ANATOMY ppt for bsc yoga , pg diploma students

intro to anatomy

1. ANATOMY KNOW THE PARTS THAT WORK FOR YOU

2. BODY CAVITIES BODY CAVITES

3. The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilage connected by ligaments to form a framework for the rest of the body tissues. There are two parts to the skeleton: Axial skeleton – bones along the axis of the body , including the skull, vertebral column and ribcage ; Appendicular skeleton – appendages, such as the upper and lower limbs, pelvic girdle and shoulder girdle.

4. Skeletal System Anatom y The skeletal system in an adult body is made up of 206 individual bones. These bones are arranged into two major divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of 80 bones in the following regions: Skull Hyoid Auditory ossicles Ribs Sternum Vertebral column The appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones in the folowing regions: Upper limbs Lower limbs Pelvic girdle Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

5. Types of bones Long bones – typically longer than they are wide (such as humerus , radius, tibia, femur), they comprise a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses at the distal and proximal ends, joining at the metaphysis. In growing bone, this is the site where growth occurs and is known as the epiphyseal growth plate. Most long bones are located in the appendicular skeleton and function as levers to produce movement Short bones – small and roughly cube-shaped, these contain mainly cancellous bone, with a thin outer layer of cortical bone (such as the bones in the hands and tarsal bones in the feet) Flat bones – thin and usually slightly curved, typically containing a thin layer of cancellous bone surrounded by cortical bone (examples include the skull, ribs and scapula). Most are located in the axial skeleton and offer protection to underlying structures Irregular bones – bones that do not fit in other categories because they have a range of different characteristics. They are formed of cancellous bone, with an outer layer of cortical bone (for example, the vertebrae and the pelvis) Sesamoid bones – round or oval bones (such as the patella), which develop in tendons

6. Vertebrae Twenty-six vertebrae form the vertebral column of the human body. They are named by region: Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae Thoracic (chest) - 12 vertebrae Lumbar (lower back) - 5 vertebrae Sacrum - 1 vertebra Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra With the exception of the singular sacrum and coccyx, each vertebra is named for the first letter of its region and its position along the superior-inferior axis. For example, the most superior thoracic vertebra is called T1 and the most inferior is called T12.

7. Muscular System Anatomy Muscle Types There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral , - INVOLUNTARY cardiac , -INVLONTARY and skeletal .- VOLUNTARY

8. Visceral Muscle Visceral muscle is found inside of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. The weakest of all muscle tissues, visceral muscle makes organs contract to move substances through the organ. Because visceral muscle is controlled by the unconscious part of the brain, it is known as involuntary muscle—it cannot be directly controlled by the conscious mind. The term “smooth muscle” is often used to describe visceral muscle because it has a very smooth, uniform appearance when viewed under a microscope. This smooth appearance starkly contrasts with the banded appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart, cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle tissue cannot be controlled consciously, so it is an involuntary muscle. While hormones and signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction, cardiac muscle stimulates itself to contract. The natural pacemaker of the heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue that stimulates other cardiac muscle cells to contract. Because of its self-stimulation, cardiac muscle is considered to be autorhythmic or intrinsically controlled.

9. Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human body—it is controlled consciously. Every physical action that a person consciously performs (e.g. speaking, walking, or writing) requires skeletal muscle. The function of skeletal muscle is to contract to move parts of the body closer to the bone that the muscle is attached to. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones across a joint, so the muscle serves to move parts of those bones closer to each other. Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of dense regular connective tissue whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones. Tendons are under extreme stress when muscles pull on them, so they are very strong and are woven into the coverings of both muscles and bones. Muscles move by shortening their length, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. One of the bones is pulled towards the other bone, which remains stationary. The place on the stationary bone that is connected via tendons to the muscle is called the origin. The place on the moving bone that is connected to the muscle via tendons is called the insertion. The belly of the muscle is the fleshy part of the muscle in between the tendons that does the actual contraction.

10. Respiratory syste m Includes : Nose and nasal cavity Sinuses Throat (pharynx) Voice box (larynx) Windpipe (trachea) Diaphragm Lungs Bronchial tubes/bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries

11. Upper respiratory tract

12. EPIGLOTTIS Epiglottis is a large leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage . The broad superior leaf portion of epiglottis is unattached and free to move up and down like trap door. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT TRACHEA Flexible cylindrical tube, size 4-5 cm in length, it is called wind pipe. Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx

13. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale.

14. BRONCHIAL TREE AND ALVEOLI BRANCHING OF BRONCHIAL TREE TRACHEA BRONCHUS BRONCHIOLES TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES ALVOELI