ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY chapter 16: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY chapter 16

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 16: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

cons

produce gametes (excl) ond secrete
hormones

épis

crus ot) deferens
cccessory organs

“seminal glands veils)
external gentoo

penis

‘ood vera
covering of he testes
unis ebugine:copsule tat surrounds

Sept: extensions of the capsule that

tightly coled suture
fonction a permforming factores
‘empty sperminto the er er
cias
«Imre clin the seminiferous tubules
produce androgens suchas testosterone
1610 Duct System
+. Manaports sperm from the Body and incase:
pias
epididymis
Moy convoluted tube m 20 1) ong
found along he posterior tera se of he testis
st porto he mole duct system
temporary storage sie fr Immature perm
Sperm mature as they oumey through he
eisioymis
ductus (vos deferens
‘runs rom the pidaymis vie the spermatic cord
Arough the inguinal cool and reer over the
‘mpulla end ofthe ductus deferens, which
empties into me eacuiatry dct
‘joculatory duc posses rough the
+ Socultion
Geterens create paris woves to
squeeze sperm forward
of he testes prevents ranspertation of
‘perm lomo birth contre

retro
the ip of he penis
+ caries bot urine ond sperm
© sperm enters rom me ejocultory duct
2 Gretta region:

2. 2. surrounded by prostate gland
prostatic era fo penis
3. spongy (penile) uretra
©" runs the lang of he penis tothe
‘prevents urine rom posing int the
‘reves sperm from entering the xnary
1630 Accessory Glan
2 bulbourethat lands
produce a Mic, yellowish secretion (60% of
Semen that contains.
fructose ger)
prostaglandins
+ duet of each seminal veil jin tht ofthe
caro ct
prostate
2 encircles the upper prostate) part of the uretra
2 secretos o mil tu
Dulbourethral glande
+ posited glands inferior tthe prostate
+ produce a hick, coor mucus
mucus anses te spongy (ene)
Urethra of ci wine prio to jocution
mucus serves os a Ibrican during sexual

+ components of accessory gland secretions
10 dite sperm
< fate provides energy or sperm Gas
Ga of semen els neutrale the
‘cic environment o vagina
Semen mie bacteria.
+ penis
= "divided saco kn outside he abdomen mar
houses he testes
temperature

+ mole organo copulation that delivers spam into
+ regions ofthe pens
‘los penis (etorged ip)
prepuce (foreskin)
= flded cu of kn round promo
a often removed by circumcision
+ interaty ere ore tree ores of spongy erectile
blood during sexual excitement
162. MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
produce sperm
produce a hormone, testosterone
1620 spermatogenesis
‘begins at puberty ond continues
milions of sperm are made every doy
‘spermatogonia primitive stem cet) begin
the process by diving rapid
uring puberty, oie stint
hormane (FSH is secreted in neresing

i =
ee

# each division o spermatogonium stem el
‘ype A doughter cl
cal population
type 8 durer cat
= which becomes primary
Sermetocye, destined to undergo
‘special type of nuclear division thot liters
‘murs he gonads
cts (meiosis end 11)
resul in four dough cals gametes)
+ games are spermatias wih 25 chromosome
25 chromosomes ore ho the aol 46
Food in er body cat

3. (alte genetic materia as other
body cels
+ union of a perm (25 chromosomes,n win on egg
3 chromosomes 1) rates a aygote an, or 46
<tromosomes

spermiogenesis
+” spermatid re nonmotie and nt functional os
+ sreomining process is needed to rip excess
‘ytoplasm rom aspermatió ond modify rite a
+ spermnas tre regions:
reas
+ emir process ol spermatogenesis, incucing
spermiogenesis, okes 641 72 days

1420 Testosterone Production
during puberty:
{oti stimulating hormone (FH) begins
Prodding seminiferous tubes 1 produce
Leising hormone (LH begin thing
the interstices o produce

‘+ most important hormonal product ofthe testes

2 simulresreproducive orgondeveopment
eepening ot vice
Increased har growth
enlorgement of steel muscles
Inereoted bone growth ond density

system
2 duer system
urine Colon) tubes

+ produce eggs ove) and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)
+ ech ovary houses ovarian flies consisting of
oocyte: immanre 299
{otic call layer offrent cts thot

steround he oocyte

caen 7 4 a

ovarian folies
"contains an immature ocyte

+ vesieuarGroation) folie:

‘roning folie with o matring oocyte
‘the foc ruptures when the eggs
mature and ready 1 be ejected rom he
‘vary occurs about every 28 days

4. covery support
2! spensoy igoment secure he ovaries othe
lateral walls ofthe pei
media
+ Broas igamans,a od of pertoneum, encose

es]

1639 Duet System
+ teri otopion ter

vagin

urine falpian) tubes
‘Term the intial port o he due system
1 receive the ovuloted oocyte rom he vores

pay no the eras
+ supported and enloed by he broad ligament
‘distal, unne-shoped end
+ fm
"inge projectons of he infundibulum
receive the oocyte from the ovary
transport the ote
2° shuated between the urinary bladder and rectum
+. sto and shope of «peer, in a woman whe has
+ receives, retains, wishes feria egg
erie support
"brood ligament suspends the uterus inthe pes
©. roundligoment anchors the ters entr.
1 Uieroserligamentonchor the uerur
poser
regions
+ body main portion
1 fundus supariorrounded region above where
uterino robe enters
vegino
lovers of outros
inner ayer (mucoso)
sloughs ot no pregnancy occurs
(enstrution or menses)
myometrium

‘middle layer of smooth muscle thot
contact during labor
+ perimenium Gsceral peritoneum)
‘of body ands located between urinary bladder
+ Serves of he cono that own @baby or
mens owt leave he body
+ female organ of copulation
{receive the pens during sexu intercourse
+ men
poriely loses the vagina unis
pres
1636 External Genitalia and Female Prineum
‘mons pubis
‘renter veu glande

mons pubis
2 tony ore oveying he pubic symphysis
covered with pubic oi fer puberry
+ abia moje
encore the bie minoro
Seo encores he vertbule
‘enclosed by labia majors
contains external openings ofthe urethra and
Fog
one found on each id ofthe vogina
= secretions brite vagina during intercourse
1 corresponde fo the mole paris
composed of serve erectile issue
‘wollen with Boog during sexual
perineum
+ clamond-shoped region between te anterior
‘end ofthe lb ods, anus posterior, and
Ischl tubers erty

5. + totlsupply of aggre determined by the time

+ obli tree eggs begin ot puberty with he
‘onset of he menstrual eyle
+ reproduetive aby ends ot menopause in

females fis)
1640. Oogenesit andthe Ovarian Cycle
+ proces of producing ovo (age) in female
‘cogonia ore female stem cas found in a
developing ers
‘gona undergo miter 1 produce
Primary oocytes tht ere srounded by
every
+ primary ocytes ore inactive un puberty
© olicie-simusaing hormone (FSH) cours ome
primary flies 1e mature each month
+ Syeie monty chonges constitute te ovarian
ce
+ ein rs ise mating alice
rs meiotic vision produce larger
secondary oocyte onda smal fst polor
oy
‘2 veseuar folic contains secondary
(oa (maturation am a primary fte
Toke about doy
+ ontario of a secondary oocyte occur wth the
relose of utiniing hormone (LH)
+ secondary oocyte is rleose and surounded by a
+ meiosis completed ater ovation ont it sperm
penetrate the oocyte
‘ovum is produced
2oaditional polo bodies ae produced
combined with he 2 cromosomas ofthe sperm
o om te feiss ego (got)
the secondary oocyte Isar penetrated by a
meiosis
2° moles: produces fur functional perm
1 femaier produce one functional um ond tree
tiny polo bodies
oa y on ná ue wh nenn
+ 9 logo, is nonmotie, nd hor nutrient reserves
‘enous he embry until implontation

164b. Hormone Production by the Overies
estrogen
+ produced by oe cate
enlargement of accessory organs of he
female reproductive system
development of breasts
‘2ppeeranc o axilar and pubic air
Por in hips ond besos
widening and ighteing of the pis
nse of menses (menstual ce)
+ produced by the corpus teur
production continues un LH iminishos in he
+ does not contribute tothe oppearonce of
Secondary sx characteristics
bs main pregnancy
repars the Breast fo mi production
1446 Uterine (Menstrua Cycle
+ cycle changer of he endometrium, about 28 days
+ regulated by cyte production of estrogens ond
progesterone bythe ovaries
+ Ft ond LH rom the atarir pty, equate
1e production of estrogens and progesterone by
+ ovaltion typically occurs about may through
‘yee, on day 4
+ Stages of the menstrol eye
‘menstrual phase
pralterotivestoge
© Secretory 090
"+ functional ayer of he endometrium sstoughed
bleeding occurs for 31 5 days
by doy, growing creo flia oe producing
oy 14: proliferative stage
"+ regeneration of functional layer ofthe
‘endometriam
‘endometrium is repaire thickens, ond
+ estrogen eves rie
+ Owen oceurs in he ovary tthe endo his
stage

6. "levels of progesterone rie nd increase the blood
supply 10 the endometrium, which becomes more
+ endometriam inereoss in ie and reais fr
embryo produces a hormone hat causes
‘he corpus luteum to continue producing
+ itfetzation does ot acer:
‘corpus tou degenerates os LH blood

On Ye

une Seer Ono Sn Sot

+ present in both sexes, ut function on in females
‘modified sweat glands
+ funcions 1 produce mik nourish a newborn
{stimulated by ex hormones (most esrogen) to
+ part ofthe mammary gana:
‘rele cena pigmented area
‘ppl: protruding central reo of oreola
contain clusters of alveolar glands

‘olveolar glands: produce milk when a
‘womon slctoing (producing milo
loctiteros duets connect aviar lonas
toni

Ioctteros sinus dies portion where

mommograpny

2" ray examination that detects breast cancers too
mai os!

+ American Cancer Soisy recommends
manmogrophy anni for women between 45
nd 54 years land every 2 years thereat if
bret cancer i often signaled by a change in
skin textre,puckring, or leakage from triple

pregnancy time rom fetliztion untl inant is
dom
concept developing ffpring
‘embryo period of ine fem fertilization
fetus week 9 uni
gestation pris ram date of lost period uni
birth approximately 280 days)
1640 Accomplishing Ferttzation
+ oocyte is viable up o 24 hours after ovulation

7. ‘must occur no more man 2 days before
raton and o later Mon 24 ours oter

+ aperm el must make their way tothe uterine

‘sperm cell ar acid o the cocyt by

+ wen seem reach he oocyte:

‘naymesbreok down the folic cel of
‘the corona rote around the oocyte
‘sperm undergo an crosomel recon
membrane receptors on th ost pullin
‘he head of me fs sperm cel 10 make
oo undergoes second meiste ion
to produce on ovum anda pole body

+ ferien occurs when the generic teil of à

sperm combines with that ofen oocyte
164b Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
te res of he fusion of DNA from sperm ond
E)

+ begin pid mitotic cel visions, known os

ceovoge

1 rope seis of mitre division mat begins wih
the zygote

+ Sys after ovation, he embryo reaches the

Dlostocys (chorion vesicle)

1 storetes human chorone gonadorropin (CG) 10
induce the corps luteum to connue producing,
Hormone, preventing menses uni he placenta

+ funcional reos of bstoeyst

1. wophoblest Jorge ied sphere
2. nner cel most euer of cls 0 one ide
+ by doy ater ovation the blosacyt has

+ Inner ce mas of bestocyst develops inte
primary germ layers
ectoderm: outside layer, which

|= endoderm: inside layer, which
gions

= mesodemm: mide aye which
Sverre to everyting see

()- ¿En —

otter implantation, Me roproblast ofthe
bosta develop chorionic vil (projections)
‘ttoched 1 o placenta by an umbilical ere

the embryo

“umbilical cord blood vesel-contining

ok of tase

forms a borer bemeen mater and embryo
load not exchanged)

+ delivers nutriente and oxygen

{removes woste rom embryonic blood

1 becomes an endocrine organ and takes over for
‘he corpus teur y end of second monty
produces esrogen, progesterone, and other
hormones thot martin pregnancy

+ cltrgon systems are formed bythe end of he
eighth week
oct of he fetus regrowth nd organ
+ fetal stage ison of tremendous growth ond
change oppearance
1040 Ets of Pregnancy on the Mother
pregnancy: peros rom conception unir
enstomicl changes
1 sccentuatedumbarcurvtur ordis)
1 rlsarion ofthe peti igomens nd pub
symphysis due 1 production of the hormane

8. physiological changes
‘morring sickness is common andi due to
‘vated progesterone and estragens
heartbum is common because of gon
crowding byte ets
‘constipation caused by declining
moy of he digestive oct
Kidneys hve edltionl burden and
‘torus compresses the bladder, cousin
+ respirator system
natal mucosa becomes congested and
‘itl capacity ond respiratory ote
‘Spon (Sct brething) occurs during
+ eordiovaseuar system
‘Dod volume increases by 25% 10 40%
© Blood pressure and pulse ncease
Chili Partrtion)
+ labor seres of events hat expl the infont rom
the terse
yn, expulve contractions
ireguor nein contoctons
¡terna conection begin
yon is ease bythe piton
combined effects of sing levels of hormones
‘oxytocin and prostaiondineinitites
‘contractions and forces the baby deeper nto the
moter pes

© falaotion 10cm
{uterine contractions begin and increase
2 corvcsoftens and effoces ins)
+ ormnion ruptures Creaking the water")
+ longest stage, ao Zhou
Soars
(a) Diao (of carve)

‘font poses trough he cervix ond vagina
Sans os tong as 2 hours but ypiealy 50
minutes inthe first ir and 20 minutes in

subsequent births
2 Breceh presentation utoc rt

(9) Exputaton (ettvary of intent)
Poca tose
‘elvery of he placenta
© ua eecomplshed within 15 minuts otter ir
tient
+ ofterbirhplocente ond oached fetal
+ aliplocena fragments shouldbe removed to
‘void postpartum beeing

9. MR =

0 eat (nar pacta)

167 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE
+ ender is determined a terization
© females XX sex chromosomes
+ reproductivo system structures of mals ond
female re incl during ary development
+ gonads do nt begin o form unt he eighth we
+ presence or absence of restosterone determines
Whether mola or female accessory reproductive
1 reproductive system organs do ot function fr
‘hearing un puberty
‘+ puberty usuaty begins between ages 10 and 15
‘of puberty (often around age 13
= budding breasts signal puberty often around ge
m
+ menarche fist menstrual period (sual occurs
‘bout 2 yeors oer)
menopause
whole yor has passed without menstruation
‘vores stop functioning or endocrine organs
chdbearng airy ends
o equivalent of menopause in males, bu aras
ready decine in testosterone
contraception
+ bith contol
+ most ed contraceptive
raie constant sup of ovario hormones
trom pe simor to pregnancy
+ ovarian flies do not mature, ovulation nase,
mens ow ie reduced
moring after MAP)
2 token within days of unprotected intercourse
{disrupts normal hormonal signals fo he point Mot
terization le prevented
cote hormonal bith control devices ease cervical
mii ables)
+ norplant ods placed under he sin)
Inwoutrine device (UD)
pli or metal device inserte into varus
+ tubaltigation fomes: cur or couterz uterino
+ vosectomy (mals) cut or cautr the duets

+ withdrawal of pens prior ejaculation
yt eriiy awareness)
‘ovoid intercourse during period of ovulation or
ferry
record deity basal temperature (body
temperature rises after ovltion |
‘record changes in pater of cervical mucus
+ slophrogms
+ ges
+ sponges
boron
+ termination of pregnancy
miscorioge
‘= spontaneous abortions common and frequenty
‘Seeurs before a woman knows she e pregnant
uses, or abortion pill

+ induce miscarriage during fist 7 weeks of
pregnancy