an assignment on disaster risk management

an assignment on disaster risk management

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Mahatma Gandhi University of Horticulture & Forestry, Sankra, Drug
(C.G)Pt. K.L.S. College of Horticulture and Research Station
Rajnandgaon
An Assignment on
SESSION: 2023-24
Disaster Risk Reduction
Course Title: Disaster Management
Course Code: PGS 506
Credit Hours: 1(0+1)
SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Mamta Patel
Dept. Of Agricultural Economics
SUBMITTED BY
Nutan Bhardwaj
I.D. 120120232915
M.Sc.(Hort.) Previous Year 2
nd
Sem.
Dept. of Floriculture and Landscape
Architecture

2.  What is Disaster Risk Reduction?
“Actions taken to reduce the risk of disasters and the adverse impacts of
natural hazards through systematic efforts to analyze and manage
the causes of disasters, including through avoidance of hazards,
reduced social and economic vulnerability to hazards and improved
preparedness for adverse event”.
–UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).
Components
–Preparedness (to boost resilience and coping capacity of vulnerable
people to better face hazards);
–Mitigation (to limit the adverse impact of various hazards);
–Prevention (to avoid the adverse impact of hazards outright and to
minimize related disasters).
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3. Disaster Prevention or Disaster Reduction
–Disaster prevention aims at avoiding disasters, which,
unfortunately is not possible at all times;
–Disaster reduction seeks to reduce or limit the severity of
disasters;
–Disaster reduction in the broad sense includes disaster
prevention.
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4. International Response (HFA’s Strategic Goals)
•Constitutes the vision of UNISDR;
1.Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction into sustainable
development policies and planning;
2.Developing and strengthening Institutions, mechanisms and
capacities to build resilience to hazards;
3.Incorporating risk reduction approaches into emergency
preparedness, response, and recovery programmes.
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5. International Response
•International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, 1990 – 1999)
to increase awareness of the importance of disaster reduction (Resolution
44/236 of 22 December, 1989);
•Conceptual shift from disaster response to disaster reduction underscoring
the crucial role of human action;
•The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction was
established by the General Assembly in 2000 (Res. 54/219);
–To serve as the focal point in the UN for coordination of disaster reduction;
–To ensure synergies among the disaster – reduction activities of the UN
systems and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and
humanitarian fields;
–To facilitate and monitor the implementation of the global blueprint for
disaster risk reduction (The Hyogo Framework for Action (“HFA”) by ISDR
system partners).
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6. International Response…
•The HFA was adopted at the 2005 World Conference on Disaster
Reduction by 168 Governments, as a ten-year strategy to make the
world safer from natural disasters;
•HFA has five specific Priorities for Action:
–Making disaster risk reduction a priority;
–Improving risk information and early warning;
–Building a culture of safety and resilience;
–Reducing the risks in key sectors;
–Strengthening preparedness for response.
•In 2008, the post of UN Special Representative of the Secretary –
General for Disaster Risk Reduction was created.
(Current Representative is Margareta Elizabeth Wahlstrom).
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7. ISDR Framework for Action
•ISDR revolves around three major concepts:
–Natural Hazards;
–Vulnerability (determined by several factors: hazard awareness,
the condition of human settlements and infrastructure, public
policy and administration, and organized abilities in all fields of
disaster management);
–Risk of a disaster is the probability of disaster occurring
(evaluation of risk includes vulnerability assessment and impact
prediction).
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10. Disaster Risk – Poverty Nexus
•Disaster have a proportionate impact on the poor, particularly in developing
countries;
–High mortality and economic loss risks.
•Countries with small and vulnerable economies;
–Small Island Developing States (SIDs);
(Small population/lack of resources/ remoteness/ susceptibility to natural
disasters/excessive dependence in international trade/vulnerability to global
development – Antigua, Arubi, Bahamas, Barbados, Guinea Bissau, Cyprus,
Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kiribati, Dominica, Malta)
–Land-Locked Developing Countries (LLDCs);
(1)Low resilience to loss;
(2)Highest economic vulnerability;
(3)Low participation in world markets;
(4)Low export diversification.
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The disaster
Risk-poverty
nexus
Underlying risk
drivers
Poor urban and
local governance
Vulnerable rural
livelihoods
Ecosystem
decline
Lack of access
to risk transfer
and social
protection
Global drivers
Uneven
economic and
urban
development
Climate
change
Weak
governance
and limited
endogenous
capacities
Intensive Risk
Major concentrations of vulnerable population and
economic assets exposed to extreme hazard
Extensive risk
Geographically dispersed exposure of
vulnerable people and economic assets to low
or moderate intensity hazard.
Poverty
Economic poverty and other poverty factors such as
powerlessness, exclusion, illiteracy and discrimination.
Limited opportunity to access and mobilize assets.
Everyday risk
Households and communities exposed to food
insecurity, diseases, crime, accidents,
pollution, lack of sanitation and clean water.
Disaster
Impacts
Major mortality
and economic
loss
Damage to
housing, local
infrastructure,
livestock and
crops.
Poverty
outcomes
Short and long
term impacts on
income,
consumption,
welfare and
equality.

12. Nature of Cities (The Disaster Nexus)
•Where well managed
(1)Lifeline of society & engines of economic growth;
(2)Centres of technology and innovation;
(3)Living evidence of our cultural heritage.
•Where not well managed
(1)Generators of new vulnerabilities adding risk to disasters (lack of
access to basic facilities, failed infrastructure, environmental
degradation, challenges of climate change).
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13. Guiding Principles for Implementing Disaster Risk
Reduction
•Provision of assistance should be informed by 3 basic
humanitarian principles:
–Neutrality;
–Humanity;
–Impartiality.
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14. Holistic and Strategic Approach
•Holistic and Strategic Approach of HFA must be based on:
–Community Participation in the design & implementation of activities;
–States have a primary responsibility for implementing measures to
reduce disaster risk;
–Disaster risk reduction must be integrated into development activities
(translating and linking knowledge of a full-range of hazard into
disaster and risk management);
–A multi-hazards approach can improve effectiveness;
–Capacity development (communities and individuals) is a central
strategy for reducing risk;
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15. –Decentralize responsibility and resources for disaster risk
reduction (provincial, municipal and local levels);
–Gender is a core factor in disaster risk and in the reduction of
risk (differing risk profiles for women and men in a disaster);
Low-income and those who are marginalized
(age/marriage/caste/social stigma) are especially
disadvantaged;
Women at grass-roots level are often well positioned to
manage risk.
–Public private partnerships are an important tool for disaster
risk reduction;
–Disaster risk reduction needs to be customized to a particular
setting (… think global, act local…).
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16. Holistic Approaches, Strategies & Institutional Frameworks
•Holistic Approach and Preparedness
–Realistic and measurable objectives;
–Must be able to strengthen and maintain disaster preparedness
capabilities;
•National Institutional and Legislative Frameworks
–National legislative framework must detail preparedness, response
and recovery roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders;
–Articulate clear funding mechanisms which will regularly be updated;
–Details must be widely disseminated through appropriate channels,
local language and media;
–Must be consistently implemented (interagency protocol and
protocols regarding external assistance);
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17. –Be clear on civil-military relations, strengthening capacity
and decision making on warning dissemination;
–Institutional arrangements must be reflected in
local/state and national legislation with indication of who
has overall responsibility in a disaster;
–National legislation must be compatible regionally (prior
bi-lateral and regional agreements on mutual assistance
should be signed in relation to events that exceeds
national capacities or crosses international borders).
–National legislations must be consistent with
international law and human rights law.
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18. •Coordination at the Local, National, Regional, and
International Level
–A well functional disaster coordination mechanism must be
put in place with clear policies and procedures and in which
all entities are clear about their roles and responsibilities;
–Close coordination and information exchange among active
organizations (Government, Civil Society, Regional
Organizations, International Actors).
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19. Key Components in Preparedness Planning
•Contingency Planning that includes an in-depth analysis of hazard
risk, vulnerability and capacity is developed and regularly updated;
•Capacity Analysis and Capacity Building – all organizations, persons
and volunteers responsible for maintaining preparedness are
equipped and trained for effective disaster preparedness and
response;
•Hazard Monitoring, Forecasting and Early Warning (scientific
information and risk knowledge);
•Information Management and Communication
–Public information management
–Data management
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20. Readiness for Response
•Emergency Services and Stand-by Arrangements
–Multi-stakeholder response mechanisms are developed and tested based
on the contingency plan, enabling efficient action during times of
emergency;
–Incorporating Early Recovery into Preparedness Planning
Humanitarian assistance is vital to reducing loss of life and suffering;
Integration of early recovery activities with life saving interventions can lead
to more sustainable interventions;
Skilled people with experience in early recovery must be included during
the development of a preparedness capability.
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21. Readiness for Response…
•The wide range of actors that must be involved are:
–Relevant Government Ministries, including departments responsible
for developmental activities;
–Government local authorities in zones of high disaster risk;
–Finance, planning and infrastructure departments;
–Public and private service utilities (electricity, water supply etc);
–Local NGOs and community based organizations in the identified
high risk zones;
–Private businesses located in the high risk zones;
–Association of professionals such as engineers and architects;
–Media networks.
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22. Readiness for Response…
•Resource Allocation and funding
–Financial reserves and emergency funding mechanisms are in
place to support effective preparedness, response and early
recovery as required;
–Effective allocation of the funds;
–Arrangements to replenish funds allocated.
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23. Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction
•Africa’s share of reported disasters have increased over the past
decade;
•Disaster impacts have become impediment to sustainable
development;
•Disaster risk reduction policies and institutional mechanisms exist at
various degrees – effectiveness is limited;
•Hence, need for a strategic approach;
•AU and its New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
offers the opportunity to promote change.
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24. Gaps in Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa
•Institutional frameworks;
•Risk identification;
•Knowledge management;
•Governance;
•Emergency Response.
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25. Aim of Regional Strategy
•To contribute to the attainment of sustainable development and
poverty eradication by facilitating the integration of disaster risk
reduction into development.
•Objectives
–Increase political commitment to disaster risk reduction;
–Improve identification and assessment of disaster risk;
–Enhance knowledge management for disaster risk reduction;
–Increase public awareness of disaster risk reduction;
–Improve governance of disaster risk reduction institutions; and
–Integrate disaster risk reduction in emergency response
management .
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26. Key Stakeholders
•AU/NEPAD;
•Regional Economic Communities;
•The Africa Working Group on Disaster Risk Reduction;
•National Governments;
•Major Groups, e.g. NGOs, CBOs and the Private Sector;
•International Development Partners.
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27. Adoption of The Regional Strategy
•Strategy has been extensively reviewed
–Several forums (May/June, 2004);
–Meeting of Experts to discuss the Strategy;
–African Regional Consultations on the 2005 World Conference on
Disaster Reduction;
–2
nd
Meeting of the African Working Group on Disaster Reduction.
•Strategy was adopted by African Ministers at the 10
th
Meeting of the
African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (June 2004);
•It was received by Heads of State at the 3
rd
Ordinary Session of the
Assembly in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (July, 2004).
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28. Understanding the Strategy – (Strategic Directions)
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Strategic
Directions
Increase Political Commitment to Disaster Risk Reduction
•Strengthen lobbying and advocacy for political commitment,
responsibility and accountability;
•Strengthen institutional framework for disaster risk reduction;
•Increase resource allocation for disaster risk reduction; and
•Strengthen capacities of RECs to facilitate implementation of this
Strategy.
Improve Identification and Assessment of Disaster Risks
•Improve the quality of information and data on disaster risks;
•Improve identification, assessment and monitoring of hazards,
vulnerabilities and capacities;
•Strengthen early warning systems, institutions, capacities and
resources base, including observational and research sub-systems;
•Improve communication and information exchange among
stakeholders in risk identification and assessment; and
•Engender and improve integration and coordination of risk and
assessment processes and interventions.
Increase Public Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction
•Improve information dissemination and communication;
•Promote integration of disaster risk reduction in education;
•Expand the role of the media;
•Strengthen the role of traditional and local authorities and
experience; and
•Strengthen the role of the youth and other major groups in
disaster risk reduction.
Improve Governance of Disaster Risk Reduction
Institutions
•Harmonize terms and policies in disaster risk reduction;
•Develop national platforms for disaster risk reduction;
•Strengthen decentralization of disaster risk reduction
interventions;
•Increase public participation in planning and implementing
disaster risk reduction interventions;
•Increase gender sensitivity of disaster risk reduction policies,
legislation and programmes; and
•Promote increased inter-country cooperation and
coordination.
Enhance Knowledge Management for Disaster
Risk Reduction
•Enhance generation of information (Statistics and data);
•Increase access to information;
•Improve communications in disaster risk reduction;
•Develop inventory and exchange of best practices;
•Develop outstanding academic institutions in disaster risk
reduction; and
•Expand research on disaster risk reduction
Integrate Disaster Risk Reduction Into Emergency Response Management
•Advocate the inclusion of disaster risk reduction in development strategies at local, national,
sub-regional and regional levels;
•Prepare and disseminate guidelines for integrating disaster risk reduction in development
planning and activities;
•Facilitate the orientation of emergency response management towards disaster risk reduction;
and
•Facilitate the strengthening of contingency planning and other preparedness measures in
emergency management.

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Reference
1. **"Disaster Management in India: A Status Report"** by **K. M. Singh**
This book provides a comprehensive overview of disaster management
practices in India, including risk reduction strategies.
2. **"Disaster Risk Reduction in South Asia"** edited by **Gautam Sethi**
While focusing on the broader South Asian region, this book includes
valuable insights and case studies relevant to India.
3. **"Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases from India"** edited by **M. P. Sharma**
This book offers detailed case studies and practical approaches to disaster
risk reduction specific to the Indian context.
4. **"Handbook on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management"** by **G. S. S.
K. L. Prasad**