Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Blood vessels & circulation

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1. WARM-UP
1.What is the pacemaker? Where is it located?
2.List the parts of the intrinsic conduction
system of the heart.
3.Draw and label the 3 waves of a typical EKG
tracing. What is happening at each wave?
4.What causes the heart sounds (lub-dub)?

2. WARM-UP
1.Compare arteries, capillaries, & veins.
1.Imagine you are a red blood cell. List the
pathway you would travel through the body in a
complete circuit starting at a pinky toe.
2.Explain how blood pressure is measured.

3. WARM-UP
1.What is hypertension? What are possible
causes?
2.What is atherosclerosis?
3.What can you do to prevent atherosclerosis?
4.What treatment options are available for
patients with coronary atherosclerosis?

4. BLOOD VESSELS &
CIRCULATION

5. Vascular System: blood circulates inside
closed transport systems
Types of Blood Vessels:
Arteries (takes blood away from heart)
Arterioles
Capillary beds
Venules
Veins (return blood back to heart)

6. ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS
Three coats (tunics):
1.Tunica intima: endothelium
lines the interior of vessels;
decreases friction as blood
flows
2.Tunica media: smooth muscle
& elastic tissue (dilates &
constricts vessels)
3.Tunica externa: fibrous
connective tissue on outside
supports and protects vessels

8. BNN Arteries,+!!N CapillariesR Veins
•Blood away
from heart
•Thicker walls
•Withstand high
pressure
•Walls 1-cell
thick
•Exchange gases
between blood
and tissue cells
•Blood back to
heart
•Thinner walls
•Low pressure
•Large lumen
•ValvesValves: prevent
blood backflow
•Skeletal
muscles
enhance venous
return

9. VERICOSE VEINS
People stand for long periods of time  inactivity
or pressure on veins
Blood pools in feet and legs
Valves weaken  veins become twisted & dilated
Treatment: compression stockings, exercise, laser
treatment, surgery

10. VITAL SIGNS
Pulse: expansion &
recoil of an artery with
each beat of left
ventricle
Pressure points (eg.
carotid artery, radial
artery)
Normal resting: 70-76
beats/min

11. VITAL SIGNS
Blood pressure: pressure of blood on inner
walls of blood vessels
Systolic presure: peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure: ventricles relaxed
Written: Systolic/Diastolic
Normal: (120 mm Hg)/(70 mm Hg) or 120/70

12. MEASURING BLOOD
PRESSURE

14. USING A
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
Wrap cuff around upper arm
Place stethoscope on brachial artery
Inflate cuff to 180 mm Hg
Slowly release air  listen for whooshing sounds
in brachial artery (Korotkoff sounds)
Systolic: when sound begin to appear
Diastolic: when sounds disappear

15. YouTube: How to Measure Blood Pressure

16. HOMEOSTATIC
IMBALANCES
Hypertension: high blood pressure (>140/90)
Circulatory shock: acute hypotension
Blood loss
Atherosclerosis – artery walls thicken due to
fatty deposits (plaques)

17. STENT VS. BYPASS
SURGERY

19. CONGESTIVE HEART
FAILURE
Progressive weakening of heart
Low heart efficiency  circulation inadequate to
meet tissue needs
Caused by:
Coronary atherosclerosis
Persistent high blood pressure
Multiple heart attacks – scar tissue