An overview of GIG Economy and exploitation.pptx

An overview of gig economy and Challenges that a worker faced.

1. An overview of Gig Economy Presented by- Rajdeep Dhar , Economics (Honours) 3 rd year College Roll: HGC/ECOH/21/001 Date: 14/06/2024 Under the supervision of:- Prof Dr. Manuela Pal Prof Dr. Gautam Bhowmick PPT PRESENTATION OF PROJECT ON GIG RCONOMY, DSE-II PAPER

2. introduction A gig economy is a labor market that relies heavily on temporary and part-time positions filled by independent contractors and freelancers rather than full-time permanent employees. The rise of the gig economy has been fueled by advances in technology that have made it easier for individuals to connect with clients and customers without the need for traditional intermediaries . However, the gig economy also presents some challenges for workers. Because they are not employees of the companies they work for, they are not entitled to benefits like health insurance, sick leave, less cope of promotion, or retirement plans.

3. types of gig workers Independent contractor : Independent contractors are not employees of a company, and they work for a specific period on a project with the understanding that the project will end and the job will end. Independent contractors are not eligible for benefits from any company and are subject to self-employment tax. Self-employed employee : Gig workers can also be called self-employed employees. Self-employed workers don't have an employer-employee relationship with any company and are responsible for their work and expenses. Platform worker : Platform workers find work in gig apps and platforms such as Uber, Zomato or Fiverr. These workers might have general skills that allow them to work on several platforms or specialized skills and can only work on one platform. Freelancer : Freelancers work directly with companies that require service. They are given a goal or project to complete and a contract detailing payment details and the project timeline. Freelancers are also responsible for their brand and business management. They rely on their network of people and companies to bring new business.    Temporary worker : Temporary workers are a type of grey-area worker. A seasonal worker who works during holidays but is released after the holidays.

4. THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 Almost 70% of gig workers said they now have no income only 23% have some money saved Among gig workers and the self-employed, some 89% are now looking for a new source of income Over half of gig workers said they had lost their jobs

5. Objectives of the study To know the types of gig workers varying with different incomes and educational qualification & skills. To analysis the impact on gig economy in India during pre and post covid1-19 scenario . To analysis the challenges of gig workers. To prescribe appropriate policy prescription to defend the challenges of gig workers.

6. methodology Design : The study is done through quantitative, qualitative and descriptive analysis. A well-framed questionnaire ( in consultation with our respected supervisor) has been used for collecting the information from the respondents. Out-line of the study: We perform a survey for the requirement of the primary data on three important sectors i.e. the delivery boys, the store salesman and the drivers who worked independently. We also ensure during the research that any sector doesn’t follow the Minimum Wage Act 1948 , generally specifies minimum wage rates on a per day basis and is revised within a period not less five years and any exploitation in payment they suffered.

7. Finding and discussion The Figure 1 shows the earning of different sectors in gig with varying working hours with 14 samples [Source: Primary Data] Salesmen have the least varying working hours i.e. from 10 to 12 hours, where their income not depends on their work hours but depends on their respective company they work and their designation . The delivery boys were struggles a lot, whose income depend on how much they works in a day. The more the number of delivery they did in a day more their income was . There are two types of drivers, the trip-based independent drivers whose income depends on the number of trips within the city and professional drivers who drives a lot and travels from state to state and worked under a company and have a fixed salary. COMPARING SALARY TREND OF THREE SECTORS

8. AGE COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT SECTORS Figure 2 Variation in Age in different job roles [Source: Primary Data ] These kinds of jobs have no age limit in both entry and exit. In most cases, the age of 21 to 36 years is ideal for doing outside jobs. Here we found that delivery boy’s age varies from 21 to 26, salesman varies from 23 to 31 and the driver’s age varies from 32 to 41. This concludes that drivers are one of the most senior gig workers among all kinds. Delivery boys are the most easy to apply job with no such qualification except a two-wheeler license and a bike.

9. BENEFITS & FACILITIES OF DIFFERENT SECTORS Gig Sector Total no. of labours No. of female of workers Benefits and Rights         FMLA Employee’s Discount Incentives Commuter Benefits Additional compensation Food and product delivery 5 1 4 5 Store Salesman 6 2 6 6 Independent Drivers 3 3 3 3 Table 9: Benefits that are provided by their respective company [Source: Primary Data] At first we noted that there are no female participants in the delivery and driving sectors as per survey. Females generally prefer more indoor and comfortable jobs rather than travelling outside always. This happens due to various security reasons and restrictions from their family. Both delivery and driving sectors enjoyed benefits such as incentives and commuter benefits. Benefits such as FMLA and Employee’s discount are only enjoyed by store salesman, which makes them more close to traditional job category.

10. FINDING RATE OF EXPLOITATION S.NO SECTOR AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME=TOTAL/NO. AVG DAILY WORK HOURS 1 DELIVERY BOYS 15,200 12 2 STORE SALESMAN 20,500 9.5 3 DRIVERS 26,000 13 According to India Labor Law , employee weekly working hours cannot exceed 48 hours under normal circumstances. Daily work hour limits for working adults, on the other hand, can vary across cities and states. Regions like New Delhi and Mumbai limit daily working hours to only 9 hours. Table NO. : Average income calculated from findings in different sectors.( Source : Primary Data) Sector Rate of Exploitation Food Delivery 33.3% Store Salesman 5.5% Drivers 43.3% Assuming that they worked 26 days in a week i.e. excluding Saturdays. Table 8: Showing rate of exploitation or rate of surplus generated. (Source : Primary Data)

11. Prescription & conclusion The typical nature of gig work coupled with regulatory and uncertainty has allowed companies to continually exploit their workforce without bearing commensurate responsibilities under labor law. Three possible suggestion may be the followings:- The first session on occupational health, safety, and working conditions explored current labour laws (including the new labour codes) and the scope of their applicability to platform work. The issues highlighted by the discussants included impediments to worker organisation, exploitative work practices, and challenges faced by women platform workers.  The second session focussed on issues of algorithmic transparency and data protection, particularly the need to shift from mere algorithmic transparency to standard-setting. The issues raised were the overriding of labour protections through control by opaque algorithms, absence of data sharing with workers in relation to the quantum of work and client ratings among others.  The third and final session discussed global developments in the regulation of platform work, and identified issues such as the difficulties in regularising platform workers through standard employment contracts, barriers to legal reform and the role of the judiciary.

12. thank you