Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its Diseases

This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.

1. Normal Anatomy And Physiology Of Respiratory System & Its Diseases By: Raghad AlDehaylib

2. Objectives Introduction Anatomy of upper & lower respiratory tracts Conducting zone vs. Respiratory zone The passage of air through the respiratory system Paranasal sinuses

3. Objectives Pulmonary pleurae Muscles of respiration Normal mechanism of respiration Normal neuromuscular function in breathing Conclusion

4. Introduction

5. Organs of the Respiratory System Conducting zone carries , filters , humidifies and warms incoming air. Respiratory zone is the site where the actual gas exchange occurs.

6. The passage of air through the respiratory system

7. Upper Respiratory Tract Anatomy

8. 1: Nasal Cavity Air is going to come into the nasal cavity and pass through the NASAL CONCHAE which is covered in mucosa.

9. Rhinitis RHINITIS is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose , characterized by a runny nose and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold or a seasonal allergy.

10. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled cavities located in the skull bones around the nasal cavity. Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Sphenoid sinus Maxillary sinus

11. Paranasal Sinuses contd. Reducing the weight of the head Air humidification Aiding in voice resonance

12. Sinusitis Healthy sinuses are filled with air. But when they become blocked and filled with fluid , germs can grow and cause an infection. Sinusitis is an inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses. It can be ACUTE or CHRONIC.

13. 2: Pharynx It is a muscular tube , deficient anteriorly , where it lies behind the nasal cavities, the mouth and the larynx. The pharynx is divided into three parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

14. 2: Pharynx contd. An anatomical term describing the annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue (tonsils) in the pharynx. The tonsils are part of the lymphatic system, which helps to fight infections. Waldeyer's Tonsillar Ring

15. Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils. Usually caused by a viral infection or, less commonly, a bacterial infection. The main symptom of tonsillitis is a sore throat. Common condition in children, teenagers and young adults. It is either ACUTE or CHRONIC.

16. 3: Larynx (The Voice Box) The larynx is an air passage , and an organ of phonation. The larynx is made up of specially shaped cartilages that are connected by ligaments & membranes.

17. Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy

18. Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy contd.

19. 4: Trachea (The Windpipe) A tube about 4 inches long and less than an inch in diameter in most people. The trachea begins just under the larynx and runs down behind the sternum. The trachea then divides into two smaller tubes called BRONCHI : one bronchus for each lung.

20. Tracheoesophageal Fistula Normally, the esophagus and the trachea are two separate tubes that are not connected. TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA is an abnormal connection in one or more places between the esophagus and the trachea . TE fistula is a birth defect , and occurs as a fetus is forming in its mother's uterus.

21. 5: Bronchi and Bronchioles Bronchi have cartilaginous support in the connective tissue that helps keep them open. Bronchioles are smaller, have no cartilaginous support , and are at the end of the respiratory conducting system, the tubes that lead directly into alveoli.

22. Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs. Bronchitis is divided into two types: ACUTE and CHRONIC. Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis. In most cases, the cause of acute bronchitis is a viral infection.

23. Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory injury of the bronchioles. Usually caused by a viral infection (most commonly RSV). Common in young children and infants.

24. Pulmonary Pleurae The pleurae refer to the serous membranes that line the lungs and thoracic cavity.

25. Pleural Membranes The visceral and parietal pleurae are one continuous membrane , forming sealed envelopes surrounding each lung.

26. Pleural Space (Cavity) The potential space between visceral and parietal membranes.

27. Pleurisy A condition in which the pleura becomes inflamed , also called pleuritis. Pleurisy causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing.

28. Muscles of respiration

29. Quiet Respiration Inspiratory Muscles: Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Expiratory Muscles: No muscle action is needed because it is a PASSIVE PROCESS

30. Forced Respiration Accessory muscles of inspiration: Sternomastoid Scalene Pectoralis major Accessory muscles of expiration: Abdominals (Rectus abdominis)

31. Muscle Diseases Affecting Respiration Myopathy is a disorder of the muscle. Several congenital myopathies lead to progressive muscular weakness. Muscular dystrophies are one of the most common examples of this type of disease.

32. Muscular Dystrophy A group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscle. Patients with muscular dystrophy frequently die of respiratory failure or pneumonia.

33. Muscular Dystrophy contd

34. Normal mechanism of Respiration

35. Pulmonary Ventilation (Inhalation) During normal inhalation: the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. the ribcage elevates. the volume of the lungs increases. air pressure drops. air rushes in.

36. Restrictive Lung Diseases People with restrictive lung disease cannot fully fill their lungs with air. Tuberculosis Pleural effusion Myopathy Scoliosis Obesity

37. Pulmonary Ventilation (Exhalation) During normal exhalation: The muscles relax. The lungs become smaller. The air pressure rises. Air is expelled.

38. Obstructive Lung Diseases People with obstructive lung disease have shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis Asthma Cystic fibrosis

39. NORMAL NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION IN BREATHING

40. The Respiratory Pump Normal breathing during rest, exercise, and sleep requires a healthy respiratory pump for effective movement of air in and out of the chest.

41. The Respiratory Pump contd. In healthy people, the respiratory pump is an efficient servomechanism: Sensing respiratory gasses. Determining from the gas information the necessary depth and rate of ventilation. Transmitting ventilatory depth and rate impulses through the nerves to the muscles to obtain the required ventilation.

42. Damage to any portion of the pump may lead to respiratory failure!

43. Respiratory centers are affected by a number of disease processes and drugs.

44. - An example of a disease caused by an abnormality in the respiratory center. - It is characterized by lapses of breathing effort during sleep. Central Sleep Apnea

45. Conclusion

46. What is the difference between conducting zone and respiratory zone? What are the muscles needed for quiet inspiration? Mention some examples of obstructive lung diseases.

47. References http://www.mayoclinic.org http://antranik.org www.webmd.com http://www.nhs.uk childrensnational.org beta.nhs.uk Wilkin’s Respiratory Disease Respiratory Care Anatomy & Physiology

48. Thank you for listening