American Imperialism 1.ppt

america

1. American ImperialismAmerican Imperialism

2. The Essential QuestionThe Essential Question

How did America’s growing power How did America’s growing power
affect its relationships with other affect its relationships with other
nations?nations?

3. Vocabulary WordsVocabulary Words

Imperialism:Imperialism: Policy by which stronger Policy by which stronger
nations extend their economic, political, or nations extend their economic, political, or
military control over weaker nations. military control over weaker nations.

William Seward:William Seward: Secretary of State under Secretary of State under
President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson; President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson;
purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867

Pearl Harbor:Pearl Harbor: Hawaiian port; granted by Hawaiian port; granted by
1887 treaty to the United States for use as 1887 treaty to the United States for use as
a refueling station for U.S. ships. a refueling station for U.S. ships.

4. Vocabulary (Continued)Vocabulary (Continued)

Yellow Journalism:Yellow Journalism: style of journalism that exaggerates or style of journalism that exaggerates or
sensationalizes the news.sensationalizes the news.

U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine: U.S. warship that exploded off Havana Cuba : U.S. warship that exploded off Havana Cuba
on Feb. 15, 1898on Feb. 15, 1898

Spanish American War:Spanish American War: 1898 war that began when the 1898 war that began when the
United States demanded Cuba’s independence.United States demanded Cuba’s independence.

George Dewey:George Dewey: U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish
fleet during the Spanish American War. fleet during the Spanish American War.

Rough Riders:Rough Riders: members of the first U.S> volunteer cavalry, members of the first U.S> volunteer cavalry,
organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish organized by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish
American War. American War.

Platt Amendment:Platt Amendment: agreement stating the United States’ agreement stating the United States’
right to intervene in Cuban affairsright to intervene in Cuban affairs

Anti-Imperialist League:Anti-Imperialist League: group of influential Americans who group of influential Americans who
believed the United States should not deny other people believed the United States should not deny other people
the right to govern themselves. the right to govern themselves.

5. Vocabulary (Continued)Vocabulary (Continued)

Sphere of Influence:Sphere of Influence: areas where foreign nations areas where foreign nations
claim special and economic privileges. claim special and economic privileges.

Open Door Policy:Open Door Policy: U.S. policy proposed in 1899 U.S. policy proposed in 1899
which states that no single country should have a which states that no single country should have a
monopoly on trade with China. monopoly on trade with China.

Boxer Rebellion:Boxer Rebellion: 1900 nationalist uprising in 1900 nationalist uprising in
ChinaChina

Panama Canal:Panama Canal: Canal through the isthmus of Canal through the isthmus of
Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific.Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific.

Roosevelt Corollary:Roosevelt Corollary: Unites States claim of right Unites States claim of right
to interfere in the affairs of Latin American to interfere in the affairs of Latin American
countries. countries.

6. America Becomes an Imperial America Becomes an Imperial
PowerPower

Can someone tell me what Manifest Can someone tell me what Manifest
Destiny means?Destiny means?
•Since very early in U.S. history many Since very early in U.S. history many
Americans believed that it was their Americans believed that it was their
manifest-destiny or “God given right” to manifest-destiny or “God given right” to
push America westward all the way to push America westward all the way to
the Pacific Ocean. the Pacific Ocean.

Once this goal had been achieved, Once this goal had been achieved,
Americans began to look overseas Americans began to look overseas
for additional sources of wealth. for additional sources of wealth.

7. Reasons for U.S. ExpansionReasons for U.S. Expansion

By the late 1800’s the imperialist powers By the late 1800’s the imperialist powers
in Europe had already established many in Europe had already established many
colonies, and the U.S. was eager to catch colonies, and the U.S. was eager to catch
up with them. up with them.

European countries had been establishing European countries had been establishing
colonies for centuries, more importantly, colonies for centuries, more importantly,
they benefited financially from taking over they benefited financially from taking over
other territories. other territories.

8. Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion

““Many supporters of expansionism Many supporters of expansionism
argued that it would increase the argued that it would increase the
nations financial prosperity, nations financial prosperity,
strengthen the nations military, and strengthen the nations military, and
spread democratic ideas. They also spread democratic ideas. They also
firmly believed in the superiority of firmly believed in the superiority of
Western cultures.” Western cultures.”
•Basically, Americans wanted to get Basically, Americans wanted to get
more money, enlarge the military, and more money, enlarge the military, and
spread their culture. spread their culture.

9. Why did Americans Why did Americans
support imperialism?support imperialism?
Economic Interests
Military Interests
Belief in Cultural
Superiority
(to spread democracy or Christianity)

10. Reasons for ExpansionReasons for Expansion
EconomicEconomic MilitaryMilitary CulturalCultural
Maintain industrial Maintain industrial
prosperityprosperity
Show other countries Show other countries
the strength of the the strength of the
U.S.U.S.
Belief that Belief that
industrialized cultures industrialized cultures
are better. are better.
Acquire raw materials Acquire raw materials
from new marketsfrom new markets
Build strong U.S. navy Build strong U.S. navy
to protect Shipping to protect Shipping
laneslanes
Belief in cultural Belief in cultural
inferiority of non-inferiority of non-
industrial societies.industrial societies.
Find new markets for Find new markets for
sale of American sale of American
goods.goods.
Establish U.S. military Establish U.S. military
bases overseas.bases overseas.
Belief in need to Belief in need to
spread democracy and spread democracy and
Christianity. Christianity.

11. American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

Alaska:Alaska: (America (America acquiresacquires Alaska) Alaska)
•William Seward was a strong backer of William Seward was a strong backer of
American Imperialism (Expansionism) he American Imperialism (Expansionism) he
bought Alaska from Russia in 1867.bought Alaska from Russia in 1867.
•He was criticized for buying Alaska for $7.2 He was criticized for buying Alaska for $7.2
million… Newspapers called Alaska, “Seward’s million… Newspapers called Alaska, “Seward’s
Ice Box” Ice Box”
•This turned out to be a good buy, for about This turned out to be a good buy, for about
twenty-two cents an acre the U.S. acquired a twenty-two cents an acre the U.S. acquired a
land rich in minerals, timber, and oil. land rich in minerals, timber, and oil.

12. American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

Hawaii Hawaii ( America ( America AnnexesAnnexes Hawaii) Hawaii)
•In the early 1800’s American In the early 1800’s American
missionaries had gone to Hawaii to try missionaries had gone to Hawaii to try
to convert the local population to to convert the local population to
Christianity.Christianity.
•Some of the missionaries decedents’ Some of the missionaries decedents’
established sugar plantations in Hawaii.established sugar plantations in Hawaii.
•By the end of the 1800’s American By the end of the 1800’s American
planters dominated Hawaii’s economy. planters dominated Hawaii’s economy.

13. American ExpansionismAmerican Expansionism

HawaiiHawaii (The Annexation of Hawaii) (The Annexation of Hawaii)
•In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the ruler of Hawaii In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the ruler of Hawaii
and tried to limit the power of the American planters.and tried to limit the power of the American planters.
•The American planters were not happy with the The American planters were not happy with the
limitations that the Queen established and in 1893 the limitations that the Queen established and in 1893 the
planters staged a revolt and with the help of U.S. planters staged a revolt and with the help of U.S.
Marines, they overthrew the Queen.Marines, they overthrew the Queen.

The planters then asked the United States to Annex Hawaii. The planters then asked the United States to Annex Hawaii.
•President Grover Cleveland did not agree with what the President Grover Cleveland did not agree with what the
planters had done and did not annex Hawaii - He tried planters had done and did not annex Hawaii - He tried
to restore the Queen. to restore the Queen.

Hawaii was not annexed until 1898, during the presidency Hawaii was not annexed until 1898, during the presidency
of William McKinley.of William McKinley.
•Hawaii was valuable to the U.S. because it became an Hawaii was valuable to the U.S. because it became an
important naval base in the Pacific. important naval base in the Pacific.

14. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Explain the U.S. acquisition of Explain the U.S. acquisition of
Alaska, and interest in Hawaii. Alaska, and interest in Hawaii.

Alaska offered rich resources and Alaska offered rich resources and
Hawaii had value as a naval base. Hawaii had value as a naval base.

15. The Spanish – American WarThe Spanish – American War

America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba
•When the English colonies were When the English colonies were
established in the U.S. Spain was a very established in the U.S. Spain was a very
powerful monarchy and had colonies powerful monarchy and had colonies
around the world…around the world…

But by the 1890’s Spain was much weaker But by the 1890’s Spain was much weaker
and the Spanish Empire was falling apart – and the Spanish Empire was falling apart –
they only had a couple colonies including they only had a couple colonies including
those in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto those in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto
Rico... And many of those people had begun Rico... And many of those people had begun
to demand their independence. to demand their independence.

16. America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba

Both Puerto Rico and Cuba had Both Puerto Rico and Cuba had
strong cultural ties with Spain, strong cultural ties with Spain,
however bad economic conditions in however bad economic conditions in
Cuba angered many Cubans, and Cuba angered many Cubans, and
Cuba had a history of rebellions Cuba had a history of rebellions
against Spain. against Spain.
•Cuba fought several rebellions against Cuba fought several rebellions against
Spain to try to gain their independence. Spain to try to gain their independence.

17. America’s Interest in CubaAmerica’s Interest in Cuba

Many American capitalists began Many American capitalists began
investing a lot of money in the sugar investing a lot of money in the sugar
plantations on the island.plantations on the island.
•Cuba’s economy depended on Sugar, Cuba’s economy depended on Sugar,
and the United States was Cuba’s main and the United States was Cuba’s main
market. market.

However, the U.S. eventually placed However, the U.S. eventually placed
a large tariff (tax) on Cuban sugar a large tariff (tax) on Cuban sugar
and the Cuban economy was and the Cuban economy was
destroyed. destroyed.

18. Cubans RebelCubans Rebel

Because of the bad economic conditions, Because of the bad economic conditions,
many Cubans, under many Cubans, under Jose MartiJose Marti rebelled rebelled
against Spainagainst Spain
•Spain treated the rebels and other Cubans Spain treated the rebels and other Cubans
harshly, Many Cubans were forced from their harshly, Many Cubans were forced from their
homes (over 300,000 Cubans were sent to homes (over 300,000 Cubans were sent to
Concentration Camps.) Thousands died of Concentration Camps.) Thousands died of
starvation and disease. starvation and disease.

19. Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

Many newspapers back home began reporting Many newspapers back home began reporting
on the issues in Cuba… many on the issues in Cuba… many exaggeratedexaggerated, or , or
sensationalizedsensationalized the harsh conditions that the harsh conditions that
were taking place in Cuba and many were taking place in Cuba and many
Americans were outraged and demanded that Americans were outraged and demanded that
the U.S. get involved. the U.S. get involved.
•While the truth was that many Cubans were treated While the truth was that many Cubans were treated
harshly during this time period, the newspapers really harshly during this time period, the newspapers really
did exaggerate it, for example one newspaper of the did exaggerate it, for example one newspaper of the
time claimed that Spain was poisoning the wells in Cuba time claimed that Spain was poisoning the wells in Cuba
and that the children were being fed to the sharks. This and that the children were being fed to the sharks. This
deepened American sympathy for the rebels. deepened American sympathy for the rebels.

20. America Declares WarAmerica Declares War

William McKinley, the U.S. President William McKinley, the U.S. President
during that time did not want to go to war. during that time did not want to go to war.
•““I have been through war,” he told a friend, “I I have been through war,” he told a friend, “I
have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want have seen the dead piled up, and I do not want
to see another.” to see another.”

But American public opinion forced him to But American public opinion forced him to
take action…he demanded that Spain halt take action…he demanded that Spain halt
its harsh treatment of Cubans, and he also its harsh treatment of Cubans, and he also
sent the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine to sent the U.S. battleship U.S.S Maine to
Cuba to protect the Americans there… Cuba to protect the Americans there…

21. ““Remember the Maine”Remember the Maine”

On Feb 15On Feb 15
thth
1898 The U.S.S. Maine 1898 The U.S.S. Maine
exploded off the coast of Havana Cuba exploded off the coast of Havana Cuba
and 266 American soldiers died – (no one and 266 American soldiers died – (no one
really knows what caused this ship to sink, really knows what caused this ship to sink,
however many of the journalists of the however many of the journalists of the
time blamed Spain) today, many time blamed Spain) today, many
historians believe that the U.S.S. Maine historians believe that the U.S.S. Maine
exploded by accidentexploded by accident
•““Remember the Maine became the call to Remember the Maine became the call to
arms.” – arms.” – War was inevitable…War was inevitable…

22. ““U.S.S Maine” U.S.S Maine”

24. The Battles for the Philippines and The Battles for the Philippines and
CubaCuba

Although the U.S. primarily went to Although the U.S. primarily went to
war with Spain to help free Cuba…war with Spain to help free Cuba…
•The first major battle of the Spanish The first major battle of the Spanish
American War was fought in the American War was fought in the
Philippines.Philippines.

The Philippines also had a history of The Philippines also had a history of
revolting against Spain. revolting against Spain.

25. The Battle in the PhilippinesThe Battle in the Philippines

On April 30On April 30
thth
1898 the U.S. fleet in 1898 the U.S. fleet in
the Pacific made its way to the the Pacific made its way to the
Philippines and on the next day Philippines and on the next day
George Dewey gave the order to George Dewey gave the order to
attack the Spanish fleet at Manila, attack the Spanish fleet at Manila,
the Philippine capital. the Philippine capital.
•In 7 hours Dewey's fleet had destroyed In 7 hours Dewey's fleet had destroyed
the entire Spanish fleet. the entire Spanish fleet.
•About 380 Spanish soldiers were dead About 380 Spanish soldiers were dead
or wounded… or wounded… NNo Americans died.o Americans died.

26. War in the CaribbeanWar in the Caribbean

When the Spanish American War began When the Spanish American War began
the U.S. army consisted of 28,000 men, the U.S. army consisted of 28,000 men,
within four months, over 200,000 men within four months, over 200,000 men
had joined. had joined.
•Among those who volunteered to fight in the Among those who volunteered to fight in the
Spanish American War was future president Spanish American War was future president
Theodore Roosevelt who organized the first Theodore Roosevelt who organized the first
voluntary cavalry known as the voluntary cavalry known as the Rough RidersRough Riders. .

Its recruits included cowboys, miners, college Its recruits included cowboys, miners, college
students, New York policemen, athletes, and students, New York policemen, athletes, and
Native Americans. Native Americans.

27. The War Comes to and EndThe War Comes to and End

The Spanish American War did not The Spanish American War did not
last very long at all, the war lasted last very long at all, the war lasted
only 16 weeks, and of the 300,000 only 16 weeks, and of the 300,000
American soldiers who served in the American soldiers who served in the
war only 5,400 died…of this number, war only 5,400 died…of this number,
only 379 were battle casualties, only 379 were battle casualties,
while the rest died of disease and while the rest died of disease and
other causes. In fact, Secretary of other causes. In fact, Secretary of
State John Hay referred to it as… State John Hay referred to it as…
•““a splendid little war” a splendid little war”

28. The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

On December 10On December 10
thth
1898 the United 1898 the United
States and Spain signed the Treaty States and Spain signed the Treaty
of Paris. The treaty called for…of Paris. The treaty called for…

11. Cuba would become independent. Cuba would become independent

22. Spain would give Puerto Rico and . Spain would give Puerto Rico and
the pacific island of Guam to the U.S.the pacific island of Guam to the U.S.

33. The U.S. would pay Spain $20 . The U.S. would pay Spain $20
million for the annexation of the million for the annexation of the
Philippine Islands. Philippine Islands.

29. The New American EmpireThe New American Empire

The question of what to do with the The question of what to do with the
Philippines after its annexation to the Philippines after its annexation to the
United States was a very difficult one. United States was a very difficult one.
•Filipinos had fought along side the United Filipinos had fought along side the United
States in the war against Spain thinking that States in the war against Spain thinking that
they were fighting for their independence…but they were fighting for their independence…but
after the war President McKinley, “in the spirit after the war President McKinley, “in the spirit
of imperialism” decided that they should “just of imperialism” decided that they should “just
take them all” [the Philippines.] So after the take them all” [the Philippines.] So after the
war the Filipinos just found themselves under a war the Filipinos just found themselves under a
new ruler… the United States. new ruler… the United States.

30. Filipinos fight backFilipinos fight back

Filipinos were very discouraged when Filipinos were very discouraged when
they learned that they would be they learned that they would be
ruled by the U.S. ruled by the U.S.
•Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo began Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo began
to fight against their new colonial rulers. to fight against their new colonial rulers.
•American troops were not able to put American troops were not able to put
down the Filipino rebellion until 1902down the Filipino rebellion until 1902

31. CubaCuba

Cuba was granted its independence Cuba was granted its independence
by the Treaty of Paris, however by the Treaty of Paris, however
remained under the control of the remained under the control of the
U.S. military… (to safeguard Cuba?) U.S. military… (to safeguard Cuba?)
•The American position was that if the The American position was that if the
U.S. were to pull its troops out of Cuba U.S. were to pull its troops out of Cuba
too soon it would jeopardize Cuban too soon it would jeopardize Cuban
stability. stability.

32. CubaCuba

Cuba was forced to add the Cuba was forced to add the Platt Platt
amendmentamendment to its constitution to its constitution

The Platt Amendment gave the The Platt Amendment gave the
United States the right to intervene United States the right to intervene
in Cuban affairs anytime there was a in Cuban affairs anytime there was a
threat to, “life, property, and threat to, “life, property, and
individual liberty.” individual liberty.”

Cuba also had to allow a naval base Cuba also had to allow a naval base
at Guantanamo Bay. at Guantanamo Bay.

33. Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

Puerto Rico became a U.S. territoryPuerto Rico became a U.S. territory

The U.S. created a government in Puerto The U.S. created a government in Puerto
Rico and appointed all the top officials.Rico and appointed all the top officials.
•There were some small scale rebellions in There were some small scale rebellions in
Puerto Rico led by Luis Munoz RiveraPuerto Rico led by Luis Munoz Rivera

In 1917 the United States agreed to make In 1917 the United States agreed to make
Puerto Rico a Puerto Rico a self governing territoryself governing territory, ,
allowed them to have an independent allowed them to have an independent
government,government, and granted U.S. citizenship and granted U.S. citizenship
to all Puerto Ricans. to all Puerto Ricans.
•Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico gain an Luis Munoz Rivera helped Puerto Rico gain an
independent government. independent government.

34. The Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist League

The way the U.S. treated Spain’s former The way the U.S. treated Spain’s former
colonies after the war disappointed many colonies after the war disappointed many
people in the U.S.people in the U.S.

Several influential Americans, including Several influential Americans, including
former president Grover Cleveland, former president Grover Cleveland,
businessman Andrew Carnegie, and Social businessman Andrew Carnegie, and Social
reformer Jane Adams were among its reformer Jane Adams were among its
members.members.

Members in the league believed that Members in the league believed that
America should not deny other countries America should not deny other countries
the right to govern themselves. the right to govern themselves.

35. An end to the Anti-Imperialist An end to the Anti-Imperialist
LeagueLeague

The voice of the Anti-Imperialist The voice of the Anti-Imperialist
League was silenced because of the League was silenced because of the
widespread approval of imperialism. widespread approval of imperialism.
•Most Americans were for imperialism Most Americans were for imperialism
because they wanted to build the because they wanted to build the
“American Empire”“American Empire”

Many Americans hoped to surpass Many Americans hoped to surpass
the glory of the former “Spanish the glory of the former “Spanish
Empire.” Empire.”

36. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What Role did the newspapers play What Role did the newspapers play
in leading to the Spanish American in leading to the Spanish American
War? War?

Newspapers printed exaggerated Newspapers printed exaggerated
stories about Spanish cruelty, which stories about Spanish cruelty, which
made Americans feel sorry for the made Americans feel sorry for the
Cubans and demand the U.S. get Cubans and demand the U.S. get
involved. involved.

37. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Where was the first major battle Where was the first major battle
during the Spanish American War?during the Spanish American War?

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

38. Stop & Think Stop & Think

What did the Filipino people believe What did the Filipino people believe
as they were fighting side by side as they were fighting side by side
with Americans during the Spanish with Americans during the Spanish
American War?American War?

They believed that they were fighting They believed that they were fighting
for their independence and that the for their independence and that the
U.S. was helping them become a free U.S. was helping them become a free
country. country.

39. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What Happened to the Philippines What Happened to the Philippines
after the War?after the War?

They became an American Colony. They became an American Colony.

40. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

Where is the U.S. naval base Where is the U.S. naval base
Guantanamo Bay?Guantanamo Bay?

CubaCuba

Why did U.S. leaders require Cuba to Why did U.S. leaders require Cuba to
sign the Platt Amendmentsign the Platt Amendment

Because they wanted the power to Because they wanted the power to
interfere in Cuban affairs. interfere in Cuban affairs.

41. Okay – Now here is a hard oneOkay – Now here is a hard one

How did the U.S. betray its How did the U.S. betray its
democratic principals by adding the democratic principals by adding the
Platt Amendment to the Cuban Platt Amendment to the Cuban
Constitution?Constitution?

The United States claimed to stand The United States claimed to stand
for freedom, but by adding the Platt for freedom, but by adding the Platt
Amendment they were limiting the Amendment they were limiting the
freedom of Cuba. freedom of Cuba.

42. Stop & thinkStop & think

What happened to Puerto Rico after What happened to Puerto Rico after
the War?the War?

It became a U.S. territoryIt became a U.S. territory

Who helped Puerto Rico gain an Who helped Puerto Rico gain an
independent governmentindependent government

Luis Munoz RiveraLuis Munoz Rivera

43. A power in the PacificA power in the Pacific

In the 1890’s Japan proved to be a In the 1890’s Japan proved to be a
power in the Pacific after a successful power in the Pacific after a successful
war with China. war with China.
•After the Chinese-Japanese War Japan After the Chinese-Japanese War Japan
really expanded its sphere of influence really expanded its sphere of influence
in China… in China… what does this mean?what does this mean?

Japan had its own part of China Japan had its own part of China
where only they can trade. where only they can trade.

45. Spheres of Influence with China Spheres of Influence with China

By the 1890’s France, Germany, Britain, By the 1890’s France, Germany, Britain,
Japan, and Russia had already established Japan, and Russia had already established
prosperous settlements along the coast of prosperous settlements along the coast of
China. China.

They also enjoyed exclusive rights to They also enjoyed exclusive rights to
railroad construction and mining railroad construction and mining
development in China. development in China.

So basically, all of these other countries So basically, all of these other countries
are making money of off China…what do are making money of off China…what do
you think the U.S. is going to want to do?you think the U.S. is going to want to do?

46. The U.S. interest in ChinaThe U.S. interest in China

The United States wanted to have their The United States wanted to have their
own own Sphere of InfluenceSphere of Influence with China… with China…
•What does this mean? What does this mean?

Secretary of State John Hay was worried Secretary of State John Hay was worried
that the U.S. would not benefit from trade that the U.S. would not benefit from trade
with China so he asked all the other with China so he asked all the other
countries to allow an countries to allow an Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy
with regard to trade with China – with regard to trade with China – What What
does this mean?does this mean?

47. U.S. asks for an Open Door PolicyU.S. asks for an Open Door Policy

As you already know, the U.S. wanted to trade As you already know, the U.S. wanted to trade
with China but all of the other powers already with China but all of the other powers already
had extensive spheres of influence with China… had extensive spheres of influence with China…
so the U.S. secretary of State John Hay asked all so the U.S. secretary of State John Hay asked all
of the countries involved in trade with China to of the countries involved in trade with China to
follow an open door policy with regard to trade follow an open door policy with regard to trade
with China. with China.

This meant that no single country would have a This meant that no single country would have a
monopoly in trade with China…that is, that every monopoly in trade with China…that is, that every
country would have equal access to trade with country would have equal access to trade with
China. China.

Most countries reluctantly accepted the open door Most countries reluctantly accepted the open door
policy. policy.

48. The Boxer RebellionThe Boxer Rebellion

A secret society of people in China called the “Boxers” A secret society of people in China called the “Boxers”
became very angry with the spread of Western became very angry with the spread of Western
influences in China. They were especially upset influences in China. They were especially upset
because of the special treatment that the foreigners because of the special treatment that the foreigners
were given and with how those foreigners showed were given and with how those foreigners showed
disrespect towards their culture. They started a revolt disrespect towards their culture. They started a revolt
to try to kick out the “foreign devil.” This led to the to try to kick out the “foreign devil.” This led to the
Boxer Rebellion.Boxer Rebellion.

The The Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion was an uprising in China where was an uprising in China where
the “Boxers” tried to get rid of the foreign influence in the “Boxers” tried to get rid of the foreign influence in
China…they failed, the rebellion was put down by an China…they failed, the rebellion was put down by an
international force including the U.S. – 230 foreigners international force including the U.S. – 230 foreigners
and thousands of Chinese people died as a result of and thousands of Chinese people died as a result of
the rebellion. the rebellion.

49. America Secures the PhilippinesAmerica Secures the Philippines

U.S. imperialists saw the taking of the U.S. imperialists saw the taking of the
Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Philippines as a gateway to the rest of
Asia, especially China. (China was seen as Asia, especially China. (China was seen as
a potential large market for American a potential large market for American
products.) products.)

An Indiana senator is quoted as saying, An Indiana senator is quoted as saying,
“The Philippines are ours forever…and just “The Philippines are ours forever…and just
beyond the Philippines are China’s beyond the Philippines are China’s
[unlimited] markets. We will not retreat [unlimited] markets. We will not retreat
from either…The power that rules the from either…The power that rules the
Pacific is the power that rules the world.” Pacific is the power that rules the world.”
•What do you think this quote means?What do you think this quote means?

50. U.S. interests in Latin AmericaU.S. interests in Latin America

As the U.S. became a world power, and as As the U.S. became a world power, and as
it sought to increase trade with China, and it sought to increase trade with China, and
improve communication with the U.S. improve communication with the U.S.
colonies in the Pacific, it became colonies in the Pacific, it became
imperativeimperative for the U.S. to find a shorter for the U.S. to find a shorter
way to get from the East Coast of the U.S. way to get from the East Coast of the U.S.
to Asia.to Asia.

What is the U.S. going to do to make What is the U.S. going to do to make
trade routes shorter and increase trade in trade routes shorter and increase trade in
Asia? Asia?

51. The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

What does the Panama Canal mean for What does the Panama Canal mean for
U.S. ships. U.S. ships.

It would mean that U.S. ships would not It would mean that U.S. ships would not
have to go all the way around South have to go all the way around South
America to get to the Pacific. It would America to get to the Pacific. It would
greatly reduce travel time for commercial greatly reduce travel time for commercial
and military transport. and military transport.

The Spanish American War which was The Spanish American War which was
fought in both oceans also proved that it fought in both oceans also proved that it
was necessary to have this short cut. was necessary to have this short cut.

52. The Panama Canal The Panama Canal

The decision to build the canal was The decision to build the canal was
an easy one, a more difficult decision an easy one, a more difficult decision
was where? The best place to build was where? The best place to build
the canal was at the lower end of the canal was at the lower end of
Central America – which belonged to Central America – which belonged to
Colombia – and Colombia was not Colombia – and Colombia was not
willing to allow the U.S. to create the willing to allow the U.S. to create the
Canal on their land. Canal on their land.
•(Then Panama was a province of (Then Panama was a province of
Colombia.) Colombia.)

54. The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

Because Colombia would not allow the U.S. to Because Colombia would not allow the U.S. to
build the canal, the U.S. helped organize a build the canal, the U.S. helped organize a
Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. Panamanian rebellion against Colombia.
•Nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present when Nearly a dozen U.S. warships were present when
Panama declared its independence. Panama declared its independence.

The U.S. helped negotiate a treaty and made The U.S. helped negotiate a treaty and made
sure that Panama would remain free…they also sure that Panama would remain free…they also
made sure that the U.S. would keep perpetual made sure that the U.S. would keep perpetual
control of the ten mile zone called the Canal control of the ten mile zone called the Canal
Zone.Zone.

Finally, the U.S. applied the same principles as Finally, the U.S. applied the same principles as
those they imposed in Cuba those they imposed in Cuba (The Platt Amendment.)(The Platt Amendment.)
So the U.S. now had the right to intervene in any So the U.S. now had the right to intervene in any
Panamanian affairs. Panamanian affairs.

55. Construction of the CanalConstruction of the Canal

Building the Panama Canal was a huge Building the Panama Canal was a huge
challenge. In fact, it is known as one of the challenge. In fact, it is known as one of the
worlds greatest engineering feats. worlds greatest engineering feats.

For ten years thousands of workers cut 50 For ten years thousands of workers cut 50
miles through Panama. miles through Panama.

The land was swampy and full of The land was swampy and full of
mosquitoes that carried malaria. mosquitoes that carried malaria.

More than 5,600 workers (at least 4,500 of More than 5,600 workers (at least 4,500 of
whom were African American) died from whom were African American) died from
accidents and disease. accidents and disease.

The total cost of the canal was nearly $400 The total cost of the canal was nearly $400
million. million.

56. The Panama Canal The Panama Canal

57. The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

On August 15, 1914 the canal opened for On August 15, 1914 the canal opened for
business.business.

Control of the Panama Canal enhanced the Control of the Panama Canal enhanced the
power of the United States, but the power of the United States, but the
circumstances under which the canal was circumstances under which the canal was
built damaged U.S. – Latin American built damaged U.S. – Latin American
relations.relations.

In 1921 Congress paid Colombia $25 In 1921 Congress paid Colombia $25
million for the loss of its territory, but the million for the loss of its territory, but the
resentment that resulted from Roosevelt resentment that resulted from Roosevelt
taking Panama lasted for decades. taking Panama lasted for decades.

58. U.S. Interest in Latin AmericaU.S. Interest in Latin America

The Panama Canal was only one sign The Panama Canal was only one sign
of U.S. involvement in Latin America. of U.S. involvement in Latin America.
As the U.S. economy continued to As the U.S. economy continued to
grow, so did U.S. interest in the grow, so did U.S. interest in the
resources of their southern neighbor. resources of their southern neighbor.
•Businesses in the U.S. figured out that Businesses in the U.S. figured out that
they could buy food and raw materials they could buy food and raw materials
such as bananas, coffee, and copper such as bananas, coffee, and copper
very cheap from Latin America and then very cheap from Latin America and then
sell them for higher prices. sell them for higher prices.

59. Policing the Western HemispherePolicing the Western Hemisphere

President Roosevelt worried that President Roosevelt worried that
instability in Latin America might instability in Latin America might
tempt European nations to intervene tempt European nations to intervene
in the region. in the region.

During his presidency, Theodore During his presidency, Theodore
Roosevelt made it clear that the Roosevelt made it clear that the
United States would remain the United States would remain the
dominant power in the western dominant power in the western
hemisphere. hemisphere.

60. President Roosevelt’s Foreign President Roosevelt’s Foreign
PolicyPolicy

President Roosevelt summed up his President Roosevelt summed up his
foreign policy by saying, “speak foreign policy by saying, “speak
softly and carry a big stick; you will softly and carry a big stick; you will
go far.” go far.”
•What do you think this means? What do you think this means?

President Roosevelt was warning that President Roosevelt was warning that
the United States would use military the United States would use military
power if its interests were power if its interests were
threatened. threatened.

61. Roosevelt's Big Stick
Diplomacy
President
Roosevelt is
depicted as a
police officer
exercising
international
police power.
This cartoon
represents the
Roosevelt
Corollary,
which states
that the U.S.
has the right
to “police” the
entire western
hemisphere.
It also shows
that the U.S.
would use
force if
necessary.

62. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine Doctrine

Roosevelt reminded European powers of Roosevelt reminded European powers of
the the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine – the policy that – the policy that
barred European nations from intervening barred European nations from intervening
in Latin America. in Latin America.

In 1905 Roosevelt added the In 1905 Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Roosevelt
CorollaryCorollary. It allowed the United States to . It allowed the United States to
serve as a “police man” in Latin America. serve as a “police man” in Latin America.

The United States could now intervene in The United States could now intervene in
all Latin American affairs in order to all Latin American affairs in order to
protect U.S. economic interests. protect U.S. economic interests.

63. Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

The Dominican RepublicThe Dominican Republic
•In 1905 the U.S. used the Roosevelt In 1905 the U.S. used the Roosevelt
Corollary to justify taking over the Corollary to justify taking over the
Dominican Republic’s finances. The Dominican Republic’s finances. The
Dominican Republic failed to pay its Dominican Republic failed to pay its
foreign debts and the U.S. stepped in foreign debts and the U.S. stepped in
and helped resolve the issue. and helped resolve the issue.
•The Dominican Republic faced the The Dominican Republic faced the
longest period of financial supervision of longest period of financial supervision of
all Latin American Countries. all Latin American Countries.

64. Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

NicaraguaNicaragua
•In 1911 a rebellion in Nicaragua left the In 1911 a rebellion in Nicaragua left the
country bankrupt…President William H. Taft country bankrupt…President William H. Taft
arranged for U.S. banks to lend Nicaragua arranged for U.S. banks to lend Nicaragua
enough money to pay its debts, in return the enough money to pay its debts, in return the
bankers were given the right to recover their bankers were given the right to recover their
money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs money by collecting Nicaragua’s customs
duties. duties.
•The U.S. bankers also gained control of The U.S. bankers also gained control of
Nicaragua’s state owned railroad system and Nicaragua’s state owned railroad system and
its national bank. its national bank.

65. Nicaragua (Continued) Nicaragua (Continued)

Nicaraguan citizens did not agree Nicaraguan citizens did not agree
with the deal and revolted against with the deal and revolted against
the president Adolfo Diaz. the president Adolfo Diaz.

The U.S. sent over 2000 U.S. The U.S. sent over 2000 U.S.
Marines to stop the rebellion. Marines to stop the rebellion.

U.S. Marines remained in the country U.S. Marines remained in the country
until 1933. until 1933.

66. Using the Roosevelt CorollaryUsing the Roosevelt Corollary

President Taft’s successor President President Taft’s successor President
Woodrow Wilson also used the Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson also used the Roosevelt
Corollary to intervene in Latin American Corollary to intervene in Latin American
affairs. affairs.

According to President Wilson’s According to President Wilson’s
“missionary diplomacy” the U.S. had a “missionary diplomacy” the U.S. had a
moral responsibility not to recognize any moral responsibility not to recognize any
Latin American government it considered Latin American government it considered
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to
U.S. interests. U.S. interests.

67. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

During the 30 year regime of Porfirio During the 30 year regime of Porfirio
Diaz, Americans had invested heavily Diaz, Americans had invested heavily
in Mexico’s oil wells, mines, in Mexico’s oil wells, mines,
railroads, and ranches. railroads, and ranches.

Wealthy landowners, the church, and Wealthy landowners, the church, and
the military supported Diaz, but the the military supported Diaz, but the
vast majority of peasants and vast majority of peasants and
workers forced him to resign in workers forced him to resign in
1910.1910.

68. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

In 1911 Francisco Madero, a reformer and In 1911 Francisco Madero, a reformer and
wealthy landowner became president of Mexico. wealthy landowner became president of Mexico.

He was in office two years but he could not He was in office two years but he could not
satisfy the conflicting demands of landowners, satisfy the conflicting demands of landowners,
peasants, factory workers, and the urban middle peasants, factory workers, and the urban middle
class.class.

After his two years as president General After his two years as president General
Victoriano Huerta took over by force and Victoriano Huerta took over by force and
executed Madero. executed Madero.

Americans with business interests in Mexico Americans with business interests in Mexico
urged President Wilson to recognize the Huerta urged President Wilson to recognize the Huerta
government but Wilson was dedicated to his government but Wilson was dedicated to his
policy of policy of Missionary DiplomacyMissionary Diplomacy and refused to and refused to
recognize, “a government of butchers.” recognize, “a government of butchers.”

69. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

Wilson adopted a plan of “Watchful Wilson adopted a plan of “Watchful
Waiting” looking for an opportunity to act Waiting” looking for an opportunity to act
against the Huerta government. against the Huerta government.

In 1914 Mexican officials arrested a group In 1914 Mexican officials arrested a group
of American sailors and Wilson used that of American sailors and Wilson used that
as an excuse to intervene in Mexico and as an excuse to intervene in Mexico and
ordered U.S. marines to occupy Veracruz. ordered U.S. marines to occupy Veracruz.
More than 100 Mexicans died in the More than 100 Mexicans died in the
invasion. invasion.

The incident brought the U.S. and Mexico The incident brought the U.S. and Mexico
close to war, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile close to war, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile
stepped in to mediate the conflict. stepped in to mediate the conflict.

70. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

They proposed that Huerta step down and They proposed that Huerta step down and
the U.S. troops withdraw without paying the U.S. troops withdraw without paying
Mexico for damages.Mexico for damages.

Mexico refused and President Wilson Mexico refused and President Wilson
refused to recognize a government that refused to recognize a government that
had come to power as a result of violence. had come to power as a result of violence.

The Huerta government soon collapsed The Huerta government soon collapsed
and Venustiano Carranza, an nationalist and Venustiano Carranza, an nationalist
leader became president in 1914.leader became president in 1914.

The U.S. then withdrew its troops and The U.S. then withdrew its troops and
formally recognized the Carranza formally recognized the Carranza
government. government.

71. Pancho Villa & Emiliano ZapataPancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata

72. Pancho Villa & Eminliano ZapataPancho Villa & Eminliano Zapata

Problems in Mexico got worse as Emiliano Problems in Mexico got worse as Emiliano
Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa led Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa led
revolts against Carranza. Zapata was an revolts against Carranza. Zapata was an
Indian dedicated to land reform and Villa Indian dedicated to land reform and Villa
was an anti-Carranza revolutionary. was an anti-Carranza revolutionary.

Pancho Villa was angry because the U.S. Pancho Villa was angry because the U.S.
had recognized the Carranza government had recognized the Carranza government
and threatened revenge against the U.S.and threatened revenge against the U.S.

73. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

President Carranza promised to protect foreigners President Carranza promised to protect foreigners
lives in Mexico and invited a group of U.S. lives in Mexico and invited a group of U.S.
engineers to operate an abandoned mine in engineers to operate an abandoned mine in
Northern Mexico.Northern Mexico.

Villa’s men took the Americans off of the train Villa’s men took the Americans off of the train
and shot them. Two months later some of Villa’s and shot them. Two months later some of Villa’s
men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed men raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed
several Americans. several Americans.

Although Villa was not directly involved, most Although Villa was not directly involved, most
Americans blamed him for his followers actions. Americans blamed him for his followers actions.

Carranza reluctantly allowed the U.S. to send Carranza reluctantly allowed the U.S. to send
troops to Mexico to try to capture Villa. troops to Mexico to try to capture Villa.

74. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

General John J. Pershing led an expeditionary General John J. Pershing led an expeditionary
force of about 15,000 men – they looked for Villa force of about 15,000 men – they looked for Villa
for about a year and were unsuccessful. for about a year and were unsuccessful.

Wilson then called out 150,000 National Wilson then called out 150,000 National
Guardsmen and stationed them along the Guardsmen and stationed them along the
Mexican border. Mexican border.

Mexicans were very angry because of U.S. Mexicans were very angry because of U.S.
invasion of their lands, in 1916 U.S. troops invasion of their lands, in 1916 U.S. troops
clashed with Carranza’s army resulting in deaths clashed with Carranza’s army resulting in deaths
on both sides.on both sides.

Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S.
troops, Wilson refused. troops, Wilson refused.

75. The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution

U.S. troops never captured Villa – he U.S. troops never captured Villa – he
continued his raids until Carranza was continued his raids until Carranza was
overthrown in 1920. overthrown in 1920.

Villa is known for turning his horses’ shoes Villa is known for turning his horses’ shoes
the opposite way so that it looked like he the opposite way so that it looked like he
was going one way, when in fact he was was going one way, when in fact he was
going in the opposite direction. going in the opposite direction.

Pershing’s pursuit of Villa intensified Anti-Pershing’s pursuit of Villa intensified Anti-
American feelings in Mexico. American feelings in Mexico.

Villa was assassinated in 1920. Villa was assassinated in 1920.

76. The ResultsThe Results

Americans rarely questioned U.S. actions Americans rarely questioned U.S. actions
in Latin America. They saw their nation as in Latin America. They saw their nation as
a “good police officer” maintaining peace a “good police officer” maintaining peace
and preventing disorder. and preventing disorder.

However many Latin American Countries However many Latin American Countries
did not agree. They saw the U.S. as did not agree. They saw the U.S. as
nothing more than nothing more than greedy imperialists.greedy imperialists.

This mistrust continues to trouble U.S. This mistrust continues to trouble U.S.
relations with its neighbors. relations with its neighbors.

77. The ResultsThe Results

For better or worse, imperialism had For better or worse, imperialism had
drawn the United States deeper into drawn the United States deeper into
world affairs. world affairs.

At the same time, imperialism At the same time, imperialism
pushed Europeans towards the most pushed Europeans towards the most
destructive war they had ever destructive war they had ever
experienced – a war the U.S. could experienced – a war the U.S. could
not avoid. not avoid.

78. Stop and Think Stop and Think

What led to the Boxer RebellionWhat led to the Boxer Rebellion

Chinese resentment of foreigners’ Chinese resentment of foreigners’
attitudes of cultural superiority. attitudes of cultural superiority.

What did the Monroe Doctrine to the What did the Monroe Doctrine to the
Roosevelt Corollary allow?Roosevelt Corollary allow?

The United States to serve as a The United States to serve as a
policeman in Latin America policeman in Latin America

79. Stop & ThinkStop & Think

What did John Hay propose as a What did John Hay propose as a
result of other countries expansion of result of other countries expansion of
their spheres of influence?their spheres of influence?

He asked them to follow an open He asked them to follow an open
door policy.door policy.

How did Theodore Roosevelt sum up How did Theodore Roosevelt sum up
his foreign policy?his foreign policy?

Speak softly and carry a big stickSpeak softly and carry a big stick

80. Stop and thinkStop and think

How did the U.S. respond to Pancho How did the U.S. respond to Pancho
Villa’s raids in New MexicoVilla’s raids in New Mexico

The U.S. sent troops to Mexico.The U.S. sent troops to Mexico.

81. Name GameName Game
1.1.____ is the policy by which strong ____ is the policy by which strong
nations extend their control over nations extend their control over
weaker territories.weaker territories.
2.2.____ was responsible for the U.S. ____ was responsible for the U.S.
acquiring of Alaska in 1867acquiring of Alaska in 1867
3.3.In 1898 the ____ exploded and sak In 1898 the ____ exploded and sak
off the coast of Cuba. off the coast of Cuba.
4.4.The ____ was opposed to foreign The ____ was opposed to foreign
presence in Chinapresence in China

82. Name GameName Game
5. ____ were members in the first 5. ____ were members in the first
voluntary cavalry. voluntary cavalry.
6. The ____ was fought over Cuba’s 6. The ____ was fought over Cuba’s
right to independence.right to independence.
7. Construction of the ____ facilitated 7. Construction of the ____ facilitated
trade between the U.S and Latin trade between the U.S and Latin
America. America.

83. Name GameName Game

8. In 1902 the U.S. insisted that 8. In 1902 the U.S. insisted that
Cuba add the ____ to its new Cuba add the ____ to its new
constitution. constitution.

9. Reporting exaggerated or 9. Reporting exaggerated or
sensationalized news is know as sensationalized news is know as
________

10. In 1898 the U.S. proposed an 10. In 1898 the U.S. proposed an
___ to promote unrestricted trade ___ to promote unrestricted trade
with China. with China.