
city of Manila by the
Americans.
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The Cubeta
It is through the pail conservacy
system or the kubeta as a solution
to the absence of the sewer
system in the city.
Each household was provided with
a wooden bucket that is collected
daily by the municipal waste
collection wagons.
OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLES
•Colonial Revival Mission
Use of clay roof tiles, adobe, concrete, stucco, gabled roof, round arch
entrances, arcades, corridors, and mirador towers.
•Neoclassicism
Revival of using Greek and Roman orders as decorative motifs.
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TROPICAL HYBRID DESIGN
•Familiar local architecture icons from Hispanized colonial structures
overlaid with a neoclassical massing.
Bureau of Public Works
•The nerve center of colonial architectural
production
•Function was confined to the construction of
roads and public buildings
•Consultations, repair, design and supervision
of construction
•Consulting architects: William Parsons, George
Fenhagen, and Ralph Harrington Doane.
WIILIAM PARSONS
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FORT WILLIAM
MCKINLEY
•Located in Manila
•Home of the Philippine
Division
•The main American ground
unitin the Philippines.
BONIFACIO GLOBAL CITY
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CAMP JOHN HAY
•Protected Baguio and the
nearby gold mines and
projected the American
military presence in northern
Luzon
•Also served as a rest and
recreation camp for officers
and men.
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MANILA HOTEL, William Parsons
One of the Most Prestigious Hotels in the world during its time
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL, William Parsons
Largest Training Hospital in the Philippines
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PANGASINAN CAPITOL BUIDING
Supervised by Ralph Harrington Doanne, Consulting Architect
IMPROVEMENTS IN SANITATION
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Sanitary
Barrios
•Neighborhood concept
•Nipa houses built on highly regulated blocks of
subdivided lots.
•Built-in system of surface drainage, public latrines,
public bath houses and laundry, and public water
hydrants, which are free of charge.
A fishing village in north Tondo before the great fire of 1903 showing some of the early models of the sanitary house.
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A view of the improved typical Sanitary house imploring its new materials.
IDEAL SANITARY HOUSE
•The experiment of materials and resulted to a new concept of the
Ideal Sanitary House of 1917.
•A refinement of the “tsalet,” the modular prototype house introduced
a fire resistive roofing materials composed of diamond shaped roof
shingles.
•Concrete mixed with rice husk and reinforced by wood and bamboo
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Escolta street in the 1920’s showing some houses with the model of the
new Sanitary house which is now more resistive to fire and earthquake.
TSALET
•“The healthy housing alternative.”
•Tropical features of vernacular
buildings combined with hygienic
structural principles and modern
materials that gave premium to light,
ventilation, and drainage
•Constructed of wood or ferroconcrete.
•Steps leading to a veranda, floor to
ceiling partitions, bedrooms, living
and dining room, kitchen, and toilet
and bath.
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TSALET
•Originally rooted from the Swiss word
“Chalet” which is a housing for the
natives near the Alpine Regions.
•Stairs: L-shaped or T-shaped
•In 1912, the Bureau Health drew up the
scheme of a Sanitary Urban House,
single detached, semi-detached, row
house apartments, and one storey
concrete tsalets.
The exterior view of the famous Laperal House (white House)
along Leonard Wood road of Baguio City, is just one of the many
American influenced houses of the city still existing today.
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URBAN PLANNING
•Proposed ideas of organized comprehensive urban planning based on
the principles of the City Beautiful Movement.
PROPOSED PLAN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANILA AND BAGUIO
Daniel Burnham, City Beautiful Movement
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•TheCity Beautiful
Movementwas a reform
philosophy of North
Americanarchitectureandurban
planningthat flourished during
the 1890s and 1900s with the
intent of
introducingbeautificationand
monumental grandeur in cities.
Improvements in Construction
Importing American Architecture and building technology
New Materials and Systems
▪Use of steel-framed skeleton construction, reinforced concrete (ferroconcrete), and concrete
hollow blocks.
▪The Kahn Truss System, trussed bars were placed within concrete moulds for floor slabs and
beams.
▪Production of prefabricated components and precast concrete ornaments.
▪Adoption of standardized plans and modularized systems for building types.
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Gabaldon Schoolhouses
Set of mass-produced model schoolhouses.
GABALDON BUILDING
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ESCUELA DE INGENIERA Y ARQUITECTURA
•Offered five-year courses in Architecture and Civil Engineering.
•In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew
to form their own professional organization, but not before it has
struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law.
•In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act No. 2985 passed, the
first enabling law for the practice of the professions of engineering
and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of the
two professions.
Pensionado
Program
scholarship launched by the
government that allowed
Filipino students to pursue
university education in the
United States.
First Generation
▪Carlos Baretto
▪Antonio Toledo
▪Tomas Mapua
▪Arcadio Arellano
▪Tomas Arguelles
▪Juan Arellano
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CARLOS
BARETTO
•First Filipino architect with an academic
degree from abroad.
•First pensionado.
•Became one of the pioneering staff of the
Division of Architecture.
Antonio
Toledo
•Regarded as the master of
the Neoclassic style.
•Among the first architect-
educators.
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Manila City Hall
AREAL VIEW OF THE MANILA CITY HALL
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National Museum of Natural History
Cebu Provincial Capitol
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Leyte Provincial Capitol
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TOMAS
MAPUA
•First registered architect in the
Philippines
•Established the Mapua Institute of
Technology in 1925, the first
architectural school in the
Philippines.
•Was awarded with Philippine
Institute of Architects Gold of
Medal Merit and Patnubay ng
Sining at Kalinangan.
PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL NURSING HOME
Restored during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Hybrid-Mission Style
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MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Now, MAPUA UNIVERSITY
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY, MAIN BUILDING
Neoclassical Style
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ARCADIO ARELLANO
•First Filipino to be employed by the Americans
as one of their architectural advisors.
•Pioneered in the establishment of an
architectural and surveying office in the
country.
GOTA DE LECHE, Manila
Designed with Juan Arellano
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TOMAS ARGUELLES
•Advocated the enforcement of the Building
Code of Manila
•Holder of License no. 9 and was granted
when he was already a senior citizen.
BOTICA BOIE
First and largest drugstore in the Philippines
Housed the Phillipine American Drug Company
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HEACOCK’S BUILDING, Escolta, Binondo, Manila
One of the major department stores of the period.
JUAN ARELLANO
•Younger brother of Arcadio Arellano
•Known for using Neo-classical and Art Deco
architectural styles
•Proponent of Manila Zoning Plan
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METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, MANILA
Art-Deco Style; Metropolitan Theater
NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, Manila
Formerly, Legislative Building
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MANILA CENTRAL POST OFFICE, Manila
Tomas Mapua and Juan Arellano designed the original building
in Classical Style
Pensionado
Program
scholarship launched by the
government that allowed
Filipino students to pursue
university education in the
United States.
Second Generation
▪Andres Luna de San Pedro
▪Pablo Antonio
▪Fernando Ocampo
▪Juan Nakpil
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Andres Luna
de San Pedro
•Introduced new architectural
forms in the Philippines by
incorporating modern and exotic
design motifs through the
grammar of art deco.
•Built the first air-conditioned
building in the Philippines
•Many of his modernist buildings
are lost in the Second World War.
CRYSTAL ARCADE, Manila
Manila’s Modern Building before World War 2; Art Deco Style
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REGINA BUILDING, Cor. Escolta-Burke Street, Manila
Neoclassical Beau-Arts
LIZARESMANSION,Jaro,Iloilo
Now chapel of Angelicum School in Iloilo; a mix of Spanish and
American influence
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Pablo Antonio
•National Artist for Architecture
•His buildings were characterized by clean
lines, plain surfaces, and bold rectangular
masses.
•A pioneer of modern Philippine architecture.
•He also became president of the Philippine
Institute of Architects.
NICANORREYESHALL,Sampaloc,Manila
FEU Main Building; Art Deco
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IDEALTHEATERandGALAXYTHEATER,Manila
One of the best theaters in it’s time; Art Deco
FERNANDO H. OCAMPO
•A registered architect and a civil engineer
•Designed with straightforward simplicity,
synthesizing traditional designs with art-deco
ornaments.
•Co-founded the UST School of Fine Arts and
Architecture in 1930.
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MANILACATHEDRAL,Intramuros,Manila
Reconstruction design by Fernando Ocampo; Neo-Romanesque
USTCENTRALSEMINARYBUILDING,Manila
Art Deco
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JUAN NAKPIL
•National Artist for Architecture.
•Worked largely in the Art Deco style,
combining stylized flora and angular forms.
•Pioneer of Modern Architecture
QUIAPOCHURCH,Manila
Reconstruction and addition of Dome and Belfry
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QUEZONHALL,UPDiliman
Administration Building; Neoclassical Style
NATIONAL ARTIST FOR ARCHITECTURE
•JUAN NAKPIL (1973)
•PABLO ANTONIO (1976)
•LEANDRO LOCSIN (1990)
•ILDEFONSO SANTOS JR (2006) landscape architect
•JOSE MARIA ZARAGOZA (2014)
•FANCISCO MAÑOSA (2018)
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