Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes - Ch. 1 introduction

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1. Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1.How is anatomy different from physiology?
2.What are the levels of organization of the
human body from smallest  largest?
3.List the 11 organ systems of the body.

2. Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1.List the functional characteristics necessary to
maintain life.
2.List the survival needs of the body.

3. Ch. 1 Warm-Up
1.What is the anatomical position? Describe or
draw it.
2.How are the following cuts or planes made?
a)Frontal
b)Oblique
c)Transverse
d)Sagittal
3.What type of cut would separate the brain into
anterior and posterior parts?

4. The Human Body: An Orientation
Chapter 1

5. Objectives:
•Explain how structure complements function
•Name the levels of structural organization
•List the functions necessary for life
•List the survival needs of the body
•Define homeostasis and explain its significance
•Use correct anatomical terms to describe the
body

6. •Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts
and their relationship to one another
•Physiology: the function of the body parts
•Complementarity of Structure & Function
▫What a structure can do depends on its specific
form
▫“Structure dictates function”

7. Subdivisions of Anatomy
•Gross or Macroscopic
▫parts visible to naked eye
▫eg. regional, surface, systemic
•Microscopic
▫Cytology: study of cells
▫Histology: study of tissues
•Developmental
eg. embryology – study changes that occur before
birth

8. Physiology
•Focuses on events at cellular or molecular level
•Chemical & physical principles

9. Levels of Structural Organization
•chemical  cellular  tissue  organ  organ
system  organism

10. Overview of Organ Systems

11. Overview of Organ Systems

12. Overview of Organ Systems

13. Overview of Organ Systems

14. Overview of Organ Systems

15. Overview of Organ Systems

16. Necessary Life Functions for Humans
1.Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)
2.Movement (internal & external)
3.Responsiveness: sense changes and respond
4.Digestion: break down foods for absorption
5.Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body
6.Excretion: remove wastes
7.Reproduction: cell division, whole organism
8.Growth: increase in size/part

17. Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Oxygen
•Water
•Normal Body Temperature (98.6°F or 37°C)
•Atmospheric Pressure

18. Homeostasis
•Maintain relatively stable internal conditions
•Receptor (input)  control center  effector
(response)
•Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of stimulus
▫Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar levels
•Positive (+) feedback: increases response
▫Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting
•Diseases = homeostatic imbalance

23. Anatomical Position
•Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face
forward, thumbs pointing out

24. Terms you need to know:
•Superior (cranial)
•Inferior (caudal)
•Ventral (anterior)
•Dorsal (posterior)
•Medial
•Lateral
•Intermediate
•Proximal
•Distal
•Superficial (external)
•Deep (internal)
•Axial
•Appendicular
•Saggital plane
▫Midsaggital/median
▫Parasaggital
•Frontal (coronal)
plane
•Transverse
(horizontal) plane
•Oblique section

25. Directional Terms

26. Directional Terms

27. Directional Terms

28. Regional Terms
•Axial: main part of body
= head, neck, & trunk
•Appendicular: limbs
attached to axis

29. The body can be cut (sectioned) along flat
surfaces called planes
•Sagittal planeSagittal plane: divides into right/left
▫Median or midsagittal (exactly down middle)
▫Parasaggital
•Frontal/coronal planeFrontal/coronal plane: divides into
anterior/posterior
•Transverse/horizontal planeTransverse/horizontal plane: divides into
superior/inferior
•ObliqueOblique: diagonal cuts between horizontal &
vertical

34. Which plane is shown below?
kidneys brain thigh
heart
head
chest
(lungs + heart)

35. Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity::
▫Cranial cavity
▫Vertebral/spinal cavity
•Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity
▫Thoracic
lungs, heart, trachea,
esophagus
▫Abdominopelvic
digestive, reproductive,
urinary

37. Membranes
SerosaSerosa: lines ventral
body cavity & outer
surfaces of organs
▫Parietal serosa Parietal serosa – lines
cavity wall
▫Visceral serosa Visceral serosa – folds
in; covers organs in
cavity
•Serous fluidSerous fluid: lubricates
space between
membranes

38. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

39. Abdominopelvic Regions