ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT upper and lower tract

You will learn ABC of respiratory system

1. ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY TRACT: Upper and Lower Respiratory tract PPT Prepared by Monnaf Ali Msc OTAT

2. Respiratory system The respiratory system is concern with respiration process. The cell of our body require continuous energy for their activities. The activities are performed in the presence of O2. Carbon dioxide is the waste product of our body. Inhaling: The act of breathing in oxygen. Exhaling: The act of breathing out carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is divided into two areas: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.

3. The upper respiratory tract is made up of the: Nose and Nasal cavity Throat (pharynx) Voice box (Larynx) Windpipe (trachea)

4. Nose and Nasal cavity: Nasal cavity is the first organ of respiratory system. Parts of nasal cavity: The roof The floor The lateral wall The medial wall and The Posterior wall Function: Smell sensation Warming of inhaled air Filtration of entering air Humidification Prevention of dust

5. Pharynx: It is the funnel shape tube that is about 12-14 cm long. This is located in the posterior part of nose, mouth and larynx. Part of pharynx_ Nashopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Functions: Test sensation Passing of air and food Protection from Micro-organism Speech Warming and humidification

6. Larynx: Structure: Larynx is called as voice box. Location : The larynx is situated in the anterior neck, extending from the base of the tongue to the trachea. It lies at the level of the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. Dimensions : It varies in size; in adults it is about 4-5 cm long There is a difference between male and female larynx .

7. Cartilages: The larynx is made up of several cartilages, which provide the structure and support: Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Arytenoid Cartilage Corniculate Cartilage Functions: Sound Production Speech Production Protection of respiratory passage Filtration of air

8. Trachea: Structure Trachea is also known as windpipe. This extends downwards from the larynx to the fifth thoracic vertebrae. It is about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. Layers Mucosa Submucosa Cartilaginous Layer Adventitia Fig. Trachea

9. Branching: At the carina, the trachea divides into: Right Main Bronchus : Wider and more vertically oriented; more prone to aspirated objects. Left Main Bronchus : Narrower and angled more sharply due to the heart's position. Functions: Cough reflex Air Passage Preventions of obstruction in airway and provide support.

10. The lower respiratory tract is made up of the: Lungs Large airways (bronchi) Small airways (bronchioles) Air sacs (alveoli)

11. Lungs: Location : The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, one on each side of the mediastinum , which contains the heart and other structures. Lungs are the important organ of respiratory system. There are two lungs(Right and left lungs) present in human body. They are cone shaped paired organ which is located in the thoracic cavity.

12. Parts of Lungs: The apex The base The costal surface The medial surface Lobes of lungs: Right lung - R ight lungs is divided into three lobes- 1.Superior lobe 2.Middle lobe and 3.Inferior lobe Left lung- The left lung is divided into two loves 1.Superior lobe 2.Inferior lobe

13. Layers of pleura cavity Partial pleura Visceral pleura Inferior structures of lungs: Bronchi Other small air passages Alveoli Connective tissue Blood vessels Nerves Lymph vessels Fig.Pleura .

14. Bronchi: The trachea divided into two bronchus at the upper of fifth thoracic vertebrae – 1.Right primary bronchus 2.Left primary bronchus Bronchioles: Bronchioles are small, thin-walled tubes Bronchioles are smaller in diameter than the bronchi. They contain smooth muscles that control airflow. Bronchioles are important in the process of gas exchange. They help absorb oxygen into the bloodstream and expel carbon dioxide from the body through the lungs.

15. Alveoli: Alveolar ducts : These are tiny ducts that transport air to the alveoli. Alveolar sacs : These are clusters of alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange. Type I alveolar cells : These are thin, flat cells that compose the walls of the alveoli. They are responsible for facilitating gas exchange by allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse through their thin walls. Type II alveolar cells : These cells are responsible for producing surfactant, which is a fluid that helps to reduce surface tension within the alveoli. Surfactant is important because it prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation. Capillaries: These are small blood vessels that surround the alveoli They are responsible for receiving oxygen from the alveoli and delivering carbon dioxide to the alveoli for exhalation.

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