an introduction to human anatomy basics and terminology

anatomy basics

1. Practical anatomy Basics of anatomy part-1- Lab; C.O.A Session ; 1 References ; C.O.A By Richard Snell & Frank Netters atlas

2. Introduction The human body is a complex and intricate piece of engineering in which every structure plays a precise role. There are approximately 200  bones , 650 muscles, 79  organs , and enough  blood vessels  to circle the Earth twice! The basic anatomy of the human body involves understanding the structure and organization of body systems, organs, tissues, cavities, joints, bones, blood vessels, and nerves . Studying the structure of a particular body part while correlating it with clinical conditions of that particular body part is called clinically oriented anatomy; C.O.A. Physiology; study of function of body parts!

3. Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization . These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level . Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels. Therefore , molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form organisms .

4. Gross anatomy is subdivided into surface anatomy (the external body), regional anatomy (specific regions of the body), and systemic anatomy (specific organ systems). Microscopic anatomy is subdivided into cytology (the study of cells) and histology (the study of tissues ).

5. Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward . Standard anatomical position provides a clear and consistent way of describing human anatomy and physiology. When assessing an individual's anatomy, many anatomical terms are used to describe the relative positioning of various appendages in relation to the standardized position.

6. Basics and terminology

7. Movements of the Joints (Table 9.1) Type of Joint Movement Example Pivot Uniaxial joint; allows rotational movement Atlantoaxial joint (C1–C2 vertebrae articulation); proximal radioulnar joint Hinge Uniaxial joint; allows flexion/extension movements Knee; elbow; ankle; interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes Condyloid Biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers; radiocarpal joint of wrist; metatarsophalangeal joints for toes Saddle Biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements First carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; sternoclavicular joint Plane Multiaxial joint; allows inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column Intertarsal joints of foot; superior-inferior articular process articulations between vertebrae Ball-and-socket Multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements Shoulder and hip joints