Anatomy and Physiology of Cardiovascular system

AP lecture notes

1. 1Syed Yousaf Shah

2. Objectives
1. Review the anatomy&
physiology of
cardiovascular system.
Strategies
•Discussion
•Lecture
•Group activity
•Question & answering
2Syed Yousaf Shah

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Blood vessels, along with the heart,
are responsible for the circulation of
blood throughout the body.

4. LOCATION OF THE HEART
•RESTS ON THE DIAPHRAGM
•NEAR THE MIDLINE OF THE THORACIC CAVITY

5. The heart resides in the pericardium
oA loose membranous sac.
Epicardium
◦Continuous with the pericardium
Myocardium
◦Composed of bands of involuntary striated muscle fibers
Endocardium
◦Thin layer of tissue lining the inside of the heart
Three Layers of The Heart

6. •Atria
–Thin-walled upper chambers
–Separated by atrial septum
–Right side of septum has oval depression, fossa ovalis
cordis, remnant of the foramen ovale
–Act as receiving chamber for blood returning from the
body and lungs
Four Chambers of The Heart

7. Left atrium
Fossa ovalis cordis
Right atrium
Atrial septum
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

8. •Ventricles
–Lower chambers which make up the bulk of
the muscle mass of the heart
–Left ventricle 2/3 larger than right ventricle
–Right ventricle is a thin-walled and oblong,
like pocket attached to left ventricle
Four Chambers of The Heart

9. •Ventricles
–Contraction of left ventricle pulls in right
ventricle, aiding its contraction (termed left
ventricular aid)
–Separated by intraventricular septum
Four Chambers of The Heart

10. Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Intraventricular septum
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

11. Four Valves of the Heart
•Tricuspid valve
–Separates right atrium from right ventricle
•Pulmonic semilunar valve
–Separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery

12. Four Valves of the Heart
•Bicuspid (mitral) valve
–Separates left atrium from left ventricle
•Aortic semilunar valve
–Separates left ventricle from aorta

13. Blood flow from right ventricle to lungs Blood flow from left ventricle to aorta

14. Four Valves of the Heart
•Chordae tendineae cordis
–Anchor free ends of A-V valves to papillary
muscles
–Prevent A-V valves from pushing upward into
atria during ventricular contraction

15. Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonic semilunar valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae cordis
Papillary muscles

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Circulation and the Vascular System
•Septum divides the heart into a
right and left side
•Has four chambers:
•Right and left atrium
•Right and left ventricle
•Valves allow blood to pass from
the atria to the ventricles
•The pulmonary artery and aorta
carry blood away from the heart

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Pulmonary circulation
occurs when blood that
has been used by the
cells of the body is
returned to the heart
and transported to the
lungs for gas exchange.
O
2 2
CO
Exchange of gases

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This network of blood vessels
carrying oxygenated blood picks up
essential nutrients from the digestive
tract to deliver to all other cells of the
body.
Systemic circulation
also removes waste
products from the body
cells.
Venous Blood Arterial Blood
•Has a larger
concentration of
carbon dioxide
•Pumped by the
heart to the lungs
•Has a larger
concentration of
oxygen than carbon
dioxide
•Pumped by the heart to
the body cells
Digestive system

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Exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the lungs’ capillaries
O
2
and CO
2
exchange between
capillary beds and body tissues.
Blood rich in oxygen
Blood low in oxygen
Blood moves from the vena cava to the right
atrium and ventricle for pulmonary circulation.
Blood then moves to the left atrium and
ventricle and into the aorta for systemic
circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
Systemic Circulation

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Vena Cava
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins
carry blood toward the heart. The capillaries are
exchange vessels located between the arterial and
venous systems.

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Arteries and veins are
comprised of three
layers of tissue:
•Tunica intima
•Innermost,
smooth layer
•Tunica media
•Middle, thickest
layer
•Tunica adventitia
•Outer covering
Capillaries comprise only one layer of
tissue.

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•Transport blood away from the heart
•Carry blood under high pressure
•Are elastic, muscular, and thick-walled
• Dilate and constrict, which creates a pulse
•Appear bright red due to high oxygen levels

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•Are the smallest blood vessels
•Provide a link from arterioles to venules
•All gas exchange occurs at this level
•Walls are very thin to allow for gas and
nutrient exchange

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•Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
•Contain one-way valves
•Store about 65% to 70% of the body’s total blood
volume
•Blood appears darker in color
•Blood flows in a slow manner

25. THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM
•INHERENT AND RHYTHMICAL
BEAT IS DUE TO AUTORHYTHMIC
FIBERS OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE.
•THESE FIBERS HAVE 2
IMPORTANT FUNCTION
- ACT AS PACE MAKER
- FORM THE CONDUCTION
SYSTEM

26. •SA NODE WOULD INITITATES ACTION
POTENTIAL ABOUT EVERY 0.6 SEC OR 100
TIMES/MIN
•THE ANS ALTERS THE STRENGTH AND TIMING
OF HEART BEATS.

27. HEART SOUNDS
•PRODUCED FROM BLOOD
TURBULENCE CAUSED BY CLOSING
OF HEART VALVES
•S1 – ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE
CLOSURE
•S2 – SEMILUNAR VALVE CLOSURE
•S3 – RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING
•S4 – ATRIAL SYSTOLE

28. HEMODYNAMIC AFFECTING BLOOD
FLOW
•BLOOD PRESSURE
•RESISTANCE
•VENOUS RETURN

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Liquid Solid
•Plasma, which is a
straw-colored fluid
comprised mostly of
water
•Cellular
components
, including:
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
Blood, when allowed to stand, will separate into
two components:

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•Originate in the bone
marrow
•Resemble the shape of a
doughnut without a hole
(biconcave)
•Average lifespan is 120 days
•Normal value =
approximately 4.5 to 5
million per cubic millimeter
of blood
•Contains an iron-rich
protein molecule
called hemoglobin
•Responsible for
carrying oxygen and
removing carbon
dioxide from every
body cell

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Normal Hemoglobin Levels
Male = 14–18 grams/100 mL
of blood
Female = 12–16 grams/100
mL of blood
An abnormally low hemoglobin
level and/or decrease in the
number of red blood cells is
called anemia.
Symptoms of Anemia
•Weakness
•Headache
•Pale skin color
•Difficulty breathing
I’m just
so tired!

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•Also known as white blood
cells
•Primarily responsible for
destroying foreign substances
such as pathogens
•Appear round and white
because they lack hemoglobin
•Normal adult has 5,000 to
10,000 white blood cells per
cubic millimeter of blood
Types of White Blood Cells
GranulocytesAgranulocytes
•Neutrophils
•Eosinophils
•Basophils
•Monocytes
•Lymphocytes

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Granulocytes
Neutrophils
•Most numerous of all the WBCs
•Main warriors against infection
(phagocytosis)
Eosinophils
•Present in a very small quantity
•Ingest and destroy foreign proteins
•Secrete chemicals to destroy parasites
•Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Basophils
•Least common granulocyte
•Assist with the inflammatory
process
•Release histamine and heparin

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Agranulocytes
Monocytes
•Largest in size of all the
white blood cells
•Primary function is
phagocytosis
•Survive for several months
•Effective against chronic
infections
Lymphocytes
•Assist with the immune
system
•Produce antibodies that
destroy pathogens
•Aid in controlling allergic
reactions
Quantities of each type of WBC can be determined
with a blood test known as a differential.

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•Also known as platelets
•Smallest of all the cellular
components
•Normal adult has 150,000 to
450,000 per cubic millimeter of
blood
•Average lifespan is 9 to 12 days
•Prevent blood loss following an
injury

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Composition of Plasma
•Water
•Nutrients
•Hormones
•Electrolytes
•Proteins
•Waste
•Protective substances
Serum is the liquid portion
of clotted blood.
Centrifugation is a
procedure that separates
blood into liquid and
cellular components.

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The blood group system recognizes four blood types:
•Type A, B, AB, and O
•They are distinguished from
each other in part by their
antigens and antibodies.
•Specific antibodies are found in
the serum based on the type of
antigen on the surface of the
RBC.

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Compatibility Chart
Blood Type Can Accept From Can Donate To
A
B
AB
O
A, O
B, O
A, B, AB, O
O
A, AB
B, AB
AB
O, A, AB, B

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The Rh Factor
Rh-Positive Rh-Negative
Contains the Rh antigenNo Rh antigen
Will make antibodies
if given Rh-positive
blood
Agglutination can
occur if given Rh-
positive blood
Clinically, it is very
important for a female to
know her Rh type if she
becomes pregnant.

40. References
•Ross & Willson Edittion 12th. Anatomy and
Physiology.
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