Anatomy of reproductive parts. botany assignment

institute of botany, university of the punjab

1. Anatomy Of Reproductive Parts
Presented To: Dr. Syeda Aisha Nazir
Presented By: BSADP-BT50F21 Noshi Hamid
BSADP-BT51F21 Sarah Ashfaq
BSADP-BT52F21 Samina Bibi
BSADP-BT53F21 Afia
BSADP-BT54F21 Muhammad Ramzan
BSADP-BT56F21 Zeeshan Amjid
BSADP-BT57F21 Noor Fatima
BSADP-BT58F21 Binish Asif
BSADP-BT59F21 Asma Javaid
BSADP-BT60F21 Rebal Tariq
Semester: BS 6
th
Sem. ADP Replica
Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab
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2. Contents
•Introduction
•Seeds
•Flowers
•Fruits
•Conclusion
•References
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3. Introduction
•The flowers, fruits and seeds are the reproductive parts of the plants.
•Flowers have been studied mainly as a source of very important
taxonomic characters and in relation to phylogeny and evolution.
•Many of the anatomical features used in comparative studies are
found in the arrangement and number of vascular bundles and their
types of branching in inflorescences, flowers and floral parts.
•The fruits and seedsas a source of food has provided the inspiration
for a great deal of research.
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4. 1. Seed
1.Seeds are the dispersal and
propagation units of
theSpermatophyta.
2.A seed is an embryonic plant
enclosed in a protective outer
covering, along with a food
reserve.
3.Seed in a plant is a part that
develops from the ovules after
fertilization.
4.They are formed as a result of
sexual reproduction.
5.It contains the young embryo
which can develop into a new
plant.
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Fig. Corn Seed

5. •Ovules •Ovules are structures of seed plants
containing the female gametophyte
with the egg cell, all being surrounded
by the nucellus and 1-2 integuments.
•Embryo •Young sporophyte, diploid (2n), result
of fertilization.
•Endosperm •Food storage tissue, triploid (3n),
result of double fertilization.
•Testa •Outer protective layer of the seed,
developed from the integuments of
the ovule, diploid maternal tissue.
•Perisperm •Diploid maternal food storage tissue
originates from the nucellus
•Endospermic seeds •The endosperm is present in the
mature seed.
•Fruits •Mature, ripened ovaries containing
seeds.
•Non-endospermic seed •During embryo development the
cotyledons absorb the food reserves
from the endosperm.
General seed structural features
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6. Most Special structural features:
1.Hilum and funiculus
2.Micropyle
3.Chalaza
4.Raphe
5.Aril
6.Strophiole /strophiolate
7.Operculum
8.Caruncle/ carunculate
9.Elaiosomes
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7. •Hilum and funiculus:Funicular scar
on seed coat that marks the point at
which the seed was attached via the
funiculus to the ovary tissue.
•Micropyle:The Micropyle is a canal or
hole in the coverings (seed coat) of the
nucellus through which the pollen tube
usually passes during fertilization
•Chalaza:Non-micropylar end of the
seed. The base of an ovule, bearing an
embryo sac surrounded by integuments.
•Raphe:Ridge on seed coat formed
from funiculus.
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8. 8
•Aril:fleshy appendage of seed in
flowering plants, edible part.
•Strophiole:Outgrowth of the hilum
region which restricts water
movement into and out of some
seeds.
•Operculum:A little seed lid. It refers
to a dehiscent cap of a seed or a fruit
that opens during germination

9. 9
•Strophiolate:Seed with elongate aril or strophiole in the
hilum region.
•Carunculate:Seed with an excrescent outgrowth from
integuments near the hilum, as in Euphorbia.
•Funicular:Seed with a persistent elongate funiculus attached
to seed coat, as in Magnolia.

10. 10
•Elaiosomes:Nutrient rich appendages
attached to the seeds of some plant species.
•Rich in lipids and proteins
•Aid in seed displacement

11. Ovule:
Components Of Ovule Description
Funicle Thefunicleor seed stalk which attaches the ovule to theplacentaand
henceovaryor fruit wall, at thepericarp.
Nucellus Thenucellus, the remnant of themegasporangiumand main region of the
ovule where the megagametophyte develops.
Micropyle Themicropyle, a small pore or opening in the apex of the integument of the
ovule where the pollen tube usually enters during the process of
fertilization.
Ovules Shapes
Orthotropous Straight with all the parts of the ovule lined up in a long row producing an
uncurved seed.
Campylotropous A curved megagametophyte often giving the seed a tight "C" shape.
Antropous Curved shape
Amphitropous Partly inverted and turned back 90 degrees on its stalk.
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12. 12
Fig. Gymnosperms ovule Fig. Angiosperms ovule

13. Embryo
Components of embryo
Cotyledons Epicotyl Hypocotyl Radicle Plumule
Monocotyledons
Dicotyledons
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14. •Cotyledons:
•They may be one Monocotyledonsand Dicotyledons.
•In endospermic seeds, the cotyledons are thin and
papery.
•Dicotyledons have the point of attachment opposite one
another on the axis.
•Epicotyl:The embryonic axis above the point of
attachment of the cotyledons.
•Plumule: The tip of the epicotyl, and has a feathery
appearance due to the presence of young leaf primordia at
the apex, and will become the shoot upon germination.
•Hypocotyl:The embryonic axis below the point of
attachment of the cotyledons, connecting the epicotyl and
the radicle, being the stem-root transition zone.
•Radicle:The basal tip of the hypocotyl, grows into the
primary root.
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15. 15
Development of the embryo and cotyledons
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Schematic-representation-of-
different-phases-of-seed-development-seed-development

16. 16
Monocot seed
Dicot seed
Onlya single cotyledons Two cotyledons present
Endosperm is present Endosperm is absent
Seed coat is completely fused with pericarp Seed coat is not fusedand is separate from the fruit wall
Embryo is placed at one cornerof the seed Embryo is placed in the center of the seed
Lackaleuronelayer Aleuronelayer is present
Radicleand plumuleare covered with protected layers.Thereis no protective sheath for radical and plumule
Difference between monocot and dicot seeds

17. Seed Coat
•Tegmen and testa
•The seed coat forms from the two integuments
or outer layers of cells of the ovule, which derive
from tissue from the mother plant.
•The inner integument forms thetegmenand the
outer forms thetesta.
•The testa of both monocots and dicots are often
marked with patterns and textured markings, or
have wings or tufts of hair.
•When the seed coat forms from only one layer,
it is also called the testa.
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18. Anatomy of Seed Coat:
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Layers-and-internal-
structure-of-the-maize-kernel-Merriam-Webster
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19. Gymnosperms Seed:
•Seeds are not formed inside a fruit.
•Their basic feature is the absence of flowers and the presence of naked, open seeds.
•Since these plants do not have flowers, the fruits are also not present in these groups of
plants.
•Gymnosperms are a small cluster of seed plants that are represented by only 900 living species.
•Gymnospermseeds are usually formed in unisexual cones, known as strobili, and the plants lack
fruits and flowers.
Angiosperms Seeds:
•The seeds of angiospermsdevelop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a
protective fruit.
Various Plants Seeds
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20. 20

21. Plants that produces no seeds
•Pteridophytesdon't reproduce through seeds, they reproduce through
spores instead.
•Ferns and mossesare called nonflowering plants and produce spores
instead of seeds
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22. Conifers seeds
•Their seeds aretypically produced in woody cones, though the cones
of some conifers are reduced to such a degree that they are no longer
recognizable as such.
•The pollen enters the female cone through an opening in the nucellus
and sticks to the ovule.
•After fertilization, a little conifer seedling, complete with a root,
develops within a seed coat.
•The seed is still attached to the scale of the cone, which, when caught
by the wind, acts as a wing to carry the seed.
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23. 23

24. Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Flowers and Fruits Absent Absent Absent Present
Seeds Absent Absent In cones Enclosed in fruits
Features
Plants
Fig. Reproductive features in various plants
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25. Functions of seed
The seeds perform the following functions:
•They help in germination of the new plant.
•Theseedscontain food reservoirs in the form of cotyledons and
endosperm.
•The seed coat is protective in nature which protects the embryo
inside.
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26. Dispersion of Seeds
•Dispersion is defined as the scattering or transport of seeds
from one place to another by means of a dispersingagent. It
can occur by four modes:
•Wind
•Water
•Animals
•Explosion
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27. Dispersal by
wind
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28. Dispersion due to
Explosion/Expulsion
•Some plants fling or throw
their seeds out once the fruit
has ripened.
•This explosion occurs as a
result of evaporation of water
from the pods.
•Once the pods dry out, they
expelthe seeds which are then
carried by wind or gravity to
other places where they
germinate.
•Example: Viola
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29. Anatomy of flower
•Flowers are composed of:
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpals.
•These components are arranged in a whorls and attach to an area
called the receptacle, which at the end of the stem that leads to the
flower. The stem is called the peduncle.
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30. 30

31. Types of Flower:
1.Completeflower: The flower that contain all the four whorls called
complete flower. E.g. tulips, pea plants.
2.Incompleteflower: The flower which misses any of the four whorl
is called incomplete flower. E.g. bottle gourd and papaya.
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32. 1.Perfectflower: A perfect flower is one in which both male and
female reproductive organs are present. E.g. roses
2.Imperfectflower: The flower in which either male is present or
sometimes female is present or both are absent. E.g. melon
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33. Type of Inflorescence in flower:
•Racemose and cymose inflorescence is present in flower.
•Most inflorescences belong to one of two groups: racemes and
cymes.
•In the racemosegroup, the florets start blooming from the bottom of
the stem and progress toward the top.
•In a cyme, the top floret opens first and blooms progress downward
along the peduncle.
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34. Reproductive organs:
•There are two reproductive organs:
Androecium: the male reproductive organ, the stamens.
•Stamens include:
Anther: Which is the structure that produces pollen.
Filaments: long stalk attached to the base and provide support to
anther.
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35. •Gynoecium: It is the innermost whorl of the flower, consisting one or
more pistils.
The pistils includes:
1.Stigma
2.Style
3.ovary
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36. Fig: Microscopic images reveal the alien landscapes to be found on
petals, pollen grains and leaves
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37. Fruit
•Definition
•The fruit may be defined as repined ovary containing seeds.
•Wall
•The wall of the fruit is known as pericarp.
•True fruit
•When the fruit is formed from the ovary alone then it is called as true
fruit.
•False fruit
•When the thalamus developed into fruit.
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38. 38
Source :https://in.pinterest.com/pin/529595237438751060/

39. Difference between dehiscent
and indehiscent fruits
Dehiscent fruits
•If the pericarp splits open at
maturity and releases the seeds.
•Examples
•Legume
•Follicle
•Capsule
Indehiscent fruits
•When these fruits mature, their
pericarp naturally not burst so their
seeds not dispersed, their seeds
dispersed when their pericarp decay
due to the microbial activity.
•Examples
•Net
•Samara
•Cypsela
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40. KINDS OF
FRUITS
SIMPLE
FRUITS
AGGREGATE
FRUITS
COMPOSITE
FRUITS
ACHENIAL
FRUITS
CAPSULAR
FRUITS
SCHIZOCARPIC
FRUITS
•ACHENE
•CARYOPSIS
•NUT
•SAMARA
•CYPSELA
•LEGUME
•FOLLICLE
•SILIQUA
•SILICULA
•CAPSULE
•LOMENTUM
•DOUBLE
SAMARA
•CREMOCARP
•CARCERULUS
•REGMA
•ETAERIO OF
ACHENES
•ETAERIO OF
FOLLICLES
•ETAERIO OF
DRUPES
•ETAERIO OF
BERRIES
SYCONUS SOROSIS STROBILUS
FIG. SOURCE: SARAHASHFAQ
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41. Simple fruits
“A simple fruit arises from a single flower in which the
gynoecium is monocarpellary and syncarpous”.
•Achene Monocarpellary pistil, superior ovary, single seed. E.g. Buttercup.
•Caryopsis Pericarp and testa fused. E.g. Cereals.
•Nut Hard,woody pericarp that forms shell, surrounded by structure cupule. E.g. Oak
•Samara Pericarp develops a membranous outgrowth or wing that helps in dispersal of seeds. E.g.
Almond.
•Cypsela Bicarpellary, syncarpous,inferior unilocular ovary, calyx forma a pappus at the top of fruit.
E.g. Sonchus.
A. Achenial
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42. Buttercup
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43. B. Capsular fruits
Fruits types Features Examples
•Legume •Monocarpellary pistil with a superior unilocular ovary. Leguminosae
•Follicle •Monocarpellary pistil with superior unilocular ovary. Larkspur
•Siliqua •Two carpels are separated by seed bearing septum. Cruciferae
•Silicula •It is short,long and broad.
•It contains few seeds.
Sphepherd purse.
•Capsule •Polycarpellary,syncarpous and superior ovary.
•Sometimes it forms inferior ovary.
Campanula.
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44. 44
Fig. Legume Fruits Fig. Siliqua Fruit
Fig. Capsule fruit

45. 45

46. C. Schizocarpic Fruit
Fruits
Features
Examples
•Lomentum •False septum formation.
•Constrictions between seeds.
Leguminosae
•Double samara•Bicarpellary superior ovary,.
•It breaks up into two mericarps each of which contain one
seed with one wing.
Maple and Acer
•Cremocarp •Bicarpellary, syncarpous inferior, bilocular ovary containg
single suspended ovule.
•It split longitudinally between the loculi into one seeded
mericarp.
Umbeliferae
•Carecerulus•Polycarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary.
•When fruit ripe, the loculi separate from each other as
mericarps.
Malvaceae
•Regma •Superior multilocular ovary.
•When ripe, fruits break up into one seeded parts as cocci.
Caster-oil plant
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47. 47

48. Simple succulent Fruits:
Thepericarpofovaryofripenedsucculentorfleshyfruitis
composedofthreelayers.
i.Epicarp(outerlayer)
ii.Mesocarp(middlelayer)
iii.Endocarp(innerlayer)
Simplesucculentfruitsaredividedintothreemaintypes:
A.Drupes
B.Berries
1.Hesperidium
2.pepo
C.Pome
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49. Drupes:
49
A drupe is a fruit with a fleshy exterior and a single
hard stony pit surrounding the seed.
For example : cherry, peach , Olive, Plum.
Mango an example of drupe

50. Berries:
•A berry has an entirely fleshy ovary .
Tomato , date, blueberry,
banana, pepper, and cranberry are
examples of berries.
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51. Special types of berries:
•Hesperidium:
A hesperidium fruit has a
leathery rind. Examples include
oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and
limes.
Pepo:
A pepo is a type of fruit defined by
a hard rind and a fleshy inner
matrix. Watermelons, cantaloupe,
squash, and pumpkins are pepos.
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52. Pome :
•A pome has a fleshy exterior and
a center papery caepels. Apples
and pears are pomes.
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Apple a pome

53. 2.Aggregate Fruits
•Anaggregate fruitdevelops from a single flower with many ovaries.
•Etaerio of achenes In strawberry. Buttercup.
•Etaerio of
•follicles
In Calatropis
•Etaerio of
•Drupes
In black berry
•Entaerio of berriesIn sugar apple
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54. •A composite fruit is formed
from whole inflorescence.
•It has three types
•Syconus
•sorosis
•strobilus
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Composite fruits:

55. Citrus Fruits
•The carpels form locules, or
segments, in which seeds
and juice sacs (vesicles)
grow.
•Pericarp
•Exocarp
•Mesocarp
•Endocarp
•Columella
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Theeshan-
Bahorun/publication/
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56. Conclusion
•The study of the anatomical features of the plant help us to know
the function of every cell present in that part of the plant.
•A plant mostly have three parts exocarp mesocarp and endocarp.
•A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering
known as the seed coat. Seeds have been an important development
in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm
plants.
•A flower is a reproductive structure found in flowering plants.
•Fruit are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers.
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57. References
•Jr, George R. McGhee (2013-11-12).When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of
the Devonian Extinctions. Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-16057-5.
•Mary Bagley (2014-02-22)."Devonian Period: Climate, Animals &
Plants".livescience.com. Retrieved2022-01-02.
•Bora, Lily (2010).Principles of Paleobotany. Mittal Publications.ISBN 978-81-8293-024-7.
•Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N.; Krings, Michael (2009-01-21).Paleobotany: The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Academic Press.ISBN978-0-08-055783-0.
•Florian, M. L. E. (1990). Plant anatomy: an illustrated aid to identification.The
conservation of artifacts made from plant materials, 1-28.
•Moore, P. H. (1987). Anatomy and morphology. InDevelopments in crop science(Vol. 11,
pp. 85-142). Elsevier.
•Rodin, R. J. (1963). Anatomy of the reproductive bracts in Welwitschia.American Journal
of Botany,50(7), 641-648.
•Sliwinska, E., Bewley, J. D., & Gallagher, R. S. (2014). Overview of seed development,
anatomy and morphology.Seeds: the ecology of regeneration in plant communities, 1-17.
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58. Thankyou
ﷲدمحلا
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