American Psychological Association 7th Edition.pptx

APA 7th Edition used in medical for effective writing

1. A Guide to APA Style Prepared by Maira Shaheen

2. Learning Objectives By the end of the session learners will be able to: Introduce APA Referencing 7 th edition. Appreciate the importance of referencing. Discuss different ways of In-Text Citation. Interpret examples of APA in-text citations and references.

3. APA Style APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style guidelines, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.

4. Cont… They published their guidelines as a seven-page article in Psychological Bulletin describing a “standard of procedure, to which exceptions would doubtless be necessary, but to which reference might be made in cases of doubt”. (Bentley et al., 1929, p. 57).

5. Importance of APA Give credit to the person who came up with the original idea. Prove you’re basing your work on solid research. Establishes your credibility (avoids plagiarism). Influences marks – shows range and quality of your reading. Direct readers to original source for more info.

6. Cont… Adhering to the uniform standards of APA style will enhance your paper’s organization and allow readers to review your work with greater clarity.

7. APA In-Text Citations In APA, every time you use the work or thoughts of another, you must cite the original author. Use of others’ ideas include summarizing, paraphrasing, and directly quoting. To cite the source, you will need an in-text citation to supplement your references page, typically consisting of the author's last name and the date when the material was published.

8. Parenthetical in-text citation Parenthetical citations are notes in parentheses that let a reader know what original sources used in the body of research report. These notes make it easier for the reader because they don't have to stop reading to know what is source material.

9. Single Author List author's last name followed by date, adding page numbers for direct quotes.  ”93 papers contributed by Pakistani authors from 2008 to 2017” (Haq, 2018 p. 29).

10. Two Authors Two authors last names are joined by an ampersand, as in: Pakistan has a nuclear weapons stockpile of 110 to 130 warheads, an increase from an estimated 90 to 110 warheads in 2011 (Kristensen & Norris, 2015).

11. Three or More Authors List the first author's last name followed by the abbreviation "et al." (and others). In this example by Maira Shaheen, Muhammad Afzal, and Muhammad Hussain and Syed Amir Gillani in their 2021 article, Maira Shaheen is listed as the first author: Nursing students at the University of Lahore have overall positive perceptions about the learning environment at their institution (Shaheen et al., 2021).

12. Organization or Group Author If no author is listed and or the source is published by an organization or group, list the group's full name in the text or citation, followed by the abbreviation if well known. Use the acronym for every subsequent citation. According to the American Psychological Association (APA), abbreviations are ok if the abbreviation is well known.

13. Cont… After introducing the abbreviation, they recommend using it for every other in-text citation (APA, 2019).

14. Narrative Citation If the author's name, publication date, and or page numbers are given in the sentence, omit them from the following in-text citation. For example: If you introduce the author and date before quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing, then only the page numbers are included at the end of the sentence.

15. Cont… According to Harvey, Panavelil, Finkel & Whalen (2015), Beta blockers work by blocking the impulses that may cause an irregular heart rhythm (p. 29).

16. APA Reference Entries To credit sources, APA style requires a reference page that includes full citation information for each source. Begin by starting on another page titled “ References,” centered and bolded. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author listed.

17. Cont… Additionally, each entry should be indented by a half inch after the first line, called a hanging indent. APA style customizes entries for each type of source, meaning that each citation will be unique.

18. Webpage from a Website Website citations follow a basic format for all types of websites. For sources without authors, list the group or organization as author. If no group or organization is given, move the website name to the author position. Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of Page. Website Name. URL.

19. Cont… Johnson, A. (2018, May 24).  “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis services.  IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need- to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-intervention-in- psychosis-services/

20. Example Australian Centre for Business Growth. (2019).  Axiom precision manufacturing.  University of South Australia. https://centreforbusinessgrowth.com/case-studies/axiom-case-study/

21. Book Books follow a standard format for print and electronic sources. For edited works add the editor's name following the book title. If no author is listed, substitute for the editor instead. Include DOI for print and electronic sources (if available). Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. Publisher. DOI (if available) Harvey, R. A. (2015). Pharmacology (6 th ed). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

22. Journal Article Journal articles, or periodicals, are print and electronic sources issued within larger journals. Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume Number(Issue Number), pages. DOI (if available)

23. Example Shaheen, M., Hussain, M., Afzal, M., & Gillani, S. A. (2021). Perceptions of Nursing Students about Learning Environment. Journal of Islamic International Medical College (JIIMC) 16(2) , 128-133.

24. Newspaper Article Newspaper and magazine articles are two other types of periodicals. Include volume, issue, and/or page number(s) if available. Unlike other citations, do not list the abbreviation "p." or "pp." before the page number(s). Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Article Title. Newspaper Title, pages (if print). URL (if digital) Shaheen, M. (2018, Nov. 30). Culture Health and Society Scholarly Paper. The Newspaper , 04.

25. Government Report Government reports and other legal documents fall under The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation style. List the agency as author and parent agencies as publisher for reports by government agencies. Name of Government Agency. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). Publisher. URL (if available)

26. Example Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives.(2016). Prevailing Situation of Violence against Children in Pakistan. www.mohr.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Survey- PVAC(1).pdf Note : When the government department, agency or committee that created the document is also the publisher, omit the publisher. Citation Example: (Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives, 2016)

27. YouTube Video Videos from YouTube or other user-generated video websites list the person or group as author. If both the author and username are the same, list the username as author. Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Video Title [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

28. Example XVIVO Scientific Animation. (2010, Oct. 4). Powering the cell: Mitochondria Animation [Video]. YouTubhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrS2uROUjK4

29. Personal Communication Interviews, letters, emails, and other forms of personal communication are cited in-text only. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not retrievable. Cite the communicator’s name with initials and last name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication .

30. Example You crafted ppt in a single evening and you have not write the objectives according to Bloom’s Taxonomy (M. Afzal, personal communication, April 29, 2024).

31. Citing Secondary Sources For sources that you have not actually seen, but which are referred to in another work. In-text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. Bennett (2015, as cited in Rudman, 2018) defined social work as…. Bennett defined social work as …(2015, as cited in Rudman, 2018) In the References section list the secondary source you have read.

32. Organizing front page in APA Organizing front page in APA Organizing front page in APA Curriculum Development Biochemistry Maira Shaheen (70044269) Lahore School of Nursing, The University of Lahore NUR60201: Educational Design and Administration Prof. Dr. Muhammad Afzal April 25, 2024

33. REFERENCES American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

34. Cont… Bentley, M., Peerenboom, C. A., Hodge, F. W., Passano, E. B., Warren, H. C.,&Washburn, M. F. (1929). Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript. Psychological Bulletin, 26 (2), 57-63   https://doi.org/10.1037/h0071487

35. Cont… Haq, I. U. (2018). Research Productivity by Pakistani Authors to Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal): a ten years’ analysis (2008-2017).  Pakistan Library Association Journal (Online) , 1-21. Harvey, R. A., Panavelil, T. A., Finkel, R., & Whalen, K. (2015). Pharmacology (6 th ed). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

36. Cont… Kristensen, H. M., & Norris, R. S. (2015). Pakistani nuclear forces, 2015.  Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists ,  71 (6), 59-66. Shaheen, M., Hussain, M., Afzal, M., & Gilani, S. A. (2021). Perceptions of Nursing Students about Learning Environment. Journal of Islamic International Medical College (JIIMC) , 16 (2), 128-133.