American Psychological Association Referencing

APA Referencing Style

1. APA Referencing
Guided By:
DR. ARCHANA DUBEY
Presented By:
DIWYA JOSHI

2. What is APA?
APAisoneofmanyreferencingstylesusedin
academicwriting.APAstandsforAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation.TheAssociationoutlines
thestyleinthePublicationmanualoftheAmerican
PsychologicalAssociation[APA](6thed.).

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF APA
TheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationreference
styleusestheAuthor-Dateformat.
Whenquotingdirectlyorindirectlyfromasource,the
sourcemustbeacknowledgedinthetextbyauthor
nameandyearofpublication.
IN-TEXTTociteinformationdirectlyorindirectly,
therearetwowaystoacknowledgecitations:
1)Makeitapartofasentenceor
2)Putitinparenthesesattheendofthesentence.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF APA
Direct quotation –use quotation marks around the
quote and include page numbers
Cohen and Lotan(2014) argue that "many different
kinds of abilities are essential for any profession"
(p.151). 2)
“Many different kinds of abilities are essential for
any profession" (Cohen & Lotan, 2014, p.151).

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF APA
Indirect quotation/paraphrasing/summarising–no
quotation marks
1) Professional knowledge alone does not make
someone a very capable professional (Cohen &
Lotan, 2014).
2) According to Cohen and Lotan(2014),
professional knowledge alone does not make
someone a very capable professional.

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF APA
Pagenumbersareoptionalwhenparaphrasing,
althoughitisusefultoincludethem(Publication
Manual,p.171).
Citationsfromasecondarysource
1)Gould’s(1981)research“raisesfundamental
doubtsastowhetherwecancontinuetothinkof
intelligenceasunidimensional”(ascitedinCohen&
Lotan,2014,pp.151-152).
2)Intelligencecannotbebelievedtoconsistofone
singleentityanymore(Gould,1981,ascitedin
Cohen&Lotan,2014).

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF APA
Tociteasourcewefoundinanothersource,wemust
acknowledgealltheauthors.Theauthor(s)ofthesource
referredtoi.e.Gould,1981
Theauthor(s)oftheworkwhichcontainstheoriginalsourcei.e.
Cohen&Lotan,2014
Inthereferencelist,onlythebookbyCohen&Lotanshouldbe
acknowledged.DonotlistGould.
Attheendofourassignment,wearerequiredtoprovidethefull
bibliographicinformationforeachsource.
Referencesmustbelistedinalphabeticalorderbyauthor.

8. EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE
InareferencelistIn-textcitation
1.Bookwithoneauthor:
King,M.(2000).Wrestlingwiththeangel:AlifeofJanetFrame.
Auckland,NewZealand:Viking.
Thefirstletterofthefirstwordofthemaintitle,subtitleandall
propernounshavecapitalletters.(King,2000)orKing(2000)
comparesFrame.
2.Bookwithtwoauthors:
Dancey,C.P.,&Reidy,J.(2004).Statisticswithoutmathsfor
psychology:UsingSPSSforWindows(3rded.).Harlow,England:
Pearson/PrenticeHall.
Before“&”betweenauthors,donotforgettoputacomma.
(Dancey&Reidy,2004)orDanceyandReidy(2004)said…When
paraphrasingintext,useand,not&.

9. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT
CITATION
3.Bookwiththreetofiveauthors:
Krause,K.-L.,Bochner,S.,&Duchesne,S.(2006).
Educationalpsychologyforlearningandteaching(2nd
ed.).Melbourne,Australia:Thomson.
Use“&”betweenauthors’names,exceptwhen
paraphrasingintext.
Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,citeall
authorsthefirsttime,andinsubsequntcitationsinclude
onlythefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.(Krause,Bochner,
&Duchesne,2006)then(Krauseetal.,2006)

10. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
4.Bookorreportbyacorporateauthore.g.
organisation,association,governmentdepartment,
InternationalLabourOrganization.(2007).Equalityatwork:
Tacklingthechallenges(InternationalLabourConference
report).Geneva,Switzerland:Author.
Whentheauthorandthepublisherarethesame,use
Authorinthepublisherfield.
Intext,somegroupauthorsmaybeabbreviatedin
subsequentcitationsiftheyarereadilyrecognisable
(InternationalLabourOrganization,2007)or(International
LabourOrganization[ILO],2007),then(ILO,2007)

11. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
5.Bookchapterineditedbook:
Kestly,T.(2010).Groupsandplayinelementaryschools.InA.A.Drewes,&
C.E.Shaefer(Eds.),School-basedplaytherapy(2nded.,pp.257-282).
Hoboken,NJ:JohnWileys&Sons.
Includethepagenumbersofthechapterafterthebooktitle.(Kestly,2010)or
Kestly(2010)compareseducationalsettingsof...
6.Conferencepaperonline:
Bochner,S.(1996,November)Mentoringinhighereducation:Issuestobe
addressedindevelopingamentoringprogram.Paperpresentedatthe
AustralianAssociationforResearchinEducationConference,Singapore.
Retrievedfromhttp://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt(Bochner,
1996)or
Bochner(1996)illustratesthat...

12. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
7. Course handout/Lecture notes (electronic version)
 Archard, S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakiaand waiata
[Powerpointslides]. Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET):
Communities of Learners
 website:
http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650
Put format in square brackets–
e.g. [Lecture notes] [Panoptovideo].
This referencing format should be used only for assignments.
(Archard, Merry, & Nicholson, 2011) then subsequently, if 3-5 authors
(Archardet al., 2011)

13. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
8.Film
 Preston,G.(Director/Producer)(2010).Homeby
Christmas[Motionpicture].NewZealand:GaylenePreston
Production.
Forfilms,DVDsorvideorecordingsuse[Motionpicture]in
squarebrackets.Givethecountryoforiginandthenameof
themotionpicturestudio.(Preston,2010)

14. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
9. Journal article (academic/scholarly)with DOI (NEW DOI format) Cavenagh, N., &
Ramadurai, R. (2017). On the distances between Latin squares and the smallest defining
set size. Journal of Combinatorial Designs, 25(4), 147–158.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcd.21529
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique code assigned to a scholarly/academic
publication. The DOI’s code links to the article online. (Cavenagh& Ramadurai, 2017) or
Cavenaghand Ramadurai(2017) recommend…
9a. Journal article with no DOI
Germann, F., Ebbes, P., & Grewal, R. (2015). The chief marketing officer matters! Journal
of Marketing, 79(3), 1-22.
Retain original punctuation of titles. A capital letter is used for key wordsin the journal title.
The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in
brackets (not italicised). Germann, Ebbes, and Grewal(2015) claim that “there have been
…” (p. 19).
Then subsequently, if 3-5 authors Germannet al. (2015) argue …

15. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
10.Magazine
popular/trade/generalinterestGoodwin,D.K.(2002,February4).HowI
causedthatstory.Time,159(5),69.
Fulldateisusedifpublishedweekly;
monthandyearifmonthly.
(Goodwin,2002)orGoodwin(2002)defends...
11.Newspaperarticle
 Coster,D.(2017,June12).Driverwhocausedman'sdeathis
placedintodementiacare.Stuff.Retrievedfromhttp://www.stuff.co.nz/
UsetheURLofthenewspaper’shomepage,asadirectlinktoanonline
articleinanewspaperwebsiteisnotapersistentlink.(Coster,2017)or
Coster(2017)reports...

16. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
12.PersonalCommunication:
InformationsuchasLetters,telephoneconversations,emails,
interviews,andprivatesocialnetworkingiscalled“Personal
Communication”,andnoreferencelistentryisrequired(W.
Bush,personalcommunication,March19,2017)
13.Referencebook–dictionaryorencyclopediaentry
 Hwang,E.-G.(2002).NorthKorea:Economicsystem.In
D.Levinson,&K.Christenson(Eds.),Encyclopediaof
modernAsia(Vol.4,pp.350-353).NewYork,NY:Charles
Scribner'sSons.
Ifnoauthorstated,theentry’stitletakestheauthorposition.

17. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
14. For online dictionaries and encyclopedias,
a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location / name (Hwang,
2002) or Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ...
15. Webpage :
New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. (n.d.). Agribusiness. Retrieved from
https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/market-research/agribusiness/
(n.d.) = no date.
The basic format is:
(1) Author (could be organisation).
(2) Date (either date of publication or latest update).
(3) Title.
(4) URL. (New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, n.d., para.

18. REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
16.Figures:
Fromabook(orajournalarticle)referenceshouldbeJoshi,
D.(2000).Mythoughts:Thestoryofmyinnerstrength.
Indore,MadhyaPradesh,India.
Includethepagenumberintheintextcitation
(DiwyaJoshi,2000,p.45)

19. BASIC RULE OF APA REFERENCING
Whencreatingthereferencelistentryforaninformation
sourceweneedtoidentifyandrecordspecificdetails.Itmight
beusefultoremembertheseWs!
Who–wrote/editedit–authororeditor
Whenwasitwritten–date
Whatisit–titleofbook,titleofthearticle&serial/journal,title
ofthewebdocument
Wherewasitpublished(Books)–placeofpublication–
usuallycity&countryandpublisher’sname
Wherewasthearticlelocated(Serial/journal)-volume
number,issuenumberandpagenumbersofthearticle
Wherewelocatedit(Internetsources)-URL–webaddress.