An Introduction to Genomics

Genomics, application, types

1. GENOMICS Neethu Asokan

2. The Study Of The Structures And Functions Of Genome Is Called As GENOMICS . Neethu Asokan What is Genomics?

3. Genome means? The total DNA (genetic information) contained in an organism (or) a cell is regarded as genome. Thus genome is storehouse of the biological information. It is the includes chromosome in the nucleus an DNA in mitochondria and chloroplast . Neethu Asokan

4. Genome sequencing projects Projects to map and sequence all the DNA in different species of organisms are the called “Genome projects”. The genome projects of many mammals, plants, insects, pathogenic microbes,etc . have been conducted by many National and the International agencies to known all the about their genes. Neethu Asokan

5. Following of microorganisms are already sequenced completely through the genome projects in a rat: Haemophilus influenzae Mycoplasma genitalium , Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Methanococcus jannschii , Pseudomonas aeruoginosa . Drosophila melangoaster , Arabidopsis thaliana Canenorhabits elegans ,etc . Neethu Asokan

6. The genome sequencing projects are useful: Neethu Asokan To identify all genes located in DNAs of the target organism. To determine the nucleotide sequence of genes and intergenic regions in all the chromosomes. To identified genes concerned with pathogenicity, immunity and abnormalities in important organisms. To store the sequence data for future use.

7. Neethu Asokan Continues… To transfer the sequence data to researchers. To understand the co-ordinated expression and regulations of all the genes in an organism. To understand the genetic basis of life of different organisms. To determine single base disorder in individual of a species.

8. Neethu Asokan Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project to map and sequence the 3 billion nucleotide contained in the human and to identify all the genes present in it. It is under the control of an International body, Human Genome Organisation (HUGO). It was started in 1990 and completed in 2003. There are currently two human genome projects: 1.The international HGP governed by the international body Human Genome Organisation(HUGO) and 2.Celera Genomics

9. Goals of HGP The goals of the HGP were: 1. To identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in humanDNA . 2. To determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. 3. To store this information in databases, 4. To improve tools for data analysis, 5 .To transfer related technologies to the private sector and 6. To address the ethical ,legal, and social isues (ELSI) that may arise from the project. Neethu Asokan

10. Techniques of HGP There are many techniques for sequencing DNA and mapping human genome. The two most common sequencing techniques are: 1.Maxam-Gilbert Technique 2.Sanger Technique Neethu Asokan

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13. Potential Benefits of HGP 1 . DNA sequence information helps to understand the structure, organization and function of DNA in chromosomes. 2. Genome maps of other organisms will provide the basis for comparative studies to understand more complex biological systems. 3.Information generated and technologies developed are revolutionizing future biological explorations. . Neethu Asokan

14. 4.Detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. 5.Companies such as Myriad Genetics , started offering easy ways to administer genetics tests to a variety of illnesses: Breast cancer Disorder of homeostasis Cystic fibrosis Liver diseases and Many others. Neethu Asokan

15. 6.Etiologies for cancers ,Alzheimer's disease, disease and others of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit genome information. 7.May lead in the long term to significant advances in their management.. Neethu Asokan

16. Some current and potential applications of genome research includes: 1.Molecule medicine 2.Energy sources and environmental applications 3.Risk assessment 4.Bioarachaeology 5.Anthropology 6.Evolution and human migration 7.DNA forensics 8.Agriculture,livestock breeding and bioprocessing. Neethu Asokan

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18. Type of Genomics 1.Functional genomics: It is used to represent the gene expression and relationship of gene with gene products. 2.Structural genomics: It is refer to the structural motifs and complete protein structures. 3.Comparative genomics: It involves the study of comparative gene function and phylogeny. Neethu Asokan

19. Gene Prediction The determination of genes ,their functions and regulations in the genome is called “ Gene Prediction ”. It provides a clear knowledge of “Genome Organization”. Besides this ,its help us to count the actual number of genes in the genome. After prediction the base sequence, function and regulation of different genes , the features are assigned to the corresponding genes in the genome. This is called “ Genome Annotation ”. Neethu Asokan

20. Applications of genomics Genomics has provided applications in many fields including  medicine, biotechnology, anthropology and other social sciences. Genomic medicine Next-generation genomic technologies allow clinicians and biomedical researchers to increase the amount of genomic data collected on large study. Neethu Asokan

21. Synthetic biology and bioengineering: The growth of genomic knowledge has enabled increasingly sophisticated applications of synthetic biology.  Neethu Asokan

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