anatomy of Scalp full detail

anatomy of scalp

1. LAYERS OF SCALP

AND

IT’S CLINICAL IMPORTANCE







BY: GURJAR GANESH KUMAR


2. SCALP
⦿ The soft tissue covering the vault of
the skull are called scalp.
⦿ The scalp extends from the external
occipital protuberance and superior
nuceal lines to the supra orbital
margin.

3. LAYERS OF SCALP
⦿ The scalp is made up of five layers.

⦿ The first three layers are tightly bound
together, and move as a unit.
1. S: Skin
2. C: Connective tissue (superficial fascia)
3. A: Aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
4. L: Loose areolar tissue
5. P: Pericranium (periosteum)

4. SCALP

5. S: SKIN
⦿ The skin is thick and hairy. It is
adherent to the epicranial aponerosis
by dense superfacial fascia, as in the
plams and soles.
⦿ it contains 1.2L hair follicles.
⦿ it has more number of sweat glands
and sebaceous glands.

6. SEBACEOUS CYST
⦿
In the skin, there are numerous
sebaceous glands, the scalp is the
commonest site for sebaceous cyst.
⦿ A sebaceous cyst is a small lump or
bump under the skin and it originate
from the sebaceous glands, the
glands that secrete the oily matter
(sebum) that helps to lubricate the
skin and the hair.

8. C: CONNECTIVE TISSUE
⦿ The superficial fascia of the scalp is
made up of dense subcutaneous layer
of fat and fibrous tissuse that firmly
binds the skin to the underly-ing
occipitofrontalis muscle and its
aponeurosis.
⦿ The blood vessels and nerves of the
scalp are located in this layer.

9. A: APONEUOROSIS
⦿ As the name suggests it consists of
frontal and occipital bellies of
occipitofrontalis muscle.
⦿ The frontal belly causes horizontal
wrinkles on the forhead and help in
raising eyebrows .
⦿ As the first, second and third layers of
the scalp are fused together the
movement caused by the galea
aponeurotica leads to the forward and
backward movement of the scalp.

10. ⦿ Greater part of this layer is formed
by aponeurosis, it is called
aponeurotic layer.

11. SCALP WOUNDS
⦿ The clinically important layer is the
aponeurosis. wounds of the scalp gape
when the epicranial aponeurosis is divided
transversely.
⦿ Scalp lacerations through this layer mean
that the “anchoring” of the superficial
layers is lost and gaping of the wound
occurs which would require suturing.
⦿ Wounds of the scalp bleed profusely
because the vessels are prevented from
retracting by the fibrous fascia.

12. SURGICAL LAYERS OF SCALP
⦿
First three layers of the scalp,
1. skin
2. connective tissue layer
3. aponeurotic layer are firmly
adjoining to each other and can not be
separated from each other.
⦿ These layer are termed surgical layers of
the scalp.
⦿ The layer of loose areolar tissue accounts
for the free mobility of the scalp proper
on the underlying bone.

13. ⦿
It provides an easy plane of cleavage
in injury and a plane where blood
from severed blood vessels can
distribute for a long distance.
⦿ When the hairs are caught in
machines, the scalp suitable is
avulsed.

14. L: LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
⦿
It extends anteriorly into the eyelids
because the frontalis muscle has no bony
attachment.
⦿ posteriorly to the highest and superior
nuchal lines.
⦿ And on each side to the superior
temporal lines.
⦿ loosely connects the epicranial
aponeurosis to the pericranium & allows
the superficial 3 layers of the scalp to
move over tha pericranium.

15. ⦿
contains emissary veins which
connects the superficial scalp veins
of to the Diploic veins of the skull
and with intracranial venous sinuses.

16. DANGEROUS AREA OF SCALP
⦿ The loose areolae tissue layer of the
scalp is the dangerous area of the
scalp because blood spreads easily in
it .
⦿ Infection in this layer can also pass
into the cranial cavity through
emissary veins,which pass through
parietal foramina in the calvaria,and
reach intracranial structures such as
the meninges.

17. BLACK EYE
⦿
A black eye, periorbital hematoma,
or shiner, is bruising around the eye
due to an injury to the face rather
than to the eye.
⦿ Collection of blood in the layer of
loose areolar tissue causes
generalised swelling of the scalp. the
blood may extend anteriorly into the
eyelids causing resulting in black
eye.

19. CAPUT SUCCEDANUM
⦿
It is a collection of fluid in loose
areolar layer of scalp.
⦿ It has poorly defined margins and
can extend over the midline and
across suture lines.
⦿ The lesion usually resolves
spontaneously without sequeale over
the first several day after birth.

21. P: PERICRANIUM
⦿
It is the loose covering over bones of
the vault.
⦿ It covers the complete bones of the
vault except the sutures where it is
continuous with the endocranium.

22. CEPHALHEMATOMA
⦿
A cephalhematoma is a hemorrhage
(a collection of blood) found
between the skull and periosteum of
a newborn baby as a result of birth
trauma.
⦿ The hematoma is bounded by suture
lines and the shape of related bones.
⦿ A cephalhematoma is commonly
found in the parietal region.

24. ⦿
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