ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Skeletal-System..

Anatomy and physiology chapter 5 Skeletal system

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5
The Skeletal System

2. The Skeletal System
Slide 5.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton –limbs and girdle

4. Functions of Bones
Slide 5.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation

5. Bones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b

6. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Long bones
Typically longer than wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Contain mostly compact bone
•Examples: Femur, humerus

7. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Short bones
Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Examples: Carpals, tarsals

8. Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1

9. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

10. Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Example: Vertebrae and hip

11. Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape
Slide 5.5cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1

12. Bone Growth
Slide
5.13a
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Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of
long bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage

13. Bone Growth
Slide
5.13b
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Bones are remodeled and lengthened
until growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width

14. Long Bone Formation and Growth
Slide
5.14a
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Figure 5.4a

15. Bone Fractures
Slide 5.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture –break that does not
penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture –broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
Realignment of the bone

16. Common Types of Fractures
Slide 5.17Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 5.2

17. Repair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch

18. Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Slide 5.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.5

19. The Axial Skeleton
Slide
5.20a
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Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

20. The Axial Skeleton
Slide
5.20b
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Figure 5.6

21. The Skull
Slide
5.21a
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Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

22. The Skull
Slide
5.21b
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Figure 5.7

23. Bones of the Skull
Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11

24. Human Skull, Superior View
Slide 5.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8

25. Human Skull, Inferior View
Slide 5.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9

26. Paranasal Sinuses
Slide
5.25a
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Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10

27. Paranasal Sinuses
Slide
5.25b
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Functions of paranasal sinuses
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10

28. The Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
Figure 5.12

29. The Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
The spine has a
normal curvature
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14

30. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.16

31. The Bony Thorax
Slide
5.31a
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Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a

32. The Bony Thorax
Slide
5.31b
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Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a

33. The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide
5.32a
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Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

34. The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide
5.32b
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Figure 5.6c

35. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composed of two bones
Clavicle –collarbone
Scapula –shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

36. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide
5.34a
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Figure 5.20a, b

37. Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide
5.35a
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The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b

38. Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide
5.35b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
•The forearm
has two bones
•Ulna
•Radius
Figure 5.21c

39. Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The hand
Carpals –wrist
Metacarpals –
palm
Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22

40. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine

41. The Pelvis
Slide
5.38a
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Figure 5.23a

42. Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c

43. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide
5.40a
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The thigh has
one bone
Femur –thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b

44. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide
5.40b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The leg has
two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c

45. Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The foot
Tarsus –ankle
Metatarsals –
sole
Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25

46. Inflammatory Conditions
Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bursitis –inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis –inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis –inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States

47. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
5.54a
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Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis
Probably related to normal aging processes
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease –the immune system
attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints
Often leads to deformities

50. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide
5.54b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet