anatomy and physiology-lecture2.pdf

Anatomy and human physiology for biomedical engineering

1. Lecturer: AssistAnt Prof.
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
AnAtomy & And HumAnAnAtomy & And HumAn
orgAnorgAnPHysiologyPHysiology
Dr. MAwAhib GAfAr AbDALrAhMAn
Lecture 2
MeeMee221221

2. Quiz time Quiz time Quiz time Quiz time
2

3. 1-Which of the following describes
anatomy?
(a) Study of the structure of human body
(b) What is anatomy called Pathology
(c) Answer (a) and answer (b)
2-Which of the following would likely
require the use of a microscope?
2-Which of the following would likely
require the use of a microscope?
(a) Histology
(b) Cytology
(c) Gross anatomy
(d) All of these
(e)(a) and (b) only
3

4. Part B: Write the scientific term against Part B: Write the scientific term against
the following phrases/questionsthe following phrases/questions
1-The study of the structure and function of
cells (…………………………)
2-Study of tiny anatomical structures 2-Study of tiny anatomical structures
(………………………………………)
3-It is the study of tissues (………………….)
4

5. outline of lecture 2outline of lecture 2
1-Introduction to Organ
Systems
2-Anatomical position2-Anatomical position
3-Anatomical planes
5

6. introduction to orgAn systemsintroduction to orgAn systems
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7. orgAn systems/ orgAn systems/ by functionby function
body covering body covering
a.TheIntegumentary
system,includingskin,hair,
nails,andvariousglands,nails,andvariousglands,
coversthebody,senses
changesoutsidethebody,
andhelpsregulatebody
temperature.
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Integumentary system

8. integumentAry systemintegumentAry system
Major Organs:
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
Functions
•Protects against environmental
hazards.
•Helps regulate body temperature.
•Vitamin D production.
•Provides sensory information.

9. suPPort And movement suPPort And movement
a.Theskeletalsystemismadeupofbonesand
ligaments.Itsupports,protects,providesframeworks,
storesinorganicsalts,andhousesblood-forming
tissues.tissues.
b.Themuscularsystemconsistsofthemusclesthat
providebodymovement,posture(status,situation,
position),andbodyheat.
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10. 10

11. Skeletal system Skeletal system Muscular systemMuscular system

12. skeletAlskeletAlsystemsystem
Major Organs:
Bones
Cartilages ﻒﯾرﺎﻀﻏ
Associated ligaments
ﺔﻄﺑرﻻا
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ﺔﻄﺑرﻻا
Bone marrow ﻢﻈﻌﻟا عﺎﺨﻧ
Function
•Provides support and protection
for other tissue.
•Stores calcium and other minerals
•Forms blood cells

13. musculAr systemmusculAr system
Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and
associated tendons
Function
13
Function
•Provides movement
•Provides support and protection
for other tissue.
•Generates heat that maintains
body temperature.

14. integrAtion And coordinAtionintegrAtion And coordinAtion
a.Thenervoussystemconsistsofthebrain,
spinalcord,nerves,andsenseorgans.It
integratesincominginformationfrom
receptorsandsendsimpulsestomusclesand
integratesincominginformationfrom
receptorsandsendsimpulsestomusclesand
glands.
b.Theendocrinesystem,includingallofthe
glandsthatsecretehormones,helpsto
integratemetabolicfunctions.
14

15. orgAn systems..orgAn systems..
Nervous systemEndocrine system
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16. nervous systemnervous system
Major Organs:
Brain
Spinal cordﻲﻛﻮﺸﻟا ﻞﺒﺤﻟا
Peripheral nerves بﺎﺼﻋﻻا
ﺔﯿﻓﺮﻄﻟا
Sense organs
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Sense organs
Function
•Directsimmediateresponseto
stimuli.
•Coordinates activitiesofother
organsystems.
•Providesandinterpretssensory
information about external
conditions.

17. endocrine systemendocrine system
Major Organs:
Pituitary glandﺔﯿﻣﺎﺨﻨﻟا
Thyroid glandﺔﯿﻗرﺪﻟا
Pancreas
Adrenal glandsﺔﯾﺮﻈﻜﻟا
Gonads glandsﺔﯿﻠﺳﺎﻨﺘﻟا
Endocrine tissues in other systems
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Endocrine tissues in other systems
Function
•Directslong-termchangesinthe
activitiesofotherorgansystems.
•Adjustsmetabolicactivityand
energyusebythebody.
•Controlsmanystructuraland
functional changes during
development.

18. trAnsPorttrAnsPort
a.The cardiovascularsystem, made up of the heart and
blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout
the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b.The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and
includes cells of immunity.
18

19. orgAnorgAnsystems..systems..
Cardiovascular systemLymphatic system
19

20. cArdiovAsculAr systemcArdiovAsculAr system
Major Organs:
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
Function
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Function
•Distributesbloodcells,water,
anddissolvedmaterialsincluding
nutrients, waste products,
oxygen,andcarbondioxide.
•Distributesheatandassistsin
controlofbodytemperature.

21. lymPHAticlymPHAticsystemsystem
Major Organs:
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels ﺔﯾوﺎﻔﻤﯿﻠﻟا ﺔﯿﻋوﻷا
Lymph nodes ﺔﯾوﺎﻔﻤﯿﻠﻟا دﺪﻐﻟا
Tonsils ﻦﯿﺗزﻮﻠﻟا
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Function
•Defendsagainstinfectionand
disease.
•Returnstissuefluidstothe
bloodstream.

22. AbsorPtionAbsorPtionAndAndexcretionexcretion
a.The digestivesystem is made up of the mouth, stomach,
intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and
absorbs nutrients.
b.The respiratorysystem exchanges gases between the blood b.The respiratorysystem exchanges gases between the blood
and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways.
c.The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps
to maintain water and electrolyte balance.
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23. orgAnorgAnsystemssystems
Digestive system
Respiratory
Urinary system
23

24. digestivedigestivesystemsystem
Major Organs:
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx مﻮﻌﻠﺒﻟا
Esophagus ئﺮﻤﻟا
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Esophagus ئﺮﻤﻟا
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

25. digestivedigestivesystem…. consystem…. con
Function
•Processesanddigestsfood.
•Absorbsandconserves (save)water.
25
•Absorbsandconserves (save)water.
•Absorbsnutrients(ions,waterandthe
breakdown productsofdietarysugars,
proteinsandfats)
•Storesenergyreserves.

26. resPirAtoryresPirAtorysystemsystem
Major Organs:
Nasal cavities
Sinuses ﺔﯿﻔﻧﻷا بﻮﯿﺠﻟا
Larynx ةﺮﺠﻨﺤﻟا
Trachea ﺔﯿﺋاﻮﮭﻟا ﺔﺒﺼﻘﻟا
Bronchi ﻦﯿﺘﺒﻌﺸﻟا
Function
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Bronchi ﻦﯿﺘﺒﻌﺸﻟا
Lungs
Alveoli
Function
•Deliversairtoalveoli(sites
inlungswheregasexchange
occurs).
•Provideoxygentoblood-
stream.
•Removes carbon dioxide
frombloodstream.
•Produces sounds for
communication.

27. urinAryurinArysystemsystem
Major Organs:
Kidneys
Ureters ﻦﯿﺒﻟﺎﺤﻟا
Urinary bladder ﺔﻧﺎﺜﻤﻟا
Urethra يﺮﺠﻣurine
Function
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Function
•Excreteswasteproductsfromtheblood.
•Controlswaterbalancebyregulating
volumeofurineproduced.
•Storesurinepriortovoluntary
elimination.
•Regulatesbloodionconcentrationsand
pH.

28. a.produces new
organisms.
Two main systems:-
i.The male
Male reproductive system
reProductionreProduction
i.The male
reproductive system
ii.The female
reproductive system
28Female reproductive system

29. mAle reProductive systemmAle reProductive system
Major Organs:
Testes
Seminal vesicles
Penis
Scrotum
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Scrotum
Function
•Producesmalesexcells(sperm)
andhormones.

30. femAlefemAlereProductivereProductive
systemsystem
Major Organs:
•Ovaries
•Uterus
•Vagina
•Mammary glands
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•Mammary glands
Function
•Producesfemalesexcells(Oocytes).
•Supportsdevelopingembryo(نﯾﻧﺟ
fromconceptiontodelivery.
•Providemilkto(feed)newborn
infant.

31. AnAtomicAl PositionAnAtomicAl Position
31
AnAtomicAl PlAnesAnAtomicAl PlAnes

32. AnAtomicAl PositionAnAtomicAl Position
(figure)(figure)
Tuesday, January 31,
2023
32

33. AnAtomicAl Position AnAtomicAl Position
((descriPtion) descriPtion)
•AnatomicalPosition:
standingerect,facing
forward,upperlimbsat
thesides,palmsfacingthesides,palmsfacing
forwardandthumbs
out
•Anatomicposition–referstoa
personstandingerectwithface
forward,upperlimbshangingto
thesidesandpalmsforward.
Tuesday, January 31,
2023
33Integumentary system

34. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
1.Superior–
replaces ‘above’ or
‘up’, means
toward the head
2.Inferior–
replaces ‘below’
or ‘down’, means
toward the feet
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35. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
3. Anterior–also
called ventral on
animals, means
frontfront
4. Posterior–also
called dorsal on
animals, means
back
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36. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
5. Lateral –means
toward the side
6. Medial –means 6. Medial –means
toward the middle
7. Intermediate -
between two
structures.
36

37. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
8. Proximal–means
near or toward
the point of
attachment
9. Distal –means
distant or far from
the point of
attachment
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38. Proximal vs. distal Proximal vs. distal
38
*Proximal and distal mostly used for
extremities (arms and legs).

39. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
10.Superficial–meanstowardthe
surface(nearertothesurfaceofthe
body)
11. Deep–means away from the surface
or toward the inside (internal)
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40. SuperficialSuperficial vs. Deepvs. Deep
40

41. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
12. Prone -is a body position in which
the person lies flat with the chest down
and the back up. Inanatomical terms
of location, the Posterior (dorsal )side
is up, and the Anterior (ventral)side is is up, and the Anterior (ventral)side is
down.
41Face and hands facing downward

42. DirectionAL terMsDirectionAL terMs
13.Supine-meanslyinghorizontallywith
thefacefacingup,asopposedtothe
proneposition,whichisfacedown.
Usinganatomicaltermsoflocation,the(
Posterior)dorsalsideisdown,andthePosterior)dorsalsideisdown,andthe
(Anterior)ventralsideisup.
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Face and hands facing upward

43. AnAtoMicAL PLAnesAnAtoMicAL PLAnes
Anatomical planes:
arehypotheticalplaneused
totransect(cut)thebody,in
ordertodescribetheordertodescribethe
locationofstructuresorthe
directionofmovements.
Inhumanandanimalanatomy,
threeprincipalplanesare
used: Frontal (coronal),
Sagittal,Transverse.
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44. AnAtoMicAL PLAnes AnAtoMicAL PLAnes (descriPtion) (descriPtion)
1. Frontal (coronal) –divides the body into
anterior and posterior
2. Sagittal–divides the body into right and left
–midsagittal divides body into equal right and
left halves
–midsagittal divides body into equal right and
left halves
3. Transverse (horizontal)–divides the body
into superior and inferior

45. (coronal) –divides the
body into anterior and
posterior
(horizontal

46. 46

47. 1/31/2023 47
IN THE CELL