Ancient History 1 of modern indiaweferferf
AbhiRana67
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Jun 08, 2024
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About This Presentation
History
Slide Content
Ancient History
1. Nalanda was the university became famous in Post – Gupta Era. It was an ancient Buddhist center of high
learning in Bihar.
2. Banabhatta was the court poet (Asthana Kavi) of Harshvardhana. He is a Sanskrit Scholar.
3. One of the Earliest Novel of the world’s Kadambari.
4. Ajanta caves Paintings depicts the life of Gautam Buddha. The painting are inspired by buddha. Ajanta cave in
Aurangabad dist. of Maharashtra. It contains paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpiece of
Buddiest religious art (which depicts Jataka Tale).
5. The first Indian coins were minted around the 6
th
century BC by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic
Plain. The coins of this period were punch marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.
6. Coins made of metal first appeared in age of the Buddha.
7. Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the
city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour, near Mumbai in Maharashtra.
1. Nalanda was the university became famous in Post – Gupta Era. It was an ancient Buddhist center of high
learning in Bihar.
2. Banabhatta was the court poet (Asthana Kavi) of Harshvardhana. He is a Sanskrit Scholar.
3. One of the Earliest Novel of the world’s Kadambari.
4. Ajanta caves Paintings depicts the life of Gautam Buddha. The painting are inspired by buddha. Ajanta cave in
Aurangabad dist. of Maharashtra. It contains paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpiece of
Buddiest religious art (which depicts Jataka Tale).
5. The first Indian coins were minted around the 6
th
century BC by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic
Plain. The coins of this period were punch marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.
6. Coins made of metal first appeared in age of the Buddha.
7. Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri (literally "the
city of caves") in Mumbai Harbour, near Mumbai in Maharashtra.
8. Mahabalipuram, also known as Mamallapuram, was founded by 7
th
-century CE Pallava king, Narasimha
varman, also called Mamalla ("great wrestler"), for whom the town was named.
9. The Kailasanatha Temple (Siva Temple) at Kanchipuram(Tamil Nadu) containing sculptures with painting in
the inner wall was built from 685-705 AD by Narasimha varman II (Rajasimha) of the Pallava Dynasty. The
temple is located on the banks of the Vegavathy River at the western limits of the Kanchipuram.
10. Kailashnath temple is a famous temple located at Ellora.
11. Samudragupta (335-375 AD) of the Gupta dynasty is known as the Napoleon of India. Historian AV
Smith called him so because of his great military conquests known from the 'Prayag Prashati' written by his
courtier and poet Harisena, who also describes him as the hero of a hundred battles.
12. The city of Mahabalipuram was largely developed by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I in the 7th
century AD. Therefore it is built during the reign of Pallavas.
13. Lothal was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Located in Bhal
region of the modern state of Gujarat. It was the ony Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard.
14. Most of the Chola temples were dedicated to Shiva.
15. ‘Buddha’ means “The Enlightened One”.
th
-century CE Pallava king, Narasimha
varman, also called Mamalla ("great wrestler"), for whom the town was named.
9. The Kailasanatha Temple (Siva Temple) at Kanchipuram(Tamil Nadu) containing sculptures with painting in
the inner wall was built from 685-705 AD by Narasimha varman II (Rajasimha) of the Pallava Dynasty. The
temple is located on the banks of the Vegavathy River at the western limits of the Kanchipuram.
10. Kailashnath temple is a famous temple located at Ellora.
11. Samudragupta (335-375 AD) of the Gupta dynasty is known as the Napoleon of India. Historian AV
Smith called him so because of his great military conquests known from the 'Prayag Prashati' written by his
courtier and poet Harisena, who also describes him as the hero of a hundred battles.
12. The city of Mahabalipuram was largely developed by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I in the 7th
century AD. Therefore it is built during the reign of Pallavas.
13. Lothal was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. Located in Bhal
region of the modern state of Gujarat. It was the ony Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard.
14. Most of the Chola temples were dedicated to Shiva.
15. ‘Buddha’ means “The Enlightened One”.
16. Kanchipuram served as the capital city of the Pallava Kingdom from the 4
th
to 9
th
century. The
nickname "The City of Thousand Temples'. Kanchipuram was mentioned in the Mahabhasya, written by
Patanjali in the 2
nd
century BC. Huien Tsang visited this city and wrote about its glorious culture. The
Pallavas were the first well-known dynasty in the history of South India after the fall of the Satavahanas.
17. Buddha belong to the clan of Sakya. The most famous Shakya was Gautama Buddha, a member of the
ruling Gautama clan of Lumbini, who is also known as Shakyamuni Buddha, "sage of the Shakyas".
18. Chola ruler Rajendra I assumed the title 'Gangaikon da Chola' (The Chola who took the Ganges) after
defeating the Gangas, Chalukyas, Cheras, Palas, Pand yas, Kalinga and other rulers. Besides, he established
a new capital Gangaikonda Cholapuram, where he constructed a Shiva temple, resembling the Brihadeeswara
Temple built by his father Rajaraja Chola.
19. ChandraGupta II was the Gupta King when Chinese traveller Fahein visit India.
20. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization usually built their Pucca bricks. It is also known as cities
built of bricks.
21. A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end that were made for large gathering
of devotees. They were rectangular halls with finely polished interior walls, well-proportioned pillars with
capitals, semi-circular roof.
th
to 9
th
century. The
nickname "The City of Thousand Temples'. Kanchipuram was mentioned in the Mahabhasya, written by
Patanjali in the 2
nd
century BC. Huien Tsang visited this city and wrote about its glorious culture. The
Pallavas were the first well-known dynasty in the history of South India after the fall of the Satavahanas.
17. Buddha belong to the clan of Sakya. The most famous Shakya was Gautama Buddha, a member of the
ruling Gautama clan of Lumbini, who is also known as Shakyamuni Buddha, "sage of the Shakyas".
18. Chola ruler Rajendra I assumed the title 'Gangaikon da Chola' (The Chola who took the Ganges) after
defeating the Gangas, Chalukyas, Cheras, Palas, Pand yas, Kalinga and other rulers. Besides, he established
a new capital Gangaikonda Cholapuram, where he constructed a Shiva temple, resembling the Brihadeeswara
Temple built by his father Rajaraja Chola.
19. ChandraGupta II was the Gupta King when Chinese traveller Fahein visit India.
20. The people of the Indus Valley Civilization usually built their Pucca bricks. It is also known as cities
built of bricks.
21. A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end that were made for large gathering
of devotees. They were rectangular halls with finely polished interior walls, well-proportioned pillars with
capitals, semi-circular roof.
22. Bodh Gaya is a religious site and place of pilgrim age associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in
Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous for being the place where Gautama Buddha is said to
have obtained Enlightenment (Bodhimandala).
23. Stories of Buddha's birth and his previous lives are contained in Jataka Tales date to 4
th
century BC.
24. Megasthenes was a Greek ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period, author of the work
Indica. He was born in Asia Turkey and became an ambassador of Seleucus I of the Seleucid dynasty possibly
to Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra. ‘Megasthenes' Indica is the first well known Western account of India
and he is regarded as one of the founders of the study of Indian history in the West. He is also the first foreigner
Ambassador to be mentioned in the Indian history.
25. Daimabad in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra has yield a sculpture of a chariot belonging to the
Harappan time. The chariot is 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high
stand ing in it. The site is famous for the recovery of many bronze goods influenced by the Harappan culture.
26. Vamsathapakasini is among the last Buddhists Text produced in India. It gives us information about the
origin of the Mauryas.
27. The Arthasastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which
identifies its author by the names 'Kautilya' and 'Vishnaugupta'.
Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous for being the place where Gautama Buddha is said to
have obtained Enlightenment (Bodhimandala).
23. Stories of Buddha's birth and his previous lives are contained in Jataka Tales date to 4
th
century BC.
24. Megasthenes was a Greek ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period, author of the work
Indica. He was born in Asia Turkey and became an ambassador of Seleucus I of the Seleucid dynasty possibly
to Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra. ‘Megasthenes' Indica is the first well known Western account of India
and he is regarded as one of the founders of the study of Indian history in the West. He is also the first foreigner
Ambassador to be mentioned in the Indian history.
25. Daimabad in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra has yield a sculpture of a chariot belonging to the
Harappan time. The chariot is 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high
stand ing in it. The site is famous for the recovery of many bronze goods influenced by the Harappan culture.
26. Vamsathapakasini is among the last Buddhists Text produced in India. It gives us information about the
origin of the Mauryas.
27. The Arthasastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which
identifies its author by the names 'Kautilya' and 'Vishnaugupta'.
28. In view of the large number of figurines found in the Indus valley, some scholars believe that the
Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess .Therefore, Mother Goddess associated with Indus Valley
Civilization.
29. The battle of the Hydaspes was fought between Alexander The Great and King Porus in 326 BC. It took
place on the bank of the Jhelum River(Hydaspes River) in the Punjab Region near Bhera of the Indian Sub –
Continent(modern day Pakistan).
30. The Buddhist Literature is Tripitakas. It is from the oldest collection of Buddhist Collection.
31. Seleucus I Nicator was a leading officer of Alexander the Great's League of Corinth and one of the
Diadochi. In the Wars of the Diadochi that took place after Alexander's death, Seleucus established the Seleucid
dynasty and the Seleucid Empire. He was defeated by the emperor of India, Chandragupta Maurya and
accepted a matrimony alliance for 500 elephants after ceding the territories considered as part of India.
32. The striking or Characteristic feature of the Indus Valley / Harappan Civilization was Urban
Civilization.
33. Pali is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The Pali texts
are the oldest(earliest) collection of Buddhist scriptures preserved in the language in which they were written
down.
Harappan people worshipped a Mother goddess .Therefore, Mother Goddess associated with Indus Valley
Civilization.
29. The battle of the Hydaspes was fought between Alexander The Great and King Porus in 326 BC. It took
place on the bank of the Jhelum River(Hydaspes River) in the Punjab Region near Bhera of the Indian Sub –
Continent(modern day Pakistan).
30. The Buddhist Literature is Tripitakas. It is from the oldest collection of Buddhist Collection.
31. Seleucus I Nicator was a leading officer of Alexander the Great's League of Corinth and one of the
Diadochi. In the Wars of the Diadochi that took place after Alexander's death, Seleucus established the Seleucid
dynasty and the Seleucid Empire. He was defeated by the emperor of India, Chandragupta Maurya and
accepted a matrimony alliance for 500 elephants after ceding the territories considered as part of India.
32. The striking or Characteristic feature of the Indus Valley / Harappan Civilization was Urban
Civilization.
33. Pali is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The Pali texts
are the oldest(earliest) collection of Buddhist scriptures preserved in the language in which they were written
down.
34. The Great Granary of Harappa was the largest building of the Indus Valley Civilization. It was about 45
meters long and 15 meters wide. It was meant to store food grains. It had lines of circular brick plat forms for
pounding grain. There were barrack like quarters for workmen. The granary also had smaller halls and corridors.
It was used to store surplus food grains. There were two rows of granaries. Each row had six granaries. A similar
granary has been found in Mohanjodaro. All the granaries were built close to the river bank so that grains could
be easily transported with the help of boat.
35. In Mohenjodaro , The largest building is a Granary.
36. The caste system is a system of division of labour and power in human society. Historically, it defined
communities into thousands of endogamous hereditary groups called Jatis. The Jatis were grouped by the
Brahmanical texts under the four well-known caste categories (the varnas): viz Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, and Shudras.
37. Because of his reputation as a frightening warrior and a heartless general, Ashoka was sent by Bin
dusara to curb the riots in the Avanti province (Ujjain) of the Mauryan empire. Therefore , Bindusara sent
Asoka to quell the rebellion in Ujjain.
38. Kalibangan, one of the main sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, was famous for its pottery. It has also
yielded seals, bangles, terracotta objects, terracotta figurines, bricks, grinders, stone balls, etc.
39. Pali is a Middle Indo-Aryan language (of Prakrit group) of the Indian subcontinent. It was first written
down in Sri Lanka in the 1
st
century BC. Pali was mostly used for propagation of Buddhism.
meters long and 15 meters wide. It was meant to store food grains. It had lines of circular brick plat forms for
pounding grain. There were barrack like quarters for workmen. The granary also had smaller halls and corridors.
It was used to store surplus food grains. There were two rows of granaries. Each row had six granaries. A similar
granary has been found in Mohanjodaro. All the granaries were built close to the river bank so that grains could
be easily transported with the help of boat.
35. In Mohenjodaro , The largest building is a Granary.
36. The caste system is a system of division of labour and power in human society. Historically, it defined
communities into thousands of endogamous hereditary groups called Jatis. The Jatis were grouped by the
Brahmanical texts under the four well-known caste categories (the varnas): viz Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, and Shudras.
37. Because of his reputation as a frightening warrior and a heartless general, Ashoka was sent by Bin
dusara to curb the riots in the Avanti province (Ujjain) of the Mauryan empire. Therefore , Bindusara sent
Asoka to quell the rebellion in Ujjain.
38. Kalibangan, one of the main sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, was famous for its pottery. It has also
yielded seals, bangles, terracotta objects, terracotta figurines, bricks, grinders, stone balls, etc.
39. Pali is a Middle Indo-Aryan language (of Prakrit group) of the Indian subcontinent. It was first written
down in Sri Lanka in the 1
st
century BC. Pali was mostly used for propagation of Buddhism.
40. Daya Ram Sahni was an Indian archaeologist who supervised the excavation of the Indus valley site
discovers at Harappa in 1921-22. A protege of John Marshall, Sahni became the first Indian to be appointed
Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1931, a position he held till 1935.
41. Sarnath is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist
Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. It is located to the north-east of
Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh.
42. The origins of Indian music could be traced to Samavedic Samhita.
43. Atharva veda also known as “Vedas of magic” containing Magical charms and spells .
44. The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and
covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. It was founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta. The first evidence of Sri
Gupta comes from the writings of I-tsing around 690 CE who describes that the Poona copper inscription of
Prabhavati Gupta, a daughter of Chandra Gupta, describes "Maharaja Sri-Gupta" as the founder of the
Gupta dynasty.
45. Mathura Museum houses has the largest collection of Kushan sculptures.
46. The Indus site of Dholavira is Famous for its futuristic water-harvesting techniques. It has given sample
evidence of rainwater harvesting network, a system of tanks and ponds that suppled water and even a sewage
discovers at Harappa in 1921-22. A protege of John Marshall, Sahni became the first Indian to be appointed
Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1931, a position he held till 1935.
41. Sarnath is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist
Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. It is located to the north-east of
Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh.
42. The origins of Indian music could be traced to Samavedic Samhita.
43. Atharva veda also known as “Vedas of magic” containing Magical charms and spells .
44. The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and
covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. It was founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta. The first evidence of Sri
Gupta comes from the writings of I-tsing around 690 CE who describes that the Poona copper inscription of
Prabhavati Gupta, a daughter of Chandra Gupta, describes "Maharaja Sri-Gupta" as the founder of the
Gupta dynasty.
45. Mathura Museum houses has the largest collection of Kushan sculptures.
46. The Indus site of Dholavira is Famous for its futuristic water-harvesting techniques. It has given sample
evidence of rainwater harvesting network, a system of tanks and ponds that suppled water and even a sewage
system way advanced for its times. Water conservation of Dholavira speaks volume about their advanced
hydraulic engineering.
47. The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan. It is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient
world." Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the 3
rd
millennium BC.
48. At least 2,800 years ago, circa 800 BC, the Takshashila university existed at Taxila, a town located in
Punjab, Pakistan. It was a centre of learning and is considered by some to have been one of the earliest
universities in the world. Taxila was situated at the pivotal junction of South Asia and Central Asia.
49. The Vikramasila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India.
during the Pala dynasty, along with Nalanda University. It was established by King Dharmapala (783 to 820)
in response to a supposed decline in the quality. of scholarship at Nalanda.
50. The ‘Nyaya Sutras' is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Aksapada Gautama. Composed
between 6
th
-century BC and 2
nd
-century BC.
51. Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama discovered the sea-route to India.
52. Arabs were the first to invade India.
hydraulic engineering.
47. The Great Bath is one of the best-known structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan. It is called the "earliest public water tank of the ancient
world." Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great Bath was built in the 3
rd
millennium BC.
48. At least 2,800 years ago, circa 800 BC, the Takshashila university existed at Taxila, a town located in
Punjab, Pakistan. It was a centre of learning and is considered by some to have been one of the earliest
universities in the world. Taxila was situated at the pivotal junction of South Asia and Central Asia.
49. The Vikramasila University was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India.
during the Pala dynasty, along with Nalanda University. It was established by King Dharmapala (783 to 820)
in response to a supposed decline in the quality. of scholarship at Nalanda.
50. The ‘Nyaya Sutras' is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by Aksapada Gautama. Composed
between 6
th
-century BC and 2
nd
-century BC.
51. Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama discovered the sea-route to India.
52. Arabs were the first to invade India.
53. Thanjavur, formerly Tanjore, first rose to prominence during the reign of the Medieval Cholas when it
served as the capital of the Chola empire.
54. The konark’s Sun Temple was built by king Narasimhadeva-I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around AD
1250. It is located at Konark in Odisha. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on
various list of Seven Wonders of India.
55.
Temple God Location Country
Brihadeshwara Temple A temple of Lord Shiva Thanjavur Tamil Nadu
Dilwara Temple Jain temples located near Mount Abu Rajasthan
Lingaraja Temple a temple of Harihara, a form of Shiva
and Vishnu
Bhubaneshwar Odisha
Hampi Group of
Monuments
ruined temple complexes of the
Vijayanagara Empire
Hampi, Ballari district Karnataka.
56. Ajanta and Ellora caves are located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The Ajanta Caves are
about 29 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650. The
Ellora caves are a group of caves featuring Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments, and artwork, dating from
the 600-1000 CE. Both sites are UNESCO World Heritage Site.
served as the capital of the Chola empire.
54. The konark’s Sun Temple was built by king Narasimhadeva-I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around AD
1250. It is located at Konark in Odisha. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on
various list of Seven Wonders of India.
55.
Temple God Location Country
Brihadeshwara Temple A temple of Lord Shiva Thanjavur Tamil Nadu
Dilwara Temple Jain temples located near Mount Abu Rajasthan
Lingaraja Temple a temple of Harihara, a form of Shiva
and Vishnu
Bhubaneshwar Odisha
Hampi Group of
Monuments
ruined temple complexes of the
Vijayanagara Empire
Hampi, Ballari district Karnataka.
56. Ajanta and Ellora caves are located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The Ajanta Caves are
about 29 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 or 650. The
Ellora caves are a group of caves featuring Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments, and artwork, dating from
the 600-1000 CE. Both sites are UNESCO World Heritage Site.
57. Aihole inscription is associated with the Chalukya dynasty. It was written by Ravi Kirti, court poet of
Chalukya King, Pulakeshin II who reigned from 610 to 642 A.D. Located at Meguti temple in Aihole, Kar
nataka, the inscription speaks about the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulakeshin II. It also mentions the
victory of Chalukyas on Pallavas.
58. The Shunga dynasty ruled Magadha after the fall of the Mauryas. The dynasty was established by Push
yamitra Shunga in 185 B.C. The rulers of Shunga dynasty controlled areas of the central and eastern Indian
subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BC.
59. Some of the dynasties to have ruled Magadha were:
Haryanka Kingdom (684-424 BC);
Shishunaga King dom (413-345 BC);
Nanda Empire (424-321 BC); and
Maurya Empire (321-184 BC).
60. The Beliefs Of Buddhism are:-
a) The world is full of sorrow.
b) People suffer on the account of sorrow.
c) If desires are conquered, nirvana will be attained
61. The Four Noble Truths are one of the central teachings of the Buddhist tradition. The teachings on the
four noble truths explain the nature of dukkha ("suffering", "anxiety", "stress", "dissatisfaction"), its causes,
Chalukya King, Pulakeshin II who reigned from 610 to 642 A.D. Located at Meguti temple in Aihole, Kar
nataka, the inscription speaks about the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulakeshin II. It also mentions the
victory of Chalukyas on Pallavas.
58. The Shunga dynasty ruled Magadha after the fall of the Mauryas. The dynasty was established by Push
yamitra Shunga in 185 B.C. The rulers of Shunga dynasty controlled areas of the central and eastern Indian
subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BC.
59. Some of the dynasties to have ruled Magadha were:
Haryanka Kingdom (684-424 BC);
Shishunaga King dom (413-345 BC);
Nanda Empire (424-321 BC); and
Maurya Empire (321-184 BC).
60. The Beliefs Of Buddhism are:-
a) The world is full of sorrow.
b) People suffer on the account of sorrow.
c) If desires are conquered, nirvana will be attained
61. The Four Noble Truths are one of the central teachings of the Buddhist tradition. The teachings on the
four noble truths explain the nature of dukkha ("suffering", "anxiety", "stress", "dissatisfaction"), its causes,
the possibility of its cessation and how it can be overcome. The four truths are presented within the Buddha's first
discourse, Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dharma (Dharmacakra Pravartana Sutra).
62. In Jainism the three jewels(tri ratan) (also referred to as ratnatraya) are understood as samyagdarshana
("right faith"), samyagjnana ("right knowledge"), and samy akcharitra ("right conduct"). One of the three
cannot exist exclusive of the others, and all are required for spiritual liberation.
63. Patanjali was the pioneer of Yoga.
64. The Greeks (Seleucus-I Nicator) driven out of india by ChandraGupta Maurya.
65. During the Vedic period, when a man and a woman married for love and without the consent of their
families, that marriage was called Gandharva Vivaah or 'love marriage.' It was based on mutual attraction
between two people, with no rituals, witnesses or family participation.
66. The Great Bath is one of the best known structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan. It is called as "earliest public water tank of the ancient
world". Archaeological evidence indicates that it was built in the 3
rd
Millenium BC.
67. Varahamihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain. He is
considered to be one of the nine jewels of the court of legendary ruler Vikramaditya (thought to be the Gupta
emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).
discourse, Setting in Motion the Wheel of the Dharma (Dharmacakra Pravartana Sutra).
62. In Jainism the three jewels(tri ratan) (also referred to as ratnatraya) are understood as samyagdarshana
("right faith"), samyagjnana ("right knowledge"), and samy akcharitra ("right conduct"). One of the three
cannot exist exclusive of the others, and all are required for spiritual liberation.
63. Patanjali was the pioneer of Yoga.
64. The Greeks (Seleucus-I Nicator) driven out of india by ChandraGupta Maurya.
65. During the Vedic period, when a man and a woman married for love and without the consent of their
families, that marriage was called Gandharva Vivaah or 'love marriage.' It was based on mutual attraction
between two people, with no rituals, witnesses or family participation.
66. The Great Bath is one of the best known structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization at Mohenjodaro in Sindh, Pakistan. It is called as "earliest public water tank of the ancient
world". Archaeological evidence indicates that it was built in the 3
rd
Millenium BC.
67. Varahamihira was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain. He is
considered to be one of the nine jewels of the court of legendary ruler Vikramaditya (thought to be the Gupta
emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).
68. 'Prince of pilgrims' Hieun Tsang, the well-known Chinese traveller was a Buddhist scholar who visited
India in the 7
th
century A.D., (630-644 A.D). He came to India to visit all the places connected with the life of
the Buddha.
69. Charvaka is a system of Indian philosophy and not a physician. While Sushruta, Charaka,
Dhanvantari are also Physicians.
70. The Kalinga war was fought between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka the Great and the state of Kal
inga, a feudal republic located on the coast of the present-day Indian state of Odisha and nothern parts of
Andhra Pradesh. On the basis of Ashokan inscriptions, it can be established that it was fought in 262 - 261 BC.
The Kalinga war, the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to throne, is one of the major and
bloodiest battles in the history of India. Kalinga war was Won by Ashoka.
71. Some coins throw significant light on the personal events of certain Gupta rulers like Samudra Gupta.
Vehicle of Vishnu inscribed on some coin indicate that Samudra Gupta was a devotee of that deity. Veena
bears out his love for music. His coins show him playing veena.
72. Kanishka was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty. He was the founder of the Saka era which starts from 78
A.D. Also the year of accession of Kanishka to the throne was 78 AD.
73. The Indus valley civilization was basically an urban civilization and the people lived in well-planned and
well-built towns, which were also the centers for trade. The ruins of Mohenjodaro and Harappa show that
these were magnificent merchant cities-well planned, scientifically laid, and well looked after.
India in the 7
th
century A.D., (630-644 A.D). He came to India to visit all the places connected with the life of
the Buddha.
69. Charvaka is a system of Indian philosophy and not a physician. While Sushruta, Charaka,
Dhanvantari are also Physicians.
70. The Kalinga war was fought between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka the Great and the state of Kal
inga, a feudal republic located on the coast of the present-day Indian state of Odisha and nothern parts of
Andhra Pradesh. On the basis of Ashokan inscriptions, it can be established that it was fought in 262 - 261 BC.
The Kalinga war, the only major war Ashoka fought after his accession to throne, is one of the major and
bloodiest battles in the history of India. Kalinga war was Won by Ashoka.
71. Some coins throw significant light on the personal events of certain Gupta rulers like Samudra Gupta.
Vehicle of Vishnu inscribed on some coin indicate that Samudra Gupta was a devotee of that deity. Veena
bears out his love for music. His coins show him playing veena.
72. Kanishka was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty. He was the founder of the Saka era which starts from 78
A.D. Also the year of accession of Kanishka to the throne was 78 AD.
73. The Indus valley civilization was basically an urban civilization and the people lived in well-planned and
well-built towns, which were also the centers for trade. The ruins of Mohenjodaro and Harappa show that
these were magnificent merchant cities-well planned, scientifically laid, and well looked after.
74. The first Mahabodhi Temple was built by Emperor Ashoka at Bodh Gaya in around 260 BC. It is
located at the very lace where Gautam Buddha sat in meditation under a peepul tree and attained
enlightenment after three days and nights of meditation. It is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the
Lord Buddha, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment.
75. Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara. He is known for his Sanskrit
grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in
the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (meaning "eight chapters").
76. Kalidas was one of the "nine gems" at the court of a king named Vikramaditya, generally identified with
the great Gupta ruler, Chandragupta II.
77. Yajur Veda deals with sacrificial formulae. It is divided into Black Yajur Veda and White Yajur Veda.
78. The best productions of Gandhara Sculpture appreared during Kushana period. Gandhara sculpture
shows Greek influence, therefore, it is known as Indo Greek art.
79. Rig, Yajur, and Sama Vedas were known as the Trayividya ("threefold knowledge"). A fourth
collection of hymns, magic spells, and incantations is known as the Atharvaveda ("Knowledge of the Fire
Priest"), which includes yarious local traditions and remains partly outside the Vedic sacrifice. Therefore it is not
a part of the Vedatrayi.
80. Manu Smriti deals with law.
located at the very lace where Gautam Buddha sat in meditation under a peepul tree and attained
enlightenment after three days and nights of meditation. It is one of the four holy sites related to the life of the
Lord Buddha, and particularly to the attainment of Enlightenment.
75. Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara. He is known for his Sanskrit
grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in
the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (meaning "eight chapters").
76. Kalidas was one of the "nine gems" at the court of a king named Vikramaditya, generally identified with
the great Gupta ruler, Chandragupta II.
77. Yajur Veda deals with sacrificial formulae. It is divided into Black Yajur Veda and White Yajur Veda.
78. The best productions of Gandhara Sculpture appreared during Kushana period. Gandhara sculpture
shows Greek influence, therefore, it is known as Indo Greek art.
79. Rig, Yajur, and Sama Vedas were known as the Trayividya ("threefold knowledge"). A fourth
collection of hymns, magic spells, and incantations is known as the Atharvaveda ("Knowledge of the Fire
Priest"), which includes yarious local traditions and remains partly outside the Vedic sacrifice. Therefore it is not
a part of the Vedatrayi.
80. Manu Smriti deals with law.
81. Borobudur Temple is located in Indonesia where scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharatha are
depicted and Angkor Wat Temple is located in Cambodia.
82. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, one of the oldest stone structure in India, was originally commissioned
(Built) by Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3
rd
century BC.
83. Siddhartha or Gautam Buddha was born in 563 BC at Lumbini near Kapilvastu (Nepal). According to
Buddhism the cause of suffering leading to endless rebirth is desire.
84. The Jaina literature is known as Angas.
85. The important towns of Chera dynasty were Musiri, Tondi, Bandar and Vanji. Roman built a temple of
Augustus at Musiri.
86. A 10
th
century inscription on a temple wall of the brahman village of Uttaramerur gives the details of
village administration under Cholas.
87. The temple at Mahabalipuram (Shore temple) was built during the reign of the Pallava King Rajasimha
(c. 700-728 A.D), also known as Narasimhavarman II. It is the earliest important structural temple in Southern
India. The temple is also acknowledged as the first stone structure made by the Pallavas.
88. Gandhara School of art shows Greek influence, therefore, it is known as Indo-Greek art. Main Features
are:-
depicted and Angkor Wat Temple is located in Cambodia.
82. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, one of the oldest stone structure in India, was originally commissioned
(Built) by Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3
rd
century BC.
83. Siddhartha or Gautam Buddha was born in 563 BC at Lumbini near Kapilvastu (Nepal). According to
Buddhism the cause of suffering leading to endless rebirth is desire.
84. The Jaina literature is known as Angas.
85. The important towns of Chera dynasty were Musiri, Tondi, Bandar and Vanji. Roman built a temple of
Augustus at Musiri.
86. A 10
th
century inscription on a temple wall of the brahman village of Uttaramerur gives the details of
village administration under Cholas.
87. The temple at Mahabalipuram (Shore temple) was built during the reign of the Pallava King Rajasimha
(c. 700-728 A.D), also known as Narasimhavarman II. It is the earliest important structural temple in Southern
India. The temple is also acknowledged as the first stone structure made by the Pallavas.
88. Gandhara School of art shows Greek influence, therefore, it is known as Indo-Greek art. Main Features
are:-
A) Buddha is shown as Roman and Greek gods (ii) Moustache and beard are added to Buddha's face (iii) The
figures of this school follow a given ratio between the size of the face and rest of the body.
During first and second century blue grey schist stone was used to make idols.
This school of arts developed during the Kushan Period with the mixture of Indian and Greek style.
89. The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajgir in 483 BC during the reign of Ajatasatru. It was presided
by Mahakassapa.
90. King of Magadha Bimbisara was contemporary of Lord Buddha. He was a great friend and protector
of the Buddha. Bimbisara was born in 558 B.C. He was the emperor of the Magadha empire from 543 BC to
his death in 491 B.C. Budhha was born in 563 B.C and died in 483 B.C. 102.
91. During the reign of Mahendravarman I (590-630) began the long drawn out struggle between the Palla
vas and the Chalukyas. He was defeated by Pulakesin II and a part of his kingdom was occupied.
92. The National Flag of India has design of Ashoka Chakra (Dharma Chakra) in navy blue colour with 24
equally spaced spokes. The 24 spokes represent the twelve laws of dependent origination and the twelve laws of
dependent termination.
93. In South India, the Bhakti movement originated in Tamil Nadu sometime after the 7
th
century AD with
the Alwars (Vaishnava saints) and the Adiyars (Shaiva saints).
figures of this school follow a given ratio between the size of the face and rest of the body.
During first and second century blue grey schist stone was used to make idols.
This school of arts developed during the Kushan Period with the mixture of Indian and Greek style.
89. The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajgir in 483 BC during the reign of Ajatasatru. It was presided
by Mahakassapa.
90. King of Magadha Bimbisara was contemporary of Lord Buddha. He was a great friend and protector
of the Buddha. Bimbisara was born in 558 B.C. He was the emperor of the Magadha empire from 543 BC to
his death in 491 B.C. Budhha was born in 563 B.C and died in 483 B.C. 102.
91. During the reign of Mahendravarman I (590-630) began the long drawn out struggle between the Palla
vas and the Chalukyas. He was defeated by Pulakesin II and a part of his kingdom was occupied.
92. The National Flag of India has design of Ashoka Chakra (Dharma Chakra) in navy blue colour with 24
equally spaced spokes. The 24 spokes represent the twelve laws of dependent origination and the twelve laws of
dependent termination.
93. In South India, the Bhakti movement originated in Tamil Nadu sometime after the 7
th
century AD with
the Alwars (Vaishnava saints) and the Adiyars (Shaiva saints).
94. The Milinda Panha (Questions of Milinda) is a Buddhist text which dates from approximately 100 BC. It
purports to record a dialogue in which the Indo-Greek king Menander I of Bactria, who reigned in the 2
nd
century BC, poses questions on Buddhism to the sage Nagasena.
95. In a discovery that might excite geologists the world over, researchers of the State Forest Research and
Training Institute (SFRTI) in Chhattisgarh, in November 2012, announced to have discovered trée fossils that
date back about 250 million years - or the Jurassic age. The discovery could be a precursor to more such findings
in the Sarguja region, known for its rich fossil reserves.
96. Digambara "sky-clad" is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other being Svetambara. Generally,
Digambara monks wear no clothes whereas Svetambara "white-clad" monks usually wear white clothes.
97. Mahayana, Hinayana, Theravad are the sects of Buddhism.
98. The first sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It is
also called the Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma.
99. The Three Jewels (triratna) are the three things that Buddhists take refuge in, and look toward for
guidance, in the process known as taking refuge. The Three Jewels are: Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.
100. Chandragupta I was known as 'Lichchavidauhi tra.' His marriage with the Lichchavi Princess
Kumaradevi was one of the significant events in the Gupta rule. The importance of this marriage can be known
purports to record a dialogue in which the Indo-Greek king Menander I of Bactria, who reigned in the 2
nd
century BC, poses questions on Buddhism to the sage Nagasena.
95. In a discovery that might excite geologists the world over, researchers of the State Forest Research and
Training Institute (SFRTI) in Chhattisgarh, in November 2012, announced to have discovered trée fossils that
date back about 250 million years - or the Jurassic age. The discovery could be a precursor to more such findings
in the Sarguja region, known for its rich fossil reserves.
96. Digambara "sky-clad" is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other being Svetambara. Generally,
Digambara monks wear no clothes whereas Svetambara "white-clad" monks usually wear white clothes.
97. Mahayana, Hinayana, Theravad are the sects of Buddhism.
98. The first sermon Buddha gave to the five monks was called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It is
also called the Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma.
99. The Three Jewels (triratna) are the three things that Buddhists take refuge in, and look toward for
guidance, in the process known as taking refuge. The Three Jewels are: Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.
100. Chandragupta I was known as 'Lichchavidauhi tra.' His marriage with the Lichchavi Princess
Kumaradevi was one of the significant events in the Gupta rule. The importance of this marriage can be known
further from Samudragupta's Allahabad inscription in which he has described himself as "Lichchhavis-
dauhitra or daughter's son of the Lichchavis.
101. Jamali, who was husband of Anonja Priyadarshini, was the first disciple of Mahavira. He was
Mahavira's son-in-law.
102. Vardhamana Mahavira was also known as 'Jina' which literally means the 'conqueror'. Jina refers to the
one who has conquered love and hate, pleasure and pain, attachment and aversion, and has thereby freed 'his'
soul from the karmas obscuring knowl edge, perception, truth, and ability. It was from this word that Jainism was
derived.
103. The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way
leading to the cessation of suffering (dukkha) and the achievement of self-awakening. The path comprises right
view(Contemplation), right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, right concentration. Not Included Right Desire.
104. The Sunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian
Subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pusyamitra Sunga, after the fall of
the Maurya Empire. Therefore , Sungas Dynasty succeeded the Mauryas.
105. The Buddhist monk who spread Buddhism in Tibet was Padmasambhava. Padmasambhava translated
numerous Buddhist Text into Tibetan language.
dauhitra or daughter's son of the Lichchavis.
101. Jamali, who was husband of Anonja Priyadarshini, was the first disciple of Mahavira. He was
Mahavira's son-in-law.
102. Vardhamana Mahavira was also known as 'Jina' which literally means the 'conqueror'. Jina refers to the
one who has conquered love and hate, pleasure and pain, attachment and aversion, and has thereby freed 'his'
soul from the karmas obscuring knowl edge, perception, truth, and ability. It was from this word that Jainism was
derived.
103. The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal teachings of the Buddha, who described it as the way
leading to the cessation of suffering (dukkha) and the achievement of self-awakening. The path comprises right
view(Contemplation), right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right
mindfulness, right concentration. Not Included Right Desire.
104. The Sunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian
Subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pusyamitra Sunga, after the fall of
the Maurya Empire. Therefore , Sungas Dynasty succeeded the Mauryas.
105. The Buddhist monk who spread Buddhism in Tibet was Padmasambhava. Padmasambhava translated
numerous Buddhist Text into Tibetan language.
106. Kharvela was the 3
rd
and greatest emperor of the Chedi dynasty of Kalinga (present-day Odisha). The
main source of information about Kharavela is his famous Hanthigumpha inscription.
107. Pulakesin II (610-642 AD) was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. In his reign the
Chalukyas of Badami saw their kingdom extend over most of the Deccan.
108. An inscription of the 8
th
century AD at Uttaramerur temple describes the constitution of the local
council, eligibility and disqualifications for the candidates, the method selection, their duties and delimits their
power in Chola dynasty.
109.
Chalukyas Vatapi (Badami)
Hoysalas Dwarasamudra
Rashtrakutas Malkhed
Kakatiyas Warangal
110. The vivid description of Kalinga war is given in 13
th
Rock Edict of Asoka. The edict gives description of
the devastation caused to Kalinga due to war and how the Mauryan emperor felt remorse for it.
rd
and greatest emperor of the Chedi dynasty of Kalinga (present-day Odisha). The
main source of information about Kharavela is his famous Hanthigumpha inscription.
107. Pulakesin II (610-642 AD) was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. In his reign the
Chalukyas of Badami saw their kingdom extend over most of the Deccan.
108. An inscription of the 8
th
century AD at Uttaramerur temple describes the constitution of the local
council, eligibility and disqualifications for the candidates, the method selection, their duties and delimits their
power in Chola dynasty.
109.
Chalukyas Vatapi (Badami)
Hoysalas Dwarasamudra
Rashtrakutas Malkhed
Kakatiyas Warangal
110. The vivid description of Kalinga war is given in 13
th
Rock Edict of Asoka. The edict gives description of
the devastation caused to Kalinga due to war and how the Mauryan emperor felt remorse for it.
111. Megasthenes was the ambassador of Seleucus I of the Seleucid dynasty to Chandragupta Maurya. He
lived in the court of Chandragupta Maurya for about 5 years (302-298 B.C). He has written an account of India
and Chandragupta's reign in his book entitled "Indica."
112. The Aihole inscription were written by the Ravikirti, court poet of Chalukya King, Pulakesin II who
reigned from 610 to 642 CE. This inscription gives information about the conquests of Pulakesin, especially how
he defeated Harshavardhana.
113. Asoka appointed officials, known as the Dhamma Mahamatta, who went from place to place teaching
people about dhamma. Besides, Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials
to read his message to those who could not read it themselves. He also sent messengers to spread ideas about
dhamma to Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.
114. Around the time when Jainism and Buddhism were becoming popular, brahmins developed the system of
ashramas. 4 ashramas were recognised: brahma charya, grihastha, vanaprastha and samnyasa. The system
of ashramas allowed men to spend some part of their lives in meditation.
115. The Indus script is an un-deciphered script.
116. Kanishka was the most famous emperor of the Kushan dynasty (127-151) who ruled an empire extending
from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain and famous for his military, political,
and spiritual achievements. He convened the 4th Buddhist Council in Kashmir and provided encouragement
to both the Gandhara school of Greco Buddhist Art and the Mathura school of Hindu art.
lived in the court of Chandragupta Maurya for about 5 years (302-298 B.C). He has written an account of India
and Chandragupta's reign in his book entitled "Indica."
112. The Aihole inscription were written by the Ravikirti, court poet of Chalukya King, Pulakesin II who
reigned from 610 to 642 CE. This inscription gives information about the conquests of Pulakesin, especially how
he defeated Harshavardhana.
113. Asoka appointed officials, known as the Dhamma Mahamatta, who went from place to place teaching
people about dhamma. Besides, Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials
to read his message to those who could not read it themselves. He also sent messengers to spread ideas about
dhamma to Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.
114. Around the time when Jainism and Buddhism were becoming popular, brahmins developed the system of
ashramas. 4 ashramas were recognised: brahma charya, grihastha, vanaprastha and samnyasa. The system
of ashramas allowed men to spend some part of their lives in meditation.
115. The Indus script is an un-deciphered script.
116. Kanishka was the most famous emperor of the Kushan dynasty (127-151) who ruled an empire extending
from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain and famous for his military, political,
and spiritual achievements. He convened the 4th Buddhist Council in Kashmir and provided encouragement
to both the Gandhara school of Greco Buddhist Art and the Mathura school of Hindu art.
117. The Great Stupa at Sanchi was built by Mauryan emperor Ashoka.
Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath is thought to be the oldest Stupa in existence.
The stupa of Bharhút is between Allahabad and Jabalpur situated in the erstwhile Nagod state of Madhya
Pradesh. While Ranchi does not have any stupa.
118. Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, is marked by a commemorative pillar erected by Mauryan
Emperor Ashoka of India during his pilgrimage to the holy site in 249 BC. The inscription on the Ashoka
Pillar indentifies the Sacred Garden - spread over 9 sq. km - as the spot where the Enlightened One was born.
Lumbini was known as Rummindei in Asoka's time.
119. Several tribal assemblies, such as sabha, samiti. vidatha, and gana mentioned in the Rig Veda exercised
deliberative, military and religious functions. But from the political point of view important were the sabha and
Samiti. We have also some traces of the election of tribal chiefs by the tribal assembly called the samiti.
120. The Kshatriyas as the 'khattiyas' of Buddhist literature had a distinct identity at the time of the Buddha.
Also for Vaishyas.
121. After the spread of the Buddhist religion, Chinese travellers came to India in big numbers to collect
religious books and to visit holy places of Buddhism. Notable among those travellers included I-tsing, Ha
Hsien and Hiuen Tsang.
Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath is thought to be the oldest Stupa in existence.
The stupa of Bharhút is between Allahabad and Jabalpur situated in the erstwhile Nagod state of Madhya
Pradesh. While Ranchi does not have any stupa.
118. Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, is marked by a commemorative pillar erected by Mauryan
Emperor Ashoka of India during his pilgrimage to the holy site in 249 BC. The inscription on the Ashoka
Pillar indentifies the Sacred Garden - spread over 9 sq. km - as the spot where the Enlightened One was born.
Lumbini was known as Rummindei in Asoka's time.
119. Several tribal assemblies, such as sabha, samiti. vidatha, and gana mentioned in the Rig Veda exercised
deliberative, military and religious functions. But from the political point of view important were the sabha and
Samiti. We have also some traces of the election of tribal chiefs by the tribal assembly called the samiti.
120. The Kshatriyas as the 'khattiyas' of Buddhist literature had a distinct identity at the time of the Buddha.
Also for Vaishyas.
121. After the spread of the Buddhist religion, Chinese travellers came to India in big numbers to collect
religious books and to visit holy places of Buddhism. Notable among those travellers included I-tsing, Ha
Hsien and Hiuen Tsang.
122. Upanishad means "sitting down near", referring to the student sitting down near the teacher while
rceiving esoteric knowledge. Monier-Williams' Sanskrit Dictionary adds that, "Upanishad means 'setting to
rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit.""
123. Sage Agastya, often considered the father of traditional Indian Medicine, is also associated with the
Aryanization of South India. The Yadavas of South India were the first to be aryanized. Agastya compiled the
first Tamil grammar called Agathiyam.
124. The three pitakas are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Triratna is a traditional
Buddhist word meaning "Three Jewels".
125. For the spread of Buddhism, Asoka sent missionaries (dharma mahamatras) all over India and beyond.
The missionaries sent by Ashoka to the other countries were well received by them and the conversions and took
place easily because of the influence and the personal power Ashoka exercised.
126. Saraswati appears in Hindu religious traditions both as a sacred river and the goddess of wisdom and
art. The earliest known source composed in Sanskrit (a collection of religious hymns called the Rigveda)
mentions a river called Saraswati. The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the 'Sarasvati culture',
the 'Sarasvati Civilization' or the 'Indus-Sarasvati Civiliza tion' as it is theorized that the civilisation flourished
on banks of the Sarasvati River, along with the Indus.
127. The region where the Aryans settled (earliest settlement) in India around 1500 B.C. was called Sapta
Sindhu (Seven Rivers), also referred to as the Brahmavarta. They spread to Indo-Gangetic plains in the later
Vedic Period and this region came to be known as Aryavarta (1000 BC to 600 BC).
rceiving esoteric knowledge. Monier-Williams' Sanskrit Dictionary adds that, "Upanishad means 'setting to
rest ignorance by revealing the knowledge of the supreme spirit.""
123. Sage Agastya, often considered the father of traditional Indian Medicine, is also associated with the
Aryanization of South India. The Yadavas of South India were the first to be aryanized. Agastya compiled the
first Tamil grammar called Agathiyam.
124. The three pitakas are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Triratna is a traditional
Buddhist word meaning "Three Jewels".
125. For the spread of Buddhism, Asoka sent missionaries (dharma mahamatras) all over India and beyond.
The missionaries sent by Ashoka to the other countries were well received by them and the conversions and took
place easily because of the influence and the personal power Ashoka exercised.
126. Saraswati appears in Hindu religious traditions both as a sacred river and the goddess of wisdom and
art. The earliest known source composed in Sanskrit (a collection of religious hymns called the Rigveda)
mentions a river called Saraswati. The Indus Valley Civilisation is sometimes called the 'Sarasvati culture',
the 'Sarasvati Civilization' or the 'Indus-Sarasvati Civiliza tion' as it is theorized that the civilisation flourished
on banks of the Sarasvati River, along with the Indus.
127. The region where the Aryans settled (earliest settlement) in India around 1500 B.C. was called Sapta
Sindhu (Seven Rivers), also referred to as the Brahmavarta. They spread to Indo-Gangetic plains in the later
Vedic Period and this region came to be known as Aryavarta (1000 BC to 600 BC).
128. The most famous work by Varahamihira is the treatise on mathematical astronomy called the Pancha
Siddhantika ("Five Astronomical Treatises"). It is dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical
systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha.
129. The silver coins issued during the Gupta period were called 'Rupaka.' These coins were based on Sakas
of Ujjaini weighing 32-36 grains. However, according to Fa-Hsien, cowries were the common means of
exchange.
130. The Tolkappiyam is a work on the grammar of the Tamil language written in the form of poems around
200 BC by Tolkappiyar complied in second sangam. The seat of the second Sangam was Kapatpuram. It was
attended by several poets and produced a large mass of literature, but only Tolkappiyam (the early Tamil
grammar) has survived.
131. Sung Yun Chinese traveler came to India in (517 518) AD after FaHien.
132. Odantapuri, in ancient times was a celebrated Buddhist centre of learning (vihara) in India identified
with modern Bihar Sharif in Bihar. It was founded in the 7th century CE by Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala
dynasty, in emulation of its neighbour Nalanda, another distinguished centre of Buddhist learning.
133. In the post-Vedic period, the entire northern territory mostly situated north of the Vindhyas and extending
from the North-West frontier to Bihar was divided into sixteen states called Sodasha Mahajanapadas. The
Buddhist literature, particularly the Anguttara Nikaya lists the 16 mahajanapadas given as - Gandhara,
Kamboja, Assaka, Vatsa, Avanti, Surasena, Chedi, Malla, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Vajji, Anga, Kosala
and Magadha.
Siddhantika ("Five Astronomical Treatises"). It is dated 575 AD. It is a summary of five earlier astronomical
systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha.
129. The silver coins issued during the Gupta period were called 'Rupaka.' These coins were based on Sakas
of Ujjaini weighing 32-36 grains. However, according to Fa-Hsien, cowries were the common means of
exchange.
130. The Tolkappiyam is a work on the grammar of the Tamil language written in the form of poems around
200 BC by Tolkappiyar complied in second sangam. The seat of the second Sangam was Kapatpuram. It was
attended by several poets and produced a large mass of literature, but only Tolkappiyam (the early Tamil
grammar) has survived.
131. Sung Yun Chinese traveler came to India in (517 518) AD after FaHien.
132. Odantapuri, in ancient times was a celebrated Buddhist centre of learning (vihara) in India identified
with modern Bihar Sharif in Bihar. It was founded in the 7th century CE by Gopala, the first ruler of the Pala
dynasty, in emulation of its neighbour Nalanda, another distinguished centre of Buddhist learning.
133. In the post-Vedic period, the entire northern territory mostly situated north of the Vindhyas and extending
from the North-West frontier to Bihar was divided into sixteen states called Sodasha Mahajanapadas. The
Buddhist literature, particularly the Anguttara Nikaya lists the 16 mahajanapadas given as - Gandhara,
Kamboja, Assaka, Vatsa, Avanti, Surasena, Chedi, Malla, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Vajji, Anga, Kosala
and Magadha.
134. Harshavardhana (606 to 647 AD) and Pulakesin II (610-642 AD) were contemporaries to each other.
According to the Aihole inscription; Pulakesin of the Chalukyan dynasty defeated Harshavardhana of
Kannauj on the banks of the Narmada.
135. The Kannada literature reached great heights under the Western Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas who
succeeded them. King Amoghavarsha I was himself one of the gems of Kannada. Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna
and Ranna, called the "three gems" of Kannada literature (most lasting contribution), found enthusiastic
patronage from Rash trakuta rulers. Similarly, the Kailasa temple is a contribution of the Rashtrakutas.
136. Ravikirti was the court poet of Chalukya King, Pulakesin II who reigned from 610 to 642 A.D. He
authored the Aihole inscription at Meguti Temple which describes the defeat of Harshavardhana by
Pulakesin II and the shifting of the capital from Aihole to Badami.
137. In 1905, R. Shamasastry discovered (original founder) and published the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian
treatise on state craft. He transcribed, edited and published the Sanskrit edition in 1909. He proceeded to
translate it into English, publishing it in 1915.
138. The National Emblem of India is derived from the time of the Emperor Ashoka. It is a replica of the Lion
of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Lion Capital was erected in the Emperor Ashoka in 3rd century
B.C. to mark the spot where Buddha first proclaimed his gospel of peace and emancipation. Therefore, the
Government of India borrowed and adopted its symbol from the time of Ashoka.
139. The 6
th
century B.C was an age of religious ferment in the world. In India, it witnessed the birth of
Buddhism and Jainism.
According to the Aihole inscription; Pulakesin of the Chalukyan dynasty defeated Harshavardhana of
Kannauj on the banks of the Narmada.
135. The Kannada literature reached great heights under the Western Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas who
succeeded them. King Amoghavarsha I was himself one of the gems of Kannada. Adikavi Pampa, Sri Ponna
and Ranna, called the "three gems" of Kannada literature (most lasting contribution), found enthusiastic
patronage from Rash trakuta rulers. Similarly, the Kailasa temple is a contribution of the Rashtrakutas.
136. Ravikirti was the court poet of Chalukya King, Pulakesin II who reigned from 610 to 642 A.D. He
authored the Aihole inscription at Meguti Temple which describes the defeat of Harshavardhana by
Pulakesin II and the shifting of the capital from Aihole to Badami.
137. In 1905, R. Shamasastry discovered (original founder) and published the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian
treatise on state craft. He transcribed, edited and published the Sanskrit edition in 1909. He proceeded to
translate it into English, publishing it in 1915.
138. The National Emblem of India is derived from the time of the Emperor Ashoka. It is a replica of the Lion
of Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Lion Capital was erected in the Emperor Ashoka in 3rd century
B.C. to mark the spot where Buddha first proclaimed his gospel of peace and emancipation. Therefore, the
Government of India borrowed and adopted its symbol from the time of Ashoka.
139. The 6
th
century B.C was an age of religious ferment in the world. In India, it witnessed the birth of
Buddhism and Jainism.
140. The Sindh government of Pakistan, in February 2014, requested Islamabad for asking India to return the
famous statue of the Dancing Girl, which is in possession of the Indian authorities since 1946. The 10.8-cm
bronze statue, made in 2500 BC, is on display at the National Museum in New Delhi.
141. According to Jain scriptures, Vardhaman Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara founded Jainism as
a faith in the 5th or 6th century B.C.
142. The tales of ‘The Panchatantra’ was compiled by Vishnu Sharma.
143. The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave
monuments which date from the 2
nd
century BCE to about 480 or 650 A.D. Most of them were constructed
during Gupta Period.
144. As in most other contemporary civilizations, agriculture was the backbone of the Indus economy. The
people made extensive use of the wooden plows. Barley and wheat were the main food crops.
145. Sung Yun Chinese traveller came to India in 517 AD(6
th
century) after FaHien, who commenced his
journey in 399 AD from Chang Gan in China to India in search of authoritative texts of Buddha's preaching.
146. 'Kavirajamarga' (meaning "Royal Path for Poets") was written by the famous Rashtrakuta King
"Nrupatunga" Amoghavarsha I. it is the earliest available writing on rhetoric, poetics and grammar in the
Kannada language. It was written around 850 A.D.
famous statue of the Dancing Girl, which is in possession of the Indian authorities since 1946. The 10.8-cm
bronze statue, made in 2500 BC, is on display at the National Museum in New Delhi.
141. According to Jain scriptures, Vardhaman Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara founded Jainism as
a faith in the 5th or 6th century B.C.
142. The tales of ‘The Panchatantra’ was compiled by Vishnu Sharma.
143. The Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, are about 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave
monuments which date from the 2
nd
century BCE to about 480 or 650 A.D. Most of them were constructed
during Gupta Period.
144. As in most other contemporary civilizations, agriculture was the backbone of the Indus economy. The
people made extensive use of the wooden plows. Barley and wheat were the main food crops.
145. Sung Yun Chinese traveller came to India in 517 AD(6
th
century) after FaHien, who commenced his
journey in 399 AD from Chang Gan in China to India in search of authoritative texts of Buddha's preaching.
146. 'Kavirajamarga' (meaning "Royal Path for Poets") was written by the famous Rashtrakuta King
"Nrupatunga" Amoghavarsha I. it is the earliest available writing on rhetoric, poetics and grammar in the
Kannada language. It was written around 850 A.D.
147. The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the original, there are
four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an
elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.
Carved out of a single block of polished sand stone, the Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma
Chakra). 'Satyameva Jayate' (not adopted from Maurya dynasty)is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture
Mundaka Upanishad.
148. The Thalavaipuram copper plate brought out during 1018 and 1054 A.D by the Pandyan kings, describes
land system, giant waves, etc.
149. Gautamiputra Satakarni (78-102 A.D) is often acknowledged by historians as the greatest of the
Satavahana rulers. He defeated the Yavanas, Sakas, and Pallavas and re-established the ancient glory of the
Satavahanas. He performed two Ashwamedha sacrifices.
150. The Buddhist literature, particularly the Anguttara Nikaya lists the 16 mahajanapadas given as -
Gandhara, Kamboja, Assaka, Vatsa, Avanti, Surase na, Chedi, Malla, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Vajji, Anga,
Kosala and Magadha. The state of Gandhara roughly corresponded to modern Kashmir and extended upto the
Kabul valley. Its capital was Taxila which was a famous seat of learning where scholars came from all over the
world.
151. Thiru Parameswara Vinnagaram or Vaikunta Perumal Temple in Kanchipuram is believed to have
been built by the Pallava king Nandivarman II, with later contributions from Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagara
kings. It is constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture.
four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an
elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus.
Carved out of a single block of polished sand stone, the Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law (Dharma
Chakra). 'Satyameva Jayate' (not adopted from Maurya dynasty)is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture
Mundaka Upanishad.
148. The Thalavaipuram copper plate brought out during 1018 and 1054 A.D by the Pandyan kings, describes
land system, giant waves, etc.
149. Gautamiputra Satakarni (78-102 A.D) is often acknowledged by historians as the greatest of the
Satavahana rulers. He defeated the Yavanas, Sakas, and Pallavas and re-established the ancient glory of the
Satavahanas. He performed two Ashwamedha sacrifices.
150. The Buddhist literature, particularly the Anguttara Nikaya lists the 16 mahajanapadas given as -
Gandhara, Kamboja, Assaka, Vatsa, Avanti, Surase na, Chedi, Malla, Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Vajji, Anga,
Kosala and Magadha. The state of Gandhara roughly corresponded to modern Kashmir and extended upto the
Kabul valley. Its capital was Taxila which was a famous seat of learning where scholars came from all over the
world.
151. Thiru Parameswara Vinnagaram or Vaikunta Perumal Temple in Kanchipuram is believed to have
been built by the Pallava king Nandivarman II, with later contributions from Medieval Cholas and Vijayanagara
kings. It is constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture.
152. Stupa is a hemispherical structure containing Buddhist relics and place of meditation used by
Buddhists monks. In Buddhism, the earliest stupas contained portions of the Buddha's ashes, and as a result, the
stupa began to be associated with the death of the Buddha.
153. Indus Valley civilization was the oldest civilization to have flourished in the Indian subcontinent.
Generally dated between 3000 B.C to 1800 B.C, it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World along
with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was a Bronze Age civilization.
154. Shah Jahan was a great builder and he built many splendid buildings. That is why many scholars called
him the 'Engineer King' or 'Prince of Builders, etc. apart from building the Taj Mahal which is justly regarded
as a jewel of the builder's art; he also built he Jama Masjid, the Red Fort, etc.
155. The rulers of Magadha who first employed elephants as a weapon of large-scale de struction. According to
Plutarch, at the time of Alex ander's invasion of India, the Nanda army comprised 6,000 war elephants which
discouraged Alexander's men from further advancement. According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta Maurya's
army consisted of 9,000 war elephants.
156. Mihira Bhoja I (836-885 CE) or Bhoja I is considered as the greatest and most powerful ruler of the
Pratihara dynasty. At its height, Bhoja's empire extended to Narmada River in the South, Sutlej River in the
northwest, and up to Bengal in the east. He was a scholar as well.
157. Vishunugupta is generally considered to be the last recognized king of the Gupta Empire(dynasty). His
reign lasted 10 years, from 540 to 550 CE. The great Gupta empire which was founded by Sri Gupta I and
ruled by great kings like Chandra- gupta I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I etc.
Buddhists monks. In Buddhism, the earliest stupas contained portions of the Buddha's ashes, and as a result, the
stupa began to be associated with the death of the Buddha.
153. Indus Valley civilization was the oldest civilization to have flourished in the Indian subcontinent.
Generally dated between 3000 B.C to 1800 B.C, it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World along
with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was a Bronze Age civilization.
154. Shah Jahan was a great builder and he built many splendid buildings. That is why many scholars called
him the 'Engineer King' or 'Prince of Builders, etc. apart from building the Taj Mahal which is justly regarded
as a jewel of the builder's art; he also built he Jama Masjid, the Red Fort, etc.
155. The rulers of Magadha who first employed elephants as a weapon of large-scale de struction. According to
Plutarch, at the time of Alex ander's invasion of India, the Nanda army comprised 6,000 war elephants which
discouraged Alexander's men from further advancement. According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta Maurya's
army consisted of 9,000 war elephants.
156. Mihira Bhoja I (836-885 CE) or Bhoja I is considered as the greatest and most powerful ruler of the
Pratihara dynasty. At its height, Bhoja's empire extended to Narmada River in the South, Sutlej River in the
northwest, and up to Bengal in the east. He was a scholar as well.
157. Vishunugupta is generally considered to be the last recognized king of the Gupta Empire(dynasty). His
reign lasted 10 years, from 540 to 550 CE. The great Gupta empire which was founded by Sri Gupta I and
ruled by great kings like Chandra- gupta I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, Kumaragupta I etc.
158. The Arthashastra is an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy,
written by Kautilya.
159. Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan. The site takes its name from a modern village
located near the former course of the Ravi River. Harappa contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which
was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab.
160. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1530), the greatest" emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, composed
Amuktamalyada. Considered a masterpiece in Telugu literature, the epic poem is believed to have been
written and dedicated to Lord Venkateswara.
161. The Allahabad Pillar inscription or Allahabad Prasasti is one of the most important epigraphic
evidences of the imperial Guptas. It was composed by Harisena, the court poet and minister of
Samudragupta. It delineates a vivid description of the reign and conquests of Samudragupta.
162. The Kailasa temple(famous Shiva Temple) at Ellora, Maharashtra, was built in the 8
th
century by the
Rashtrakuta king Krishna I as attested in Kannada inscriptions.
163. Kushana, the most famous Kushana ruler, patronized Buddhism. The 4
th
Buddhist Council, in which
Buddhism got split into two different schools - Hinayana and Mahayana - was held during his reign in
Kashmir. He also patronized the Buddhist scholars - Vasumitra, Asvagosha and Nagarjuna.
164. The early capital of the Rashtrakutas was Ellora.
written by Kautilya.
159. Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan. The site takes its name from a modern village
located near the former course of the Ravi River. Harappa contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which
was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab.
160. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1530), the greatest" emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, composed
Amuktamalyada. Considered a masterpiece in Telugu literature, the epic poem is believed to have been
written and dedicated to Lord Venkateswara.
161. The Allahabad Pillar inscription or Allahabad Prasasti is one of the most important epigraphic
evidences of the imperial Guptas. It was composed by Harisena, the court poet and minister of
Samudragupta. It delineates a vivid description of the reign and conquests of Samudragupta.
162. The Kailasa temple(famous Shiva Temple) at Ellora, Maharashtra, was built in the 8
th
century by the
Rashtrakuta king Krishna I as attested in Kannada inscriptions.
163. Kushana, the most famous Kushana ruler, patronized Buddhism. The 4
th
Buddhist Council, in which
Buddhism got split into two different schools - Hinayana and Mahayana - was held during his reign in
Kashmir. He also patronized the Buddhist scholars - Vasumitra, Asvagosha and Nagarjuna.
164. The early capital of the Rashtrakutas was Ellora.
165. Mahapadma Nanda, who was quoted as the 'destroyer of all the Kshatriyas' founded the Nanda
dynasty. The Nanda Empire was later conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan
Empire.
166. There are 4 Vedas: the Rig-Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda. On the other
hand, Vishnu Purana is a religious Hindu text and one of the 18 Mahapuranas. It has been given the name
Puranaratna.
167. Vajji or Vrijji was a in the 6
th
century B.C. The rulers of Vajji were a confederacy of the eight clans
(atthakula) of whom the Vajjis, the Licchavis, the Jnatrikas and the Videhas were the most important. It was
one of the 16 Mahajanapadas.
168. Manda is located on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal Range. It is considered
to be the most northern site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It was excavated by Archaeological
Survey of India during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The artifacts found from archaeological site of Manda are the
PreHarappan Red wares.
169. Dharmachakra in Sanskrit means 'Wheel of Dharma'. This mudra symbolizes one of the most important
moments in the life of Buddha, the occasion when he preached to his companions the first sermon after his
Enlightenment in the Deer Park at Sarnath. This event is often referred to as the setting into motion of the
Wheel of the teaching of the Dharma.
170. Ancient Assam was known as Pragjyotisha in early times and as Kamarupa in later times.
dynasty. The Nanda Empire was later conquered by Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan
Empire.
166. There are 4 Vedas: the Rig-Veda, the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda and the Atharva Veda. On the other
hand, Vishnu Purana is a religious Hindu text and one of the 18 Mahapuranas. It has been given the name
Puranaratna.
167. Vajji or Vrijji was a in the 6
th
century B.C. The rulers of Vajji were a confederacy of the eight clans
(atthakula) of whom the Vajjis, the Licchavis, the Jnatrikas and the Videhas were the most important. It was
one of the 16 Mahajanapadas.
168. Manda is located on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal Range. It is considered
to be the most northern site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It was excavated by Archaeological
Survey of India during 1976-77 by J. P. Joshi. The artifacts found from archaeological site of Manda are the
PreHarappan Red wares.
169. Dharmachakra in Sanskrit means 'Wheel of Dharma'. This mudra symbolizes one of the most important
moments in the life of Buddha, the occasion when he preached to his companions the first sermon after his
Enlightenment in the Deer Park at Sarnath. This event is often referred to as the setting into motion of the
Wheel of the teaching of the Dharma.
170. Ancient Assam was known as Pragjyotisha in early times and as Kamarupa in later times.
171. Kujula Kadphises (also known as Kadphises I) is believed to be the founder of Kushana dynasty in India
in 78 A.D. According to the Rabatak inscription. he was the grandfather of the great Kushan king
Kanishka I.
172. The Monolithic rock shrines at Mahabalipuram in Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu are also
known as Rathas.
173. On the basis of discovery of the Pashupati Seal at the Mohenjodaro, historians and archaeologists have
opined that the Indus people worshipped Lord Shiva who is the Lord of the Beast (Pashupati). The Pashupati
seal depicts a three faced male god seated in a yogic posture, surrounded by a rhino and a buffalo on the right,
and an elephant and a tiger on the left.
174. The Upanishads are a collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of
Hinduism.
175. Satyameva Jayaté (Truth Alone Triumphs) is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka
Upanishad. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto. It is inscribed in Devanagari
script at the base of the national emblem.
176. Kaivalya is the Jain concept of salvation. According to Jainism, all things in existence are divided into two
parts Jiva (i.e. living beings having a soul) and Ajiva (non-living things having no soul).
in 78 A.D. According to the Rabatak inscription. he was the grandfather of the great Kushan king
Kanishka I.
172. The Monolithic rock shrines at Mahabalipuram in Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu are also
known as Rathas.
173. On the basis of discovery of the Pashupati Seal at the Mohenjodaro, historians and archaeologists have
opined that the Indus people worshipped Lord Shiva who is the Lord of the Beast (Pashupati). The Pashupati
seal depicts a three faced male god seated in a yogic posture, surrounded by a rhino and a buffalo on the right,
and an elephant and a tiger on the left.
174. The Upanishads are a collection of texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts of
Hinduism.
175. Satyameva Jayaté (Truth Alone Triumphs) is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka
Upanishad. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto. It is inscribed in Devanagari
script at the base of the national emblem.
176. Kaivalya is the Jain concept of salvation. According to Jainism, all things in existence are divided into two
parts Jiva (i.e. living beings having a soul) and Ajiva (non-living things having no soul).
177. The Rig-Veda is the largest and most important text of the Vedic collection; it includes 1028 hymns and it
is divided into ten books called mandalas. The 9
th
Mandala of the Rigveda, also called the Soma Mandala, has
114 hymns devoted to Soma Pavamana.
178. Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana Dynasty. He is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in
a Satavahana inscription at Nanaghat. He is believed to have destroyed the Shunga Power in the Deccan with
the aid of the Rathikas and Bhojakas. He reigned for around 23 years and was beheaded by his brother Kanha,
who succeeded him.
179.
Site Found
Mohenjodaro The Great bath, granary
Lothal Port, dockyard
Kalibangan Plough Marks
Harappa Statue of a priest
180. The Ajanta Caves, comprising rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments, are located in Aurangabad district
of Maharashtra. Ajanta Caves do not depicts the techniques used in ancient india. They do not contain paintaing
of Flora and Fauna.
181. The Dilwara Jain temples are located near Mount Abu in Rajasthan. These temples were built by Jain
laymen between the 11
th
and 13
th
centuries AD and are world-famous for their stunning use of marble. The
Dilwara temples are a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains.
is divided into ten books called mandalas. The 9
th
Mandala of the Rigveda, also called the Soma Mandala, has
114 hymns devoted to Soma Pavamana.
178. Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana Dynasty. He is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in
a Satavahana inscription at Nanaghat. He is believed to have destroyed the Shunga Power in the Deccan with
the aid of the Rathikas and Bhojakas. He reigned for around 23 years and was beheaded by his brother Kanha,
who succeeded him.
179.
Site Found
Mohenjodaro The Great bath, granary
Lothal Port, dockyard
Kalibangan Plough Marks
Harappa Statue of a priest
180. The Ajanta Caves, comprising rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments, are located in Aurangabad district
of Maharashtra. Ajanta Caves do not depicts the techniques used in ancient india. They do not contain paintaing
of Flora and Fauna.
181. The Dilwara Jain temples are located near Mount Abu in Rajasthan. These temples were built by Jain
laymen between the 11
th
and 13
th
centuries AD and are world-famous for their stunning use of marble. The
Dilwara temples are a sacred pilgrimage place of the Jains.
182. Pulakeshin, who ruled from the Chalukyan capital of Badami, challenged Harsha's conquests. The
former had established himself as 'lord paramount' of the south, as Harsha had of the north. The date of
Pulakeshi's great triumph over Harsha in a battle fought primarily with elephants, on the banks of the
Narmada has been fixed at 618 AD by decoding a copper plate of Pulakeshin II in 2016.
183. Sangam was the ancient academy, which enabled Tamil poets and authors to gather periodically to
publish their work. The Sangam met periodically in the city of Madurai in South India under the patronage of
the Pandya kings. Sangam literature comprises some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals with
love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.
184. The Mehrauli Iron Pillar located in Delhi, is a 7 m (23 ft) column in the Qutb Minar complex, famous
for the rust resistant (excellent quality steel)composition of the metals used in its construction. The pillar has
attracted the attention of archaeologists and materials scientists because of its high resistance to corrosion. The
corrosion resistance results from an even layer of crystalline iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate forming on the high
phosphorus content iron, which serves to protect it from climate.
185. Most of Asokan inscriptions in the eastern parts of the Mauryan empire were written in Magadhi
language, using the Brahmi script. Kharosthi script was used in the north-western parts of his empire. The
Brahmi script was deciphered in 1837 by James Princep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the East
India Company.
former had established himself as 'lord paramount' of the south, as Harsha had of the north. The date of
Pulakeshi's great triumph over Harsha in a battle fought primarily with elephants, on the banks of the
Narmada has been fixed at 618 AD by decoding a copper plate of Pulakeshin II in 2016.
183. Sangam was the ancient academy, which enabled Tamil poets and authors to gather periodically to
publish their work. The Sangam met periodically in the city of Madurai in South India under the patronage of
the Pandya kings. Sangam literature comprises some of the oldest extant Tamil literature, and deals with
love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.
184. The Mehrauli Iron Pillar located in Delhi, is a 7 m (23 ft) column in the Qutb Minar complex, famous
for the rust resistant (excellent quality steel)composition of the metals used in its construction. The pillar has
attracted the attention of archaeologists and materials scientists because of its high resistance to corrosion. The
corrosion resistance results from an even layer of crystalline iron hydrogen phosphate hydrate forming on the high
phosphorus content iron, which serves to protect it from climate.
185. Most of Asokan inscriptions in the eastern parts of the Mauryan empire were written in Magadhi
language, using the Brahmi script. Kharosthi script was used in the north-western parts of his empire. The
Brahmi script was deciphered in 1837 by James Princep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the East
India Company.
186. Charaka was the court physician of Kanishka I. He was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art
and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in ancient India. He is sometimes referred
to as the Father of Indian Medicine.
187. Yajur Veda is a step-by-step guide about the right way of performing religious ceremonies and sacred
rituals. Derived from "yajus" meaning "prose mantra" and veda meaning "knowledge"), the Yajur veda is the
Veda of prose mantras. An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text. it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were
said by a priest at the time of ritual actions.
188. Pataliputra, the ancient city of Patna in Bihar, served as the capital city of the Mauryan empire.
189. The Brihadeshwara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Thanjavur in Tamil
Nadu. Also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple, it was built by Chola ruler Raja Raja Chola I and completed
in 1010. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples."
190. Panini is considered as the first grammarian of Sanskrit language. He is particularly known for his
formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as
Ashtadhyayi, the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines
of the historical Vedic religion.
191. Gautamiputra Satakarni was a patron of Brahmanism. He was the 23
rd
ruler of the Satavahana
Dynasty and ruled for 24 years between 62 - 86 A.D. In the Nasik inscription of Balasri, Gautamiputra Sa
takarni is called 'Ekabrahmana' which means either 'unrivalled Brahmin' or 'the only protector of the
Brahmins'.
and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in ancient India. He is sometimes referred
to as the Father of Indian Medicine.
187. Yajur Veda is a step-by-step guide about the right way of performing religious ceremonies and sacred
rituals. Derived from "yajus" meaning "prose mantra" and veda meaning "knowledge"), the Yajur veda is the
Veda of prose mantras. An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text. it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were
said by a priest at the time of ritual actions.
188. Pataliputra, the ancient city of Patna in Bihar, served as the capital city of the Mauryan empire.
189. The Brihadeshwara Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Thanjavur in Tamil
Nadu. Also known as Raja Rajeswara Temple, it was built by Chola ruler Raja Raja Chola I and completed
in 1010. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples."
190. Panini is considered as the first grammarian of Sanskrit language. He is particularly known for his
formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as
Ashtadhyayi, the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines
of the historical Vedic religion.
191. Gautamiputra Satakarni was a patron of Brahmanism. He was the 23
rd
ruler of the Satavahana
Dynasty and ruled for 24 years between 62 - 86 A.D. In the Nasik inscription of Balasri, Gautamiputra Sa
takarni is called 'Ekabrahmana' which means either 'unrivalled Brahmin' or 'the only protector of the
Brahmins'.
192. The Gandhara School of Art is also known as the Graeco-Buddhist School of Art since Greek techniques
of art were applied to Buddhist subjects. The most important contribution of the Gandhara School of Art was the
evolution of beautiful images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas, which were modelled on identical characters of
Graeco-Roman pantheon. The Gandhara School of art developed in 1
st
century AD during object the reign of
Kanishka.
193. The Pallava king Narsimhavarman I assumed the title of Vatapikonda' (Conqueror of Vatapi), when he
defeated and killed Pulakesin II (Chalukya King) and captured the Chalukyan capital, Badami in 642 AD.
The Pallava victory resulted in the commencement of Pallava occupation of Vatapi which lasted until 654.
194. During the 7
th
century A.D, Harshavardhana united the kingdoms of Punjab, Bengal, Orissa along with a
large portion of Indo-Gangetic Plain. He defeated the ruler of Kannauj and shifted his capital from Thanesar
to Kannauj.
195. Aryabhata and Kalidasa adorned the court of Gupta ruler Chandragupta II who was also known as
Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Kalidasa was a classical Sanskrit writer, who was one of the nine gems of
Chandragupta's court. Aryabhata was a mathematician and astronomer whose works include the Aryabhaiya
and the Arya-siddhanta.
196. Ashoka was an ancient Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian
subcontinent from 268 to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned overthe entire Indian
subcontinent except parts of present-day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
of art were applied to Buddhist subjects. The most important contribution of the Gandhara School of Art was the
evolution of beautiful images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas, which were modelled on identical characters of
Graeco-Roman pantheon. The Gandhara School of art developed in 1
st
century AD during object the reign of
Kanishka.
193. The Pallava king Narsimhavarman I assumed the title of Vatapikonda' (Conqueror of Vatapi), when he
defeated and killed Pulakesin II (Chalukya King) and captured the Chalukyan capital, Badami in 642 AD.
The Pallava victory resulted in the commencement of Pallava occupation of Vatapi which lasted until 654.
194. During the 7
th
century A.D, Harshavardhana united the kingdoms of Punjab, Bengal, Orissa along with a
large portion of Indo-Gangetic Plain. He defeated the ruler of Kannauj and shifted his capital from Thanesar
to Kannauj.
195. Aryabhata and Kalidasa adorned the court of Gupta ruler Chandragupta II who was also known as
Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Kalidasa was a classical Sanskrit writer, who was one of the nine gems of
Chandragupta's court. Aryabhata was a mathematician and astronomer whose works include the Aryabhaiya
and the Arya-siddhanta.
196. Ashoka was an ancient Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian
subcontinent from 268 to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned overthe entire Indian
subcontinent except parts of present-day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
197. Mohenjodaro is interpreted as "Mound of the Dead Men" in Sindhi, and as "Mound of Mohan" (where
Mohan is Krishna). The city's original name is unknown. Mohenjodaro is located west of the Indus River in
Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.
198. Hampi in Karnataka served as the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It served as the capital of the
Vijayanagara Empire from 1343 to 1565.
199. The archaeological remains of the Harappa port town of Lothal is located along the Bhogava river, a
tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat. The availability of antiquities whose origin is traceable to the
Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia and the presence of what is identified as a bead making industry further
attributes Lothal as an industrial port town of the Harappan culture. Lothal has given evidences of direct trade
contact with Mesopotamia.
200. Vaisheshika is one of the 6 darshans, or ways of viewing the world, according to Hindu philosophy. The
other five darshans of Hindu philosophy are yoga, samkhya, nyaya, mimamsa and vedanta. It was
proposed(exponent) by Maharishi Kanaad.
201. Dhananand (Agrammes, Xandrammes) was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty according to
Mahabodhi-vamsa. In 314 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya attacked Magadh kingdom and defeated the Nandas.
202. The first king of the Chola dynasty to conquer Sri Lanka is Rajendra Chola I succeeded his father
Rajaraja Chola I in 1014 AD and reigned till 1044 AD.
Mohan is Krishna). The city's original name is unknown. Mohenjodaro is located west of the Indus River in
Larkana District, Sindh, Pakistan.
198. Hampi in Karnataka served as the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. It served as the capital of the
Vijayanagara Empire from 1343 to 1565.
199. The archaeological remains of the Harappa port town of Lothal is located along the Bhogava river, a
tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat. The availability of antiquities whose origin is traceable to the
Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia and the presence of what is identified as a bead making industry further
attributes Lothal as an industrial port town of the Harappan culture. Lothal has given evidences of direct trade
contact with Mesopotamia.
200. Vaisheshika is one of the 6 darshans, or ways of viewing the world, according to Hindu philosophy. The
other five darshans of Hindu philosophy are yoga, samkhya, nyaya, mimamsa and vedanta. It was
proposed(exponent) by Maharishi Kanaad.
201. Dhananand (Agrammes, Xandrammes) was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty according to
Mahabodhi-vamsa. In 314 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya attacked Magadh kingdom and defeated the Nandas.
202. The first king of the Chola dynasty to conquer Sri Lanka is Rajendra Chola I succeeded his father
Rajaraja Chola I in 1014 AD and reigned till 1044 AD.
203. The first Tirthankara of Jainism was Rishabhdev (Rishabhanatha).
204. Chandragupta I was 3
rd
ruler of the Gupta dynasty. He succeeded his father Ghatotkacha in 320 A.D.
Chandragupta-I assumed the title 'Maharajadhiraja' or the ‘king of kings'. He started the Gupta era in A.D.
320, which marked the date of his accession. Lichchhavi Princess Kumari Devi was the first Indian Queen
featured on a coin.
205. Chandella Kings are related to Khajuraho temples.
206. Most of the Buddhists texts were written in Pali language. Pali is closely related to Sanskrit, but its
grammar and structure are simpler.
207. Banawali is located in Fatehabad in Haryana on the left bank of dried up bed of the Saraswati.
Terracotta models of plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and Banawali (Harayana). A ploughed
field is found at Kalibangan (Rajasthan).
208. Asoka's inscriptions describe in detail Ashoka's view about dhamma, an earnest attempt to solve some of
problems that a complex society faced. They revolve around a few recurring themes: Ashoka's conversion to
Buddhism, the description of his efforts to spread Buddhism, his moral and religious precepts, and his social and
animal welfare program. The edicts were based on Ashoka's ideas on administration and be haviour of people
towards one another and religion. So, in essence, they deal with Asoka's life story, his internal and external
(foreign) policy.
204. Chandragupta I was 3
rd
ruler of the Gupta dynasty. He succeeded his father Ghatotkacha in 320 A.D.
Chandragupta-I assumed the title 'Maharajadhiraja' or the ‘king of kings'. He started the Gupta era in A.D.
320, which marked the date of his accession. Lichchhavi Princess Kumari Devi was the first Indian Queen
featured on a coin.
205. Chandella Kings are related to Khajuraho temples.
206. Most of the Buddhists texts were written in Pali language. Pali is closely related to Sanskrit, but its
grammar and structure are simpler.
207. Banawali is located in Fatehabad in Haryana on the left bank of dried up bed of the Saraswati.
Terracotta models of plough have been found at sites in Cholistan and Banawali (Harayana). A ploughed
field is found at Kalibangan (Rajasthan).
208. Asoka's inscriptions describe in detail Ashoka's view about dhamma, an earnest attempt to solve some of
problems that a complex society faced. They revolve around a few recurring themes: Ashoka's conversion to
Buddhism, the description of his efforts to spread Buddhism, his moral and religious precepts, and his social and
animal welfare program. The edicts were based on Ashoka's ideas on administration and be haviour of people
towards one another and religion. So, in essence, they deal with Asoka's life story, his internal and external
(foreign) policy.
209. The Nausasi (Navsari) Copper plate inscription gives us information about Harsha's successful
expedition against Vallabhi. The inscription tells that Harsha defeated Vallabhi ruler, Dhruvasena II who
accepted the position of a feudatory vassal. His hostilities with Vallabhi kingdom ended through a matrimonial
alliance.
210. Rig, Yajur, and Sama Vedas were known as the Trayi-vidya ("threefold knowledge"). A fourth collection
of hymns, magic spells, and incantations is known as the Atharvaveda ("Knowledge of the Fire Priest"), which
includes various local traditions and remains partly outside the Vedic sacrifice.
211. Lothal was a major Harappan seaport and a major trading centre that flourished between 2400 and 1900
B.C. Its large dockyard, 122 feet by 73 feet, is what made it unique. Located along the Bhogava river, a
tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat in Gujarat, Lothal was the only port-town of the Indus Valley
Civilisation.
212. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, one of the oldest stone structure in India, was originally commissioned(built)
by Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3
rd
century BC. This huge hemispherical dome with a height of 12.2816.46
m (54.0 ft) consists of a central chamber where the relics of Lord Buddha are placed.
213.
Hiuen Tsang China
Ibn Battuta Morocco
Magasthenes Greence (Greek)
Fahien China
expedition against Vallabhi. The inscription tells that Harsha defeated Vallabhi ruler, Dhruvasena II who
accepted the position of a feudatory vassal. His hostilities with Vallabhi kingdom ended through a matrimonial
alliance.
210. Rig, Yajur, and Sama Vedas were known as the Trayi-vidya ("threefold knowledge"). A fourth collection
of hymns, magic spells, and incantations is known as the Atharvaveda ("Knowledge of the Fire Priest"), which
includes various local traditions and remains partly outside the Vedic sacrifice.
211. Lothal was a major Harappan seaport and a major trading centre that flourished between 2400 and 1900
B.C. Its large dockyard, 122 feet by 73 feet, is what made it unique. Located along the Bhogava river, a
tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambat in Gujarat, Lothal was the only port-town of the Indus Valley
Civilisation.
212. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, one of the oldest stone structure in India, was originally commissioned(built)
by Mauryan emperor Ashoka in the 3
rd
century BC. This huge hemispherical dome with a height of 12.2816.46
m (54.0 ft) consists of a central chamber where the relics of Lord Buddha are placed.
213.
Hiuen Tsang China
Ibn Battuta Morocco
Magasthenes Greence (Greek)
Fahien China
214. The Dancing Girl is a prehistoric bronze sculpture made in approximately 2500 BC in the Indus Valley
Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro. The statuette is 10.5 centimetres tall and depicts a young woman or girl
standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. It is well regarded as a work of art and is a cultural artefact of the
Indus Valley Civilisation.
215. Gautam Buddha is also known as the 'Light of Asia' and the 'Enlightened One.' He was given the title of
'Light of Asia' by great historian Edward Arnold. Born as Siddhartha Gautam in the royal family of
Kapilvastu, he received the title of 'Buddha or the Enlightened One after the attainment of enlightenment.
216. Shortugai (Shortughai) was an Indus civilization trading colony established around 2000 BC on the
Oxus river near the lapis mines in northern Afghanistan. It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of
the Indus Valley Civilization.
217. Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been variously interpreted as "Mound of the Dead Men"
in Sindhi, and as "Mound of Mohan". The city's original name is unknown. Located in the Sindh province of
Pakistan, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, and one of the world's
earliest major cities.
218. Iron was not known in the Indus valley period. The Indus people were, however, acquainted with gold,
copper and bronze. Researchers have found utensils, toys and coins made up of these metals. They also knew
gold and silver. Iron was discovered in the post vedic period.
Civilisation city of Mohenjo-daro. The statuette is 10.5 centimetres tall and depicts a young woman or girl
standing in a confident, naturalistic pose. It is well regarded as a work of art and is a cultural artefact of the
Indus Valley Civilisation.
215. Gautam Buddha is also known as the 'Light of Asia' and the 'Enlightened One.' He was given the title of
'Light of Asia' by great historian Edward Arnold. Born as Siddhartha Gautam in the royal family of
Kapilvastu, he received the title of 'Buddha or the Enlightened One after the attainment of enlightenment.
216. Shortugai (Shortughai) was an Indus civilization trading colony established around 2000 BC on the
Oxus river near the lapis mines in northern Afghanistan. It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of
the Indus Valley Civilization.
217. Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site, has been variously interpreted as "Mound of the Dead Men"
in Sindhi, and as "Mound of Mohan". The city's original name is unknown. Located in the Sindh province of
Pakistan, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, and one of the world's
earliest major cities.
218. Iron was not known in the Indus valley period. The Indus people were, however, acquainted with gold,
copper and bronze. Researchers have found utensils, toys and coins made up of these metals. They also knew
gold and silver. Iron was discovered in the post vedic period.
219. Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsang visited India during the reign of Harsha. His object was to secure
authentic Buddhist scriptures and visit places of Buddhist interest. Hiuen Tsang stayed for almost 15 years
(630 645 A.D.) in India. His experiences in India are recorded in 'Si-Yu-Ki."
220. Lord Mahavira was born as Prince Vardhamana to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the
Ikshvaku Dynasty in Kundagrama in Vaishali district of present day Bihar in 599 B.C. He was the 24
th
Tirthankara (ford-maker) of Jainism.
221. Kujula Kadphises (30-80 AD) established the Kushan dynasty in 78 AD by taking advantage of disunion
in existing dynasty of Parthianand Scythians, and gradually wrested control of southern prosperous region,
traditionally known as Gandhara. The Kushana empire reached its height during the reign of Kanishka.
222. Kanchipuram (modern day Kanchi) in Tamil Nadu was the capital of the Pallava dynasty that existed
between the 3
rd
and 9
th
centuries A.D. It was later ruled by the Medieval Cholas, the Later Cholas, the Later
Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Carnatic kingdom, and the British.
223. The Rig Veda is the oldest among the four Vedas; the other being Sam veda, Yajur veda and Atharva
veda. Considered to be amongst the earliest religious texts still revered by a living tradition, it is estimated to
have been formed around 1500-1200 BC during the Early Vedic period. It is a collection of 1,028 hymns and
10,600 verses, organized into ten books (Mandalas).
224. The lions placed on top of a pillar at Sarnath that we see on our notes were originally carved out on Stone
material.
authentic Buddhist scriptures and visit places of Buddhist interest. Hiuen Tsang stayed for almost 15 years
(630 645 A.D.) in India. His experiences in India are recorded in 'Si-Yu-Ki."
220. Lord Mahavira was born as Prince Vardhamana to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala of the
Ikshvaku Dynasty in Kundagrama in Vaishali district of present day Bihar in 599 B.C. He was the 24
th
Tirthankara (ford-maker) of Jainism.
221. Kujula Kadphises (30-80 AD) established the Kushan dynasty in 78 AD by taking advantage of disunion
in existing dynasty of Parthianand Scythians, and gradually wrested control of southern prosperous region,
traditionally known as Gandhara. The Kushana empire reached its height during the reign of Kanishka.
222. Kanchipuram (modern day Kanchi) in Tamil Nadu was the capital of the Pallava dynasty that existed
between the 3
rd
and 9
th
centuries A.D. It was later ruled by the Medieval Cholas, the Later Cholas, the Later
Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire, the Carnatic kingdom, and the British.
223. The Rig Veda is the oldest among the four Vedas; the other being Sam veda, Yajur veda and Atharva
veda. Considered to be amongst the earliest religious texts still revered by a living tradition, it is estimated to
have been formed around 1500-1200 BC during the Early Vedic period. It is a collection of 1,028 hymns and
10,600 verses, organized into ten books (Mandalas).
224. The lions placed on top of a pillar at Sarnath that we see on our notes were originally carved out on Stone
material.
225. The Vikramashila University was established by King Dharmapala (783 to 820) in response to a
supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. It prospered for about four centuries before it was
destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200 A.D.
226. Bhimbetka, an archaeological site located in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh, is famous for
prehistoric rock shelters and cave paintings. These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence
of dance and hunting. Bhimbetka has the oldest known rock art in the Indian subcontinent, as well as is one of
the largest prehistoric complexes.
227. The circle of the Lion Capital on Sarnath Pillar represents progress. It takes the form of a wheel
symbolizing the Eightfold Path. Sarnath pillar has been adopted as the national emblem of India. Sarnath is the
site of Buddha's First Sermon where he shared the Four Noble Truths.
228. The corpus of Major Rock Edicts and Pillar Edicts provide details of what Asoka meant by dhamma.
Those who observe the precepts of dhamma are said to be people of few faults, many good deeds, mercy, charity,
truth and purity. Asoka mentions the behaviour required of those who observe the dhamma. This con sists of
obedience to parents, elders and teachers; concern for friends and relatives; gifts to brahmins and Sramanas;
abstention from killing; good treatment towards slaves, servants and the poor; and moderation in attachment to
possessions and Paternalism.
229. Metals like gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and bronze constituted exportable items during the Gupta
period. India was abundant with gold, silver and copper. Its abundance allowed the Gupta government to produce
coins, which glorified its rulers. Tin was imported as in the earlier period but not in the past gupta period.
supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. It prospered for about four centuries before it was
destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji around 1200 A.D.
226. Bhimbetka, an archaeological site located in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh, is famous for
prehistoric rock shelters and cave paintings. These cave paintings show themes such as animals, early evidence
of dance and hunting. Bhimbetka has the oldest known rock art in the Indian subcontinent, as well as is one of
the largest prehistoric complexes.
227. The circle of the Lion Capital on Sarnath Pillar represents progress. It takes the form of a wheel
symbolizing the Eightfold Path. Sarnath pillar has been adopted as the national emblem of India. Sarnath is the
site of Buddha's First Sermon where he shared the Four Noble Truths.
228. The corpus of Major Rock Edicts and Pillar Edicts provide details of what Asoka meant by dhamma.
Those who observe the precepts of dhamma are said to be people of few faults, many good deeds, mercy, charity,
truth and purity. Asoka mentions the behaviour required of those who observe the dhamma. This con sists of
obedience to parents, elders and teachers; concern for friends and relatives; gifts to brahmins and Sramanas;
abstention from killing; good treatment towards slaves, servants and the poor; and moderation in attachment to
possessions and Paternalism.
229. Metals like gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and bronze constituted exportable items during the Gupta
period. India was abundant with gold, silver and copper. Its abundance allowed the Gupta government to produce
coins, which glorified its rulers. Tin was imported as in the earlier period but not in the past gupta period.
230. Mihir Bhoja (836-885 A.D), the most powerful ruler of Gujara-Pratihara dynasty, was a devotee of
Vishnu and adopted the title of Adivaraha (the fortunate primeval boar incarnation of Vishnu) which is inscribed
on some of his coin. He succeeded his father Ramabhadra and was one of the outstanding figures of India in
ninth century. He eventually took the title of 'Pramana'.
231. Dhamek Stupa is a massive stupa located at Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Dhamek
Stupa is said to mark the spot where the Buddha gave the first sermon to his first five brahmin disciples after
attaining enlightenment,"revealing his Eight fold Path leading to nirvana."
232. The Kushana emperor Kanishka is credited with the initiation of the Saka era on his accession to the
throne in 78 A D. After the downfall of Kushanas their feudatory, the Sakas of Ujjain continued to use this era.
The Saka era has been used in the Indian National Calendar.
233. Yoga, one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy, was expounded by Patanjali in his 'Yoga
Sutras.' These sutras are a collection of 196 Indian sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga. Hindu
orthodox tradition holds the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali to be the foundational text of classical Yoga philosophy.
234. Non-violence (Ahimsa) is the most important fundamental among the five principles of Jainism. Lord
Mahavira said, "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma". The other principles included: Truthfulness (Satya), Non-stealing
(Achaurya), Celibacy (Brahmacharya) and Non-Possessive ness (Aparigraha).
235. Lothal in Gujarat has given evidences of double(couple) burials inside brick lined grave. As many as
three pairs of skeletons were discovered at Lothal; in each case two persons were buried together.
Vishnu and adopted the title of Adivaraha (the fortunate primeval boar incarnation of Vishnu) which is inscribed
on some of his coin. He succeeded his father Ramabhadra and was one of the outstanding figures of India in
ninth century. He eventually took the title of 'Pramana'.
231. Dhamek Stupa is a massive stupa located at Sarnath, near Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. The Dhamek
Stupa is said to mark the spot where the Buddha gave the first sermon to his first five brahmin disciples after
attaining enlightenment,"revealing his Eight fold Path leading to nirvana."
232. The Kushana emperor Kanishka is credited with the initiation of the Saka era on his accession to the
throne in 78 A D. After the downfall of Kushanas their feudatory, the Sakas of Ujjain continued to use this era.
The Saka era has been used in the Indian National Calendar.
233. Yoga, one of the six systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy, was expounded by Patanjali in his 'Yoga
Sutras.' These sutras are a collection of 196 Indian sutras (aphorisms) on the theory and practice of yoga. Hindu
orthodox tradition holds the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali to be the foundational text of classical Yoga philosophy.
234. Non-violence (Ahimsa) is the most important fundamental among the five principles of Jainism. Lord
Mahavira said, "Ahimsa Paramo Dharma". The other principles included: Truthfulness (Satya), Non-stealing
(Achaurya), Celibacy (Brahmacharya) and Non-Possessive ness (Aparigraha).
235. Lothal in Gujarat has given evidences of double(couple) burials inside brick lined grave. As many as
three pairs of skeletons were discovered at Lothal; in each case two persons were buried together.
Archaeologists believe that these were couple burials; while others contend that these burials give evidence of
Sati system.
236. The conversation between Nachiketa and Yama (Lord of death) is mentioned in Kathopanishad (5
th
century BC), also known as Katha Upanishad. He was taught self-knowledge, the separation of the human soul
(the supreme Self) from the body, by Yama.
237. Surdas was a 16
th
-century blind Hindu devotional poet and singer who is known for such literary works
as Sur Sagar, Sur Saravali, Sahitya Lahari, etc. Sur sagar, his best composition, in its 16th century form contains
descriptions of Krishna and Radha as lovers. Surdas is known for his lyrics written in praise of Krishna.
(Sursatai not wriiten by Surdas).
238. The first important ruler to emerge from the Chola dynasty was Rajaraja Chola I. During his reign, the
Cholas expanded beyond South India with their domains stretching from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga in the
north. Raja Raja Chola also launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of the Malabar
Coast as well as the Maldives and Sri Lanka.
239. After the decline of the Palas the Sena Dynasty Established its rule in Bengal. The Sena Dynasty
supplanted the Palas in Bengal towards the close of the 11
th
century AD. Hemantasena, the founder of the
dynasty, was originally a tributary of the Pala dynasty. In the mid-11
th
century he declared his independence and
set himself up as king. His successor, Vijayasena, built an empire on the ruins of that of the Palas, gaining control
of all Bengal and northern Bihar.
Sati system.
236. The conversation between Nachiketa and Yama (Lord of death) is mentioned in Kathopanishad (5
th
century BC), also known as Katha Upanishad. He was taught self-knowledge, the separation of the human soul
(the supreme Self) from the body, by Yama.
237. Surdas was a 16
th
-century blind Hindu devotional poet and singer who is known for such literary works
as Sur Sagar, Sur Saravali, Sahitya Lahari, etc. Sur sagar, his best composition, in its 16th century form contains
descriptions of Krishna and Radha as lovers. Surdas is known for his lyrics written in praise of Krishna.
(Sursatai not wriiten by Surdas).
238. The first important ruler to emerge from the Chola dynasty was Rajaraja Chola I. During his reign, the
Cholas expanded beyond South India with their domains stretching from Sri Lanka in the south to Kalinga in the
north. Raja Raja Chola also launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of the Malabar
Coast as well as the Maldives and Sri Lanka.
239. After the decline of the Palas the Sena Dynasty Established its rule in Bengal. The Sena Dynasty
supplanted the Palas in Bengal towards the close of the 11
th
century AD. Hemantasena, the founder of the
dynasty, was originally a tributary of the Pala dynasty. In the mid-11
th
century he declared his independence and
set himself up as king. His successor, Vijayasena, built an empire on the ruins of that of the Palas, gaining control
of all Bengal and northern Bihar.
240. Brihadishvara Temple, also called Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Koyil, is a Hindu temple dedicated
to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the
temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples".
241. Krishna III, the last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Manyakheta, attacked
the Cholas several times. He defeated the Cholas and captured Kanchi and Tanjore, according to the
Siddalingamadam plates of 944. In 949, he defeated the Cholas decisively in a battle of Takkolam in the
North Arcot district.
242. Hiuen Tsang visited Kanchi about the year 642 A.D. during the reign of Narasimhavarman I. He gives an
interesting description of Pallavas and their people. According to him, there were several monasteries and
Buddhist temples in the Pallava kingdom and that the people lived happily.
243. With the commencement of the 7
th
century, Harshavardhana (606-647 A.D.) ascended the throne of
Thaneswar and Kannauj on the death of his brother, Rajyavardhan. He ruled North India from 606 to 647
CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the
Alchon Huna invaders.
244. The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Meso
potamia, South Asia and China (Russia not included). It was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins,
even its major cities, remain to be excavated. The ancient Indus Civilization script has not been deciphered.
to Shiva located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. Built by Raja Raja Chola I between 1003 and 1010 AD, the
temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples".
241. Krishna III, the last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty of Manyakheta, attacked
the Cholas several times. He defeated the Cholas and captured Kanchi and Tanjore, according to the
Siddalingamadam plates of 944. In 949, he defeated the Cholas decisively in a battle of Takkolam in the
North Arcot district.
242. Hiuen Tsang visited Kanchi about the year 642 A.D. during the reign of Narasimhavarman I. He gives an
interesting description of Pallavas and their people. According to him, there were several monasteries and
Buddhist temples in the Pallava kingdom and that the people lived happily.
243. With the commencement of the 7
th
century, Harshavardhana (606-647 A.D.) ascended the throne of
Thaneswar and Kannauj on the death of his brother, Rajyavardhan. He ruled North India from 606 to 647
CE. He was a member of the Vardhana dynasty; and was the son of Prabhakarvardhana who defeated the
Alchon Huna invaders.
244. The greater Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations of Egypt, Meso
potamia, South Asia and China (Russia not included). It was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins,
even its major cities, remain to be excavated. The ancient Indus Civilization script has not been deciphered.
245. Lord Mahavir's preaching were orally compiled into many texts (scriptures) by his disciples. These
scriptures are known as Jain Agam or Agam Sutras. The Agam Sutras teach great reverence for all forms of life,
strict codes of vegetarianism, asceticism, compassion, nonviolence, and opposition to war.
246. Vijayalaya founded the Chola dynasty in 850 AD. Vijayalaya, possibly a feudatory of the Pallava
dynasty, took an opportunity arising out of a conflict between the Pandya dynasty and Pallava dynasty in c.
850, captured Thanjavur from Muttarayar, and established the imperial line of the medieval Chola Dynasty. He
was succeeded by Aditya I in 891.
247. Aihole (city of temples) was the first capital of Chalukyas and it was centre of trade which was later
developed into religious centre having number of temples around. The capital of Chalukyas was later moved to
Badami during Pulakesin I. Badami is also known as Vatapi.
248. The Mahajanapadas were sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the
sixth to fourth centuries BC. Ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya make frequent reference to
sixteen great kingdoms and republics which had evolved and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in
the north-west to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian sub-continent.
249. Pulakeshin I (540-567) was the first sovereign(founder) ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi and as
such, has been termed as the "real founder" of his dynasty. He ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and
Karnataka states in the western Deccan. Pulakeshin established the city of Vatapi, and per formed the
Ashvamedha sacrifice to assert his sovereign status.
scriptures are known as Jain Agam or Agam Sutras. The Agam Sutras teach great reverence for all forms of life,
strict codes of vegetarianism, asceticism, compassion, nonviolence, and opposition to war.
246. Vijayalaya founded the Chola dynasty in 850 AD. Vijayalaya, possibly a feudatory of the Pallava
dynasty, took an opportunity arising out of a conflict between the Pandya dynasty and Pallava dynasty in c.
850, captured Thanjavur from Muttarayar, and established the imperial line of the medieval Chola Dynasty. He
was succeeded by Aditya I in 891.
247. Aihole (city of temples) was the first capital of Chalukyas and it was centre of trade which was later
developed into religious centre having number of temples around. The capital of Chalukyas was later moved to
Badami during Pulakesin I. Badami is also known as Vatapi.
248. The Mahajanapadas were sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the
sixth to fourth centuries BC. Ancient Buddhist texts like the Anguttara Nikaya make frequent reference to
sixteen great kingdoms and republics which had evolved and flourished in a belt stretching from Gandhara in
the north-west to Anga in the eastern part of the Indian sub-continent.
249. Pulakeshin I (540-567) was the first sovereign(founder) ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi and as
such, has been termed as the "real founder" of his dynasty. He ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and
Karnataka states in the western Deccan. Pulakeshin established the city of Vatapi, and per formed the
Ashvamedha sacrifice to assert his sovereign status.
250. Vaishali was the capital city of the Vajjian Confederacy, considered one of the first examples of a re
public around the 6th century BC. Gautama Buddha preached his last sermon before his death in 483 BC, then
in 383 BC the Second Buddhist council was convened here by King Kalasoka, making it an important place in
both Jain and Buddhist religions.
251. Magadha, Avanti, & Kosala one of the monarchical states that existed in the 7
th
and early 6
th
centuries
BC in India. Vaishali not.
252. Chandragupta I was a king of the Gupta dynasty who ascended the throne of Magadha in 320 CE.He
married Kumaradevi, princess of the Lichchhavi clan and got Pataliputra as part of his dowry. His marriage to
the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son Samudragupta further
expanded the Gupta empire.
253. Mihira Bhoja (836-885 CE) or Bhoja I was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. Bhoja was a
devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title of Adivarâha which is inscribed on some of his coins.
254. The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group of Hindu temples and Jain temples in Chhatarpur
district, Madhya Pradesh. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples are famous for their
nagarastyle architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures. Most Khajuraho temples were built between 950
and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty.
255. Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath is one of the prominent Buddhist structures in India that was constructed by
the great Mauryan king, Ashoka. The Dhamekh Stupa is cylindrical in shape and about 34 m high and 28.3 m in
diameter. The lower portion of the Stupa is covered completely with beautifully carved stones.
public around the 6th century BC. Gautama Buddha preached his last sermon before his death in 483 BC, then
in 383 BC the Second Buddhist council was convened here by King Kalasoka, making it an important place in
both Jain and Buddhist religions.
251. Magadha, Avanti, & Kosala one of the monarchical states that existed in the 7
th
and early 6
th
centuries
BC in India. Vaishali not.
252. Chandragupta I was a king of the Gupta dynasty who ascended the throne of Magadha in 320 CE.He
married Kumaradevi, princess of the Lichchhavi clan and got Pataliputra as part of his dowry. His marriage to
the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son Samudragupta further
expanded the Gupta empire.
253. Mihira Bhoja (836-885 CE) or Bhoja I was a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. Bhoja was a
devotee of Vishnu and adopted the title of Adivarâha which is inscribed on some of his coins.
254. The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group of Hindu temples and Jain temples in Chhatarpur
district, Madhya Pradesh. They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples are famous for their
nagarastyle architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures. Most Khajuraho temples were built between 950
and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty.
255. Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath is one of the prominent Buddhist structures in India that was constructed by
the great Mauryan king, Ashoka. The Dhamekh Stupa is cylindrical in shape and about 34 m high and 28.3 m in
diameter. The lower portion of the Stupa is covered completely with beautifully carved stones.
256. The Jorwe culture was a Chalcolithic archaeological culture which existed in large areas of what is now
Maharashtra state in Western India, and also reached north into the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. It is
named after the type site of Jorwe.
257. The former princely state of Tripura in the north-eastern part of India was ruled by Manikya Dynasty.
258. Rajendra Chola I assumed the title 'Gangaikonda Chola' (The Chola who took the Ganges) after
defeating the Gangas, Chalukyas, Cheras, Palas, Pandyas, Kalinga and other rulers. In 1025, he invaded
Sangrama Vijayatun-gavarman's Srivijaya kingdom, imprisoning him and capturing its capital Kadaram, Pannai
(present-Sumatra). Kedah (present-Malaysia) and Malaiyur (Malayan penin-sula).
259. Phloem, also called bast, are tissues in plants that de conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of
on the plant. This transport process is called translocation. Phloem is composed of various specialized cells top
called sieve tubes, companion cells, phłoem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells.
260. Guwahati lies between the banks of the Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau. The
ancient cities of Pragjyoti shpura and Durjaya (North Guwahati) were the capitals of the ancient state of
Kamarupa. Pragjyotishpur was the historical name of the city Guwahati.
261. Chandella Ruler established their religious capital in Khaju-raho.
262. During the Gupta Period, gold coins were called by Dinaras.
Maharashtra state in Western India, and also reached north into the Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. It is
named after the type site of Jorwe.
257. The former princely state of Tripura in the north-eastern part of India was ruled by Manikya Dynasty.
258. Rajendra Chola I assumed the title 'Gangaikonda Chola' (The Chola who took the Ganges) after
defeating the Gangas, Chalukyas, Cheras, Palas, Pandyas, Kalinga and other rulers. In 1025, he invaded
Sangrama Vijayatun-gavarman's Srivijaya kingdom, imprisoning him and capturing its capital Kadaram, Pannai
(present-Sumatra). Kedah (present-Malaysia) and Malaiyur (Malayan penin-sula).
259. Phloem, also called bast, are tissues in plants that de conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of
on the plant. This transport process is called translocation. Phloem is composed of various specialized cells top
called sieve tubes, companion cells, phłoem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells.
260. Guwahati lies between the banks of the Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau. The
ancient cities of Pragjyoti shpura and Durjaya (North Guwahati) were the capitals of the ancient state of
Kamarupa. Pragjyotishpur was the historical name of the city Guwahati.
261. Chandella Ruler established their religious capital in Khaju-raho.
262. During the Gupta Period, gold coins were called by Dinaras.
263. The Barabar Hill Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, dating from the Maurya Empire,
located in the Makhdumpur region of Jehanabad district, Bihar.These caves are situated in the twin hills of
Barabar (four caves) and Nagarjuni (three caves). These rock-cut chambers date back to the 3rd century BC,
Maurya period.
264. According to the Aihole inscription, Chalukyan ruler Pulakeshin II defeated HarshaVardhan on the
banks of Narmada in 618-619 A.D. Pulakeshin entered into a treaty with Harsha, with the Narmada River
designated as the border between them.
265. Burzahom was the first Neolithic site to be discovered in Kashmir. It is located on a 'karewa' between the
banks of the Dal Lake and the Zabarvan hills, about 5 km from the famous Mughal garden of Shalimar. After
the discovery and excavation of Burzahom, other Neolithic sites were discovered in Kashmir.
266. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. It is the 3
rd
excavated city of Harappan sites. It is distinguished by its exclusive fire altars and is considered as "world's
earliest indicated ploughed field". The name of Kalibangan has been derived from two words: 'Kali' and
'Bhangan'. 'Kali' means black and 'bhangan' means bangle.
267. Kapila is a given name of different individuals in ancient and medieval Indian texts, of which the most well
known is the founder of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. Kapila of Samkhya fame is considered a
Vedic sage, estimated to have lived in the 6th century BCE, or the 7th-century BCE.
located in the Makhdumpur region of Jehanabad district, Bihar.These caves are situated in the twin hills of
Barabar (four caves) and Nagarjuni (three caves). These rock-cut chambers date back to the 3rd century BC,
Maurya period.
264. According to the Aihole inscription, Chalukyan ruler Pulakeshin II defeated HarshaVardhan on the
banks of Narmada in 618-619 A.D. Pulakeshin entered into a treaty with Harsha, with the Narmada River
designated as the border between them.
265. Burzahom was the first Neolithic site to be discovered in Kashmir. It is located on a 'karewa' between the
banks of the Dal Lake and the Zabarvan hills, about 5 km from the famous Mughal garden of Shalimar. After
the discovery and excavation of Burzahom, other Neolithic sites were discovered in Kashmir.
266. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. It is the 3
rd
excavated city of Harappan sites. It is distinguished by its exclusive fire altars and is considered as "world's
earliest indicated ploughed field". The name of Kalibangan has been derived from two words: 'Kali' and
'Bhangan'. 'Kali' means black and 'bhangan' means bangle.
267. Kapila is a given name of different individuals in ancient and medieval Indian texts, of which the most well
known is the founder of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. Kapila of Samkhya fame is considered a
Vedic sage, estimated to have lived in the 6th century BCE, or the 7th-century BCE.
268. In 326 BC, Alexander invaded India, after crossing the river Indus, he advanced towards Taxila. He then
challenged king Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab. The Indians were defeated
in the fierce battle, even though they fought with elephants, which the Macedonians had never before seen.
269. Ascetic-prince Ilango Adigal, the younger brother of reputed warrior-king Senguttuvan of the Chera
dynasty is credited(created) with Silappadikaram, one of Five Great Tamil Epics. Silappadikaram revolves
around Kannagi, who having lost her husband to a miscarriage of justice at the court of the Pandyan Dynasty,
wreaks her revenge on his kingdom.
270. Devanampriya, also known as Devanampiya, was a Pali honorific epithet used by Magadhan Emperor
Ashoka in his inscriptions. "Devanampriya" means "Beloved of the Gods". It is often used by Ashoka in
conjunction with the title Priyadasi, which means "He who regards others with kindness", "Humane".
271. The Kailasa temple at Ellora, one of the largest Indian rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in the
Ellora Caves, Maharashtra, was built by eighth century Rashtrakuta king Krishna I (r. c. 756-773). Kailasa
temple features the use of multiple distinct architectural and sculptural styles.
272. Lumbini is the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha.
• Ashokan pillar with Pali inscription in Brahmi script is found from this place.
• Ashoka visited this place and worshipped. • Ashoka exempted Lumbini from tax.
273. Daojali handing is an important Neolithic site in Assam. Double-shouldered Celts and cord-marked
pottery in India was reported from there.
challenged king Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the rivers Jhelum and Chenab. The Indians were defeated
in the fierce battle, even though they fought with elephants, which the Macedonians had never before seen.
269. Ascetic-prince Ilango Adigal, the younger brother of reputed warrior-king Senguttuvan of the Chera
dynasty is credited(created) with Silappadikaram, one of Five Great Tamil Epics. Silappadikaram revolves
around Kannagi, who having lost her husband to a miscarriage of justice at the court of the Pandyan Dynasty,
wreaks her revenge on his kingdom.
270. Devanampriya, also known as Devanampiya, was a Pali honorific epithet used by Magadhan Emperor
Ashoka in his inscriptions. "Devanampriya" means "Beloved of the Gods". It is often used by Ashoka in
conjunction with the title Priyadasi, which means "He who regards others with kindness", "Humane".
271. The Kailasa temple at Ellora, one of the largest Indian rock-cut ancient Hindu temples located in the
Ellora Caves, Maharashtra, was built by eighth century Rashtrakuta king Krishna I (r. c. 756-773). Kailasa
temple features the use of multiple distinct architectural and sculptural styles.
272. Lumbini is the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha.
• Ashokan pillar with Pali inscription in Brahmi script is found from this place.
• Ashoka visited this place and worshipped. • Ashoka exempted Lumbini from tax.
273. Daojali handing is an important Neolithic site in Assam. Double-shouldered Celts and cord-marked
pottery in India was reported from there.
274. Lingaraj Temple is believed to be the oldest and largest temple of Bhubaneswar.
The term 'Lingaraj' suggests the king of Lingas', where 'linga' is the phallic form of Lord Shiva.
In the 11th century, Lingaraj Temple was built by the King Jajati Keshari, who belonged to Soma Vansh.
It is thought that when the King shifted his capital from Jaipur to Bhubaneshwar, he started the construction of
Lingaraj Temple.The temple is divided into four parts, the Garbh Griha, the Yajna Shala, the Bhoga Mandap
and the Natya Shala respectively.
275. Tripitaka or Three Baskets is a traditional term used for various Buddhist scriptures.
It is known as pali Canon in English. The three pitakas are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma
Pitaka.
Sutta Pitaka: It contains over 10 thousand suttas or sutras related to Buddha and his close companions.
Vinay Pitaka is the monastic rules for monks and nuns. It can also be called as Book of Discipline.
Abhidhammapitaka deals with the philosophy and doctrine of Buddhism appearing in the suttas.
276. Ashoka's Pillar named Akashmak is the best model of art, which is made in different parts of country to
spread the view of Dhamma of Budha in Maurya Density. Mauryan pillar is a type of Rock Cut Piller.
There are twenty Pillars in Chunar near (Varanasi) which is made of sandy rocks.
The best model of pillar in Sarnath named Lion Pillar . According to Indian Historian the source of art in Pure
Indian.
277. The Cenozoic is sometimes called the Age of Mammals, because the largest land animals have been
mammals during that time. Plant living today had its roots in the Cenozoic Era.
The term 'Lingaraj' suggests the king of Lingas', where 'linga' is the phallic form of Lord Shiva.
In the 11th century, Lingaraj Temple was built by the King Jajati Keshari, who belonged to Soma Vansh.
It is thought that when the King shifted his capital from Jaipur to Bhubaneshwar, he started the construction of
Lingaraj Temple.The temple is divided into four parts, the Garbh Griha, the Yajna Shala, the Bhoga Mandap
and the Natya Shala respectively.
275. Tripitaka or Three Baskets is a traditional term used for various Buddhist scriptures.
It is known as pali Canon in English. The three pitakas are Sutta Pitaka, Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma
Pitaka.
Sutta Pitaka: It contains over 10 thousand suttas or sutras related to Buddha and his close companions.
Vinay Pitaka is the monastic rules for monks and nuns. It can also be called as Book of Discipline.
Abhidhammapitaka deals with the philosophy and doctrine of Buddhism appearing in the suttas.
276. Ashoka's Pillar named Akashmak is the best model of art, which is made in different parts of country to
spread the view of Dhamma of Budha in Maurya Density. Mauryan pillar is a type of Rock Cut Piller.
There are twenty Pillars in Chunar near (Varanasi) which is made of sandy rocks.
The best model of pillar in Sarnath named Lion Pillar . According to Indian Historian the source of art in Pure
Indian.
277. The Cenozoic is sometimes called the Age of Mammals, because the largest land animals have been
mammals during that time. Plant living today had its roots in the Cenozoic Era.
278. The Allahabad pillar is an Ashoka Stambha, one of the Pillars of Ashoka, erected by Ashoka, Emperor of
the Maurya dynasty, who reigned in the 3
rd
century BC. While it is one of the few extant pillars that carry his
edicts, it is particularly notable for containing later inscriptions attributed to the Gupta emperor Samudra-gupta
(4th century CE). Also engraved on the stone are inscriptions by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from the 17th
century. At some point of time, the pillar was moved from its original location and installed within Akbar's Allaha
bad Fort in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, A pillar containing inscriptions from three different periods, i.e.
the Mauryan period, Gupta period and Mughal period, is located in Alllahabad (Prayagraj).
279. Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam. which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar.
He is one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar.
• Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that
has survived.
280. Burzahom in kashmir archaeological site has evidence of pit dwellings.
281. The Chola inscriptions mentioned various types of land as follows:
. Brahmadeya: These were the lands gifted to Braha manas. Therefore a lot of Brahamana settlements emerged in
the Kaveri valley and in the other south ern parts of India.
• Vellanvagai: Land of non-Brahamana peasant propri etors.
Shalabhoga: This refers to the land of the mainte nance of a school.
• Devadana, tirunamattukkani: Land gifted to temples.
the Maurya dynasty, who reigned in the 3
rd
century BC. While it is one of the few extant pillars that carry his
edicts, it is particularly notable for containing later inscriptions attributed to the Gupta emperor Samudra-gupta
(4th century CE). Also engraved on the stone are inscriptions by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from the 17th
century. At some point of time, the pillar was moved from its original location and installed within Akbar's Allaha
bad Fort in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, A pillar containing inscriptions from three different periods, i.e.
the Mauryan period, Gupta period and Mughal period, is located in Alllahabad (Prayagraj).
279. Tolkappiyar (epithet), the author of Tolkappiyam. which is the oldest extant Tamil grammar.
He is one of the twelve disciples of Agattiyar.
• Tolkappiyar is believed to have lived during the Second Sangam and to be the author of the Tolkappiyam that
has survived.
280. Burzahom in kashmir archaeological site has evidence of pit dwellings.
281. The Chola inscriptions mentioned various types of land as follows:
. Brahmadeya: These were the lands gifted to Braha manas. Therefore a lot of Brahamana settlements emerged in
the Kaveri valley and in the other south ern parts of India.
• Vellanvagai: Land of non-Brahamana peasant propri etors.
Shalabhoga: This refers to the land of the mainte nance of a school.
• Devadana, tirunamattukkani: Land gifted to temples.
● Pallichchhandam: Land donated to Jaina institutions.
282. Vindhyashakti was the founder of the Vakataka dynasty. His name is derived from the name of the
goddess Vindhya.
Vakataka dynasty, Indian ruling house originating in the central Deccan in the mid-3rd century AD.
The Vakatakas, like many of the contemporary dynasties of the Deccan, claimed Brahmanical origin.
283. The ancient settlement of Mohenjodaro is situated in Larkana District in the Sindh province of
Pakistan. Listed as an archaeological site of immense historical significance on the UNESCO World Heritage
List, the town was buried underneath thousands of years of dirt and soil until its discovery in early 1900s.
Mohenjodaro is located west of the Indus River. Mohenjodaro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings
arranged on a grid plan.
284. The Great Stupa and other Buddhist monuments at Sanchi were discovered in 1818.
It was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty.
It is currently preserved by the Archeological Survey of India.
285. Kolattunadu (at Kerala)was a kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of Portuguese Armadas to
India.
Thekkumkur was an independent kingdom in the southern part of Kerala in India from 1103 CE until 1750 CE.
Valluvanad, was country in south India, in the Bharathapuzha river basin in present-day central Kerala.
286. Ajatashatru was a king of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in East India.
282. Vindhyashakti was the founder of the Vakataka dynasty. His name is derived from the name of the
goddess Vindhya.
Vakataka dynasty, Indian ruling house originating in the central Deccan in the mid-3rd century AD.
The Vakatakas, like many of the contemporary dynasties of the Deccan, claimed Brahmanical origin.
283. The ancient settlement of Mohenjodaro is situated in Larkana District in the Sindh province of
Pakistan. Listed as an archaeological site of immense historical significance on the UNESCO World Heritage
List, the town was buried underneath thousands of years of dirt and soil until its discovery in early 1900s.
Mohenjodaro is located west of the Indus River. Mohenjodaro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings
arranged on a grid plan.
284. The Great Stupa and other Buddhist monuments at Sanchi were discovered in 1818.
It was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Dynasty.
It is currently preserved by the Archeological Survey of India.
285. Kolattunadu (at Kerala)was a kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of Portuguese Armadas to
India.
Thekkumkur was an independent kingdom in the southern part of Kerala in India from 1103 CE until 1750 CE.
Valluvanad, was country in south India, in the Bharathapuzha river basin in present-day central Kerala.
286. Ajatashatru was a king of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in East India.
He was the son of King Bimbisara and was a contemporary of both Mahavira and Gautama Buddha.
287. The Nanda dynasty ruled in northern part of the India during the 4
th
century BCE.
• Dhanananda was the last king of Nanda dynasty. ● Panduka was the 2nd king of this dynasty.
. Govishanaka was 6th king of Nanda dynasty.
• Kaivarta was the 8th king of this dynasty.
288. Samudragupta was the 2
nd
king of Gupta Empire. He succeeded his father Chandragupta I around 335 or
350 CE, and ruled until c. 375 CE.
Vishnugupta was the last king of Gupta Empire.
Ashoka was emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232
BCE.
Bimbisara was a king of the Magadha empire and belonged to Haryanaka dynasty.
289. Bimbisara was the founder of the Haryanka dynasty.
Ajatashatru was the son of King Bimbisara.
He ruled magadh from 493-462 BCE.
Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty.
He ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
287. The Nanda dynasty ruled in northern part of the India during the 4
th
century BCE.
• Dhanananda was the last king of Nanda dynasty. ● Panduka was the 2nd king of this dynasty.
. Govishanaka was 6th king of Nanda dynasty.
• Kaivarta was the 8th king of this dynasty.
288. Samudragupta was the 2
nd
king of Gupta Empire. He succeeded his father Chandragupta I around 335 or
350 CE, and ruled until c. 375 CE.
Vishnugupta was the last king of Gupta Empire.
Ashoka was emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232
BCE.
Bimbisara was a king of the Magadha empire and belonged to Haryanaka dynasty.
289. Bimbisara was the founder of the Haryanka dynasty.
Ajatashatru was the son of King Bimbisara.
He ruled magadh from 493-462 BCE.
Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty.
He ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
290. Halivakara was a plough tax, paid by every cultivator owning a plough during Gupta Era.
● Kara was a periodic tax levied on the villagers during Gupta Era. It is a special kind of tax levied on king’s wish.
291. The Sudarshana (Saurashtra) lake in Gujarat was an artificial reservoir built during the rule of the
Mauryas.
292. The 'Brihadratha' dynasty is considered to be the first who ruled Magadha. Capital used to be "Giribraj
(Today Rajgir). Therefore, Rajagaha(Rajgir) was the capital of Magadha before the 4
th
century of BC.
Udayin' shifted his capital to 'Patliputra' from Giribraj.
Shishunag Dynasty shifted the capital from Patliputra to 'Vaishali'.
Vaishali became the third Capital of great Magadha emperor.
293. The Harshacharita (The deeds of Harsha), is the biography of Indian emperor Harsha by Banabhatta.
It was composed in Sanskrit language during 7
th
century CE India.
He was the Asthana Kavi, meaning Court Poet, of Harsha.
He also wrote one of the world's earliest novels, Kadambari.
The other works attributed to him are the ikasataka and a drama, the Parvatipariaya.
294. The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in the history of ancient India.
It is named after the Vedas, the early literature of the Hindu people.
● Kara was a periodic tax levied on the villagers during Gupta Era. It is a special kind of tax levied on king’s wish.
291. The Sudarshana (Saurashtra) lake in Gujarat was an artificial reservoir built during the rule of the
Mauryas.
292. The 'Brihadratha' dynasty is considered to be the first who ruled Magadha. Capital used to be "Giribraj
(Today Rajgir). Therefore, Rajagaha(Rajgir) was the capital of Magadha before the 4
th
century of BC.
Udayin' shifted his capital to 'Patliputra' from Giribraj.
Shishunag Dynasty shifted the capital from Patliputra to 'Vaishali'.
Vaishali became the third Capital of great Magadha emperor.
293. The Harshacharita (The deeds of Harsha), is the biography of Indian emperor Harsha by Banabhatta.
It was composed in Sanskrit language during 7
th
century CE India.
He was the Asthana Kavi, meaning Court Poet, of Harsha.
He also wrote one of the world's earliest novels, Kadambari.
The other works attributed to him are the ikasataka and a drama, the Parvatipariaya.
294. The Vedic civilization is the earliest civilization in the history of ancient India.
It is named after the Vedas, the early literature of the Hindu people.
The Vedic Civilization flourished along the river Saraswati, in a region that now consists of the modern Indian states
of Haryana and Punjab.
The Vedic age is the period covered c. 1500 BC to 500 BC.
295. Udayin was the Indian ruler of Haryanka dynasty who ruled over Magadha from 460 BCE to 440 BCE.
He was the son of Ajatashatru and grandson of king Bimbisara.
King Udayin laid the foundation of the city of Pataliputra at the confluence of two rivers, the Son and the Ganges.
In 4
th
Century BC He shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Patliputra be cause of the latter's central location in
Magadha empire.
296. Samudragupta was the greatest ruler of the Gupta Dynasty and ruled till around 380 AD.
The western scholars equate him with Napoleon and call him Indian Napoleon due to the extensive military
conquests.
His court poet and minister Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag Prasasti. Therefore,
Allahabad pillar inscriptions has recorded the achievements of Samudra Gupta, who was known as the 'Napoleon of
India' for his conquests.
As per this inscription, Samudragupta defeated 9 kings in North, 12 Kings in South, reduced all the Atavika states to
vassalage.
• He performed Ashvamedha Yajna, this has been testified by a seal of Samudragupta bearing a Horse.
● This was probably first Ashvamedha after Pushyamitra Shunga.
of Haryana and Punjab.
The Vedic age is the period covered c. 1500 BC to 500 BC.
295. Udayin was the Indian ruler of Haryanka dynasty who ruled over Magadha from 460 BCE to 440 BCE.
He was the son of Ajatashatru and grandson of king Bimbisara.
King Udayin laid the foundation of the city of Pataliputra at the confluence of two rivers, the Son and the Ganges.
In 4
th
Century BC He shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Patliputra be cause of the latter's central location in
Magadha empire.
296. Samudragupta was the greatest ruler of the Gupta Dynasty and ruled till around 380 AD.
The western scholars equate him with Napoleon and call him Indian Napoleon due to the extensive military
conquests.
His court poet and minister Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayag Prasasti. Therefore,
Allahabad pillar inscriptions has recorded the achievements of Samudra Gupta, who was known as the 'Napoleon of
India' for his conquests.
As per this inscription, Samudragupta defeated 9 kings in North, 12 Kings in South, reduced all the Atavika states to
vassalage.
• He performed Ashvamedha Yajna, this has been testified by a seal of Samudragupta bearing a Horse.
● This was probably first Ashvamedha after Pushyamitra Shunga.
Court I In The Court Well Known Work
Kalidasa Vikramaditya Shakuntalam, Meghdoot
Bana Bhatt or Bana Harshavardhana Harsha Charita, Kadambari
Chand Bardai Prithviraj Chauhan Prithviraj Raso
Bhavabhuti King Yashovarman of Kannauj
Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava,
Uttararamacharita
Amir Khusro
mainly Allauddin Khilji but associated with 7
rulers of Delhi Sultannate
Tuhfatus-Sighr, Qiranus-Sa'dain
Sri Ponna Rashtrakuta King Krishna III Shantipurana, Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya
Parmanand Shivaji Shivbharat
Pandit Gangadhar
Mishra
Sambalpur King Baliar Singh Kosalananda Mahakavya
Kalidasa Vikramaditya Shakuntalam, Meghdoot
Bana Bhatt or Bana Harshavardhana Harsha Charita, Kadambari
Chand Bardai Prithviraj Chauhan Prithviraj Raso
Bhavabhuti King Yashovarman of Kannauj
Mahaviracharita, Malatimadhava,
Uttararamacharita
Amir Khusro
mainly Allauddin Khilji but associated with 7
rulers of Delhi Sultannate
Tuhfatus-Sighr, Qiranus-Sa'dain
Sri Ponna Rashtrakuta King Krishna III Shantipurana, Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya
Parmanand Shivaji Shivbharat
Pandit Gangadhar
Mishra
Sambalpur King Baliar Singh Kosalananda Mahakavya
Court I In The Court Well Known Work
Hema Saraswati Kamtapur King Durlabh Narayan Prahalad Charita
Rajashekhara Gurjara Pratiharas
Balabharata, Karpuramanjari, Balaramayana,
Kavyamimamsa
Vedanayagam
Sastriar
King Serfoji II of Tanjore Bethlehem Kuravanji, Gnanakummi
Raghavanka Hoysala kings Harishchandra Kayva
Adikavi Pampa Chalukya King Arikesari II Vikramārjuna Vijaya or Pampa Bharata
Tirumalarya King Wodeyar Karna Vrittanta Kathe
Allasani Peddana Sri Krishna Deva Raya Swaarochisha Manu Sambhavam
Nandi Thimmana Sri Krishna Deva Raya Parijathapaharanam, Vanivilasam
Agha Hasan Amanat Wajid Ali Shah Inder Sabha
Ramprasad Sen Krishna Chandra of Nadia Vidyasundar, Shaktigiti.
Jayamkondkar Kulottunga Chola I Kalingattu parani
Ravikirti Pulakesin II Aihole incsription
Hema Saraswati Kamtapur King Durlabh Narayan Prahalad Charita
Rajashekhara Gurjara Pratiharas
Balabharata, Karpuramanjari, Balaramayana,
Kavyamimamsa
Vedanayagam
Sastriar
King Serfoji II of Tanjore Bethlehem Kuravanji, Gnanakummi
Raghavanka Hoysala kings Harishchandra Kayva
Adikavi Pampa Chalukya King Arikesari II Vikramārjuna Vijaya or Pampa Bharata
Tirumalarya King Wodeyar Karna Vrittanta Kathe
Allasani Peddana Sri Krishna Deva Raya Swaarochisha Manu Sambhavam
Nandi Thimmana Sri Krishna Deva Raya Parijathapaharanam, Vanivilasam
Agha Hasan Amanat Wajid Ali Shah Inder Sabha
Ramprasad Sen Krishna Chandra of Nadia Vidyasundar, Shaktigiti.
Jayamkondkar Kulottunga Chola I Kalingattu parani
Ravikirti Pulakesin II Aihole incsription
Famous court poets of India
Poet Patron Contribution
Amarasimha Chandragupta II —
Ashvaghosa Kanishka Buddha Charitra (a biography of Buddha), Saundarananda
Banabhatta Harshvardhan Kadambari, Harsha Charita
Bharavi Yasodharman Kiratarjuniyam (about Kirat and Arjun)
Bhavabhuti Yasovarman Malatimadhava, Mahaviracharita
Dandin Narsimhavarman Dasakumaracarita, Kavyadarsa
Harisena Samudragupta II Prayag Prashasti on Allahabad Pillar inscription
Jayadev — Geet Govinda (Krishna and Radha)
Poet Patron Contribution
Amarasimha Chandragupta II —
Ashvaghosa Kanishka Buddha Charitra (a biography of Buddha), Saundarananda
Banabhatta Harshvardhan Kadambari, Harsha Charita
Bharavi Yasodharman Kiratarjuniyam (about Kirat and Arjun)
Bhavabhuti Yasovarman Malatimadhava, Mahaviracharita
Dandin Narsimhavarman Dasakumaracarita, Kavyadarsa
Harisena Samudragupta II Prayag Prashasti on Allahabad Pillar inscription
Jayadev — Geet Govinda (Krishna and Radha)
Jinasena Amoghavarsha Harivamsa Purana
Kalidasa Chandragupta II Kumarasambhava, Raghuvamsa, Meghdoota, Ritusambara. His plays are
Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashi, and Malvikaganimithram.
Magha King Varmalata Sisupalavadha (about the killing of Shishupal)
Rajashekhar Mahindrapala Kavyamimamsa, and Karpuramanjari (written to please his wife in Sauraseni
Prakrit).
Ravikirti Pulkesin II Aihole inscription
Shudraka — Mrichchakatikam
Thiruvalluvar — Thirukkural (Tamil epic)
Vishakhadatta Harshavardhan Mudra Rakshas and Devichandraguptam
Kalidasa Chandragupta II Kumarasambhava, Raghuvamsa, Meghdoota, Ritusambara. His plays are
Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashi, and Malvikaganimithram.
Magha King Varmalata Sisupalavadha (about the killing of Shishupal)
Rajashekhar Mahindrapala Kavyamimamsa, and Karpuramanjari (written to please his wife in Sauraseni
Prakrit).
Ravikirti Pulkesin II Aihole inscription
Shudraka — Mrichchakatikam
Thiruvalluvar — Thirukkural (Tamil epic)
Vishakhadatta Harshavardhan Mudra Rakshas and Devichandraguptam
Dynasty Description Coin
Kushana Empire Attributed to Vima Kadphises
Depicted iconographic forms were drawn from
Greek, Mesopotamian, Zorastrian and Indian
mythology
Major Indian deities portrayed were Shiva, Buddha
and Kartikeya
Gupta coins were influenced by Kushan gold coins
Satavahanas Copper, silver and lead coins were issued
Motifs of fauna like elephants, lions, bulls, horses,
etc. were punched on these coins
Silver coins had portraits and bilingual legends,
inspired by Kshatrapa types
Western
Kshatrapa
Greek and Brahmi legends were juxtaposed on the
coins
Said to be the earliest coins that had dates written
on them
Gupta Empire Coins had the king on the obverse and a deity on
the reverse side
socio-political events, like marriage alliances,
horse sacrifice, etc. were also depicted
Attributed to Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and
Kumaragupta
King as
Horseman
Kushana Empire Attributed to Vima Kadphises
Depicted iconographic forms were drawn from
Greek, Mesopotamian, Zorastrian and Indian
mythology
Major Indian deities portrayed were Shiva, Buddha
and Kartikeya
Gupta coins were influenced by Kushan gold coins
Satavahanas Copper, silver and lead coins were issued
Motifs of fauna like elephants, lions, bulls, horses,
etc. were punched on these coins
Silver coins had portraits and bilingual legends,
inspired by Kshatrapa types
Western
Kshatrapa
Greek and Brahmi legends were juxtaposed on the
coins
Said to be the earliest coins that had dates written
on them
Gupta Empire Coins had the king on the obverse and a deity on
the reverse side
socio-political events, like marriage alliances,
horse sacrifice, etc. were also depicted
Attributed to Samudragupta, Chandragupta II and
Kumaragupta
King as
Horseman
King as Lion
Slayer
South Indian
Kingdoms
South Indian coin issues were confined to dynastic crests:
Boar – Chalukya Dynasty
Bull – Pallavas
Tiger – Cholas
Fish – Pandya Dynasty
Bow and Arrow – Chera Dynasty
Lion – Hoysala
Chera Dynasty
Coin
Slayer
South Indian
Kingdoms
South Indian coin issues were confined to dynastic crests:
Boar – Chalukya Dynasty
Bull – Pallavas
Tiger – Cholas
Fish – Pandya Dynasty
Bow and Arrow – Chera Dynasty
Lion – Hoysala
Chera Dynasty
Coin
The list of major dynasties that existed in India
The following are the major dynasties in Indian history
Haryanka Dynasty: Middle of 6th century BCE–413 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Bimbisara
Capital Rajgir (Girivraja)
Important Kings Bimbisara, Ajatashatru and Udayin
Important events The capital shifted to Pataliputra, The 1st Buddhist Council
Shishunaga Dynasty: 413 BCE–345 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Shishunaga
Capital (Girivraja)
Important Kings Shishunaga and Kakavarna Kalasoka
Important events Destruction of Avanti and the 2nd Buddhist Council
The following are the major dynasties in Indian history
Haryanka Dynasty: Middle of 6th century BCE–413 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Bimbisara
Capital Rajgir (Girivraja)
Important Kings Bimbisara, Ajatashatru and Udayin
Important events The capital shifted to Pataliputra, The 1st Buddhist Council
Shishunaga Dynasty: 413 BCE–345 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Shishunaga
Capital (Girivraja)
Important Kings Shishunaga and Kakavarna Kalasoka
Important events Destruction of Avanti and the 2nd Buddhist Council
Nanda Dynasty- 345 BCE–322 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Mahapadma Nanda
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Mahapadma Nanda, Dhana Nanda
Important events Alexander invaded India
Mauryan Dynasty: 322 BCE–185 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Chandragupta Maurya
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka
Important events defeated the invasion led by Seleucus Nikator, a 3rd Buddhist council
PlaceMagadha
Founder Mahapadma Nanda
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Mahapadma Nanda, Dhana Nanda
Important events Alexander invaded India
Mauryan Dynasty: 322 BCE–185 BCE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Chandragupta Maurya
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka
Important events defeated the invasion led by Seleucus Nikator, a 3rd Buddhist council
Indo-Scythians Kingdom (The Shaka): 150 BCE–400 CE
PlaceMagadha
Founder Maues alias Moga
Capital Sigal
Taxila
Mathura
Important Kings Rudradaman, Vikramaditya
Important events Repaired Sudarsan Lake, Junagarh inscription
The Kushans/ Yeuchi: 30–375
PlaceMagadha
Founder Yuezhi
Capital Bamiyan
Peshawar
Taxila
Mathura
Important Kings Kanishka
PlaceMagadha
Founder Maues alias Moga
Capital Sigal
Taxila
Mathura
Important Kings Rudradaman, Vikramaditya
Important events Repaired Sudarsan Lake, Junagarh inscription
The Kushans/ Yeuchi: 30–375
PlaceMagadha
Founder Yuezhi
Capital Bamiyan
Peshawar
Taxila
Mathura
Important Kings Kanishka
Important events Issued gold coins, 4th Buddhist council
The Sunga dynasty: 185 BC- 75 BC
PlaceMagadha
Founder Pushyamitra Sunga
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Agnimitra, Bhagabhadra and Devbhuti
Important events Issued gold coins, 4th Buddhist council
The Kanva dynasty: 75 BC- 30 BC
PlaceMagadha
Founder Vasudeva
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susharman
Important events —
The Sunga dynasty: 185 BC- 75 BC
PlaceMagadha
Founder Pushyamitra Sunga
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Agnimitra, Bhagabhadra and Devbhuti
Important events Issued gold coins, 4th Buddhist council
The Kanva dynasty: 75 BC- 30 BC
PlaceMagadha
Founder Vasudeva
Capital Pataliputra
Important Kings Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susharman
Important events —
The Satavahanas- 1st century BCE–2nd century CE
PlaceDeccan region
Founder Simuka
Capital Pratishthana
Amaravati
Important Kings Gautamiputra Satakarni
Important events Issued coins made up of lead, copper, and bronze
Ikshvaku dynasty
PlaceFrom Kosala kingdom to the banks of Sarayu river
Founder Ikshavaku
Capital Saketa
Ayodhya
Important Kings Kusha, Nala II
Important events Executed the Manusmriti
PlaceDeccan region
Founder Simuka
Capital Pratishthana
Amaravati
Important Kings Gautamiputra Satakarni
Important events Issued coins made up of lead, copper, and bronze
Ikshvaku dynasty
PlaceFrom Kosala kingdom to the banks of Sarayu river
Founder Ikshavaku
Capital Saketa
Ayodhya
Important Kings Kusha, Nala II
Important events Executed the Manusmriti
The Chola Dynasty: 300s BCE–1279 CE
PlaceNortheast of Pandya Kingdom
Founder Vijayalaya
Capital Poompuhar, Urayur, Tiruvarur,
Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur
Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Important Kings Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and
Kulothunga Chola I
Important events Annexed Sri Lanka
The Pandyan Dynasty: at least 4th century BCE–1345 AD
PlaceTamil Nadu and Southern region
Founder —
Capital Korkai
Madurai
Tenkasi
Tirunelveli
PlaceNortheast of Pandya Kingdom
Founder Vijayalaya
Capital Poompuhar, Urayur, Tiruvarur,
Pazhaiyaarai, Thanjavur
Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Important Kings Rajaraja Chola I, Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and
Kulothunga Chola I
Important events Annexed Sri Lanka
The Pandyan Dynasty: at least 4th century BCE–1345 AD
PlaceTamil Nadu and Southern region
Founder —
Capital Korkai
Madurai
Tenkasi
Tirunelveli
Important Kings Nedujadaiyan
Important events Trade with roman empire and sent embassies to Emperor Augustus
The Chera Dynasty: 3rd century BCE–12th century CE
PlaceKongunadu and some parts of Present Kerala
Founder Vanavaramban
Capital Mahodayapuram
Quilon
Karuvur
Important Kings Perumchottu Uthiyan Cheralathan, Cheraman Kudako Ilancheral Irumporai
Important events Foreign trade
The Pallava Dynasty: 275 CE–897 CE
PlaceSouth Indian region and some parts of Sri Lanka
Founder Bappadevan
Capital Kanchipuram
Important events Trade with roman empire and sent embassies to Emperor Augustus
The Chera Dynasty: 3rd century BCE–12th century CE
PlaceKongunadu and some parts of Present Kerala
Founder Vanavaramban
Capital Mahodayapuram
Quilon
Karuvur
Important Kings Perumchottu Uthiyan Cheralathan, Cheraman Kudako Ilancheral Irumporai
Important events Foreign trade
The Pallava Dynasty: 275 CE–897 CE
PlaceSouth Indian region and some parts of Sri Lanka
Founder Bappadevan
Capital Kanchipuram
Important Kings Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I
Important events Visit of Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang
Chalukya Dynasty: 543–753
PlaceSouth Indian region and central India
Founder Pulakesi I
Capital Badami
Important Kings Pulakesin II, Vikramaditya II
Important events Art and architecture flourished in South India
Important events Visit of Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang
Chalukya Dynasty: 543–753
PlaceSouth Indian region and central India
Founder Pulakesi I
Capital Badami
Important Kings Pulakesin II, Vikramaditya II
Important events Art and architecture flourished in South India
Dynasties And Founders & Features
Haryanaka Dynasty
Bimbisara (544 BC -492 BC)
Contemporary of Buddha.
His capital was Rajgir (Girivraja). He strengthened his position by matrimonial alliance with the ruling families
of Kosala, Vaishali and Madra (3 wives).
Ajatshatru (492 BC- 460 BC)
Son of Bimbisara, killed his father and seized the throne. Annexed Vaishali, and Kosala.
Udayin ( 460 BC – 444 BC )
He founded the new capital of Pataliputra, situated at the confluence of the Ganga and Son.
SHISHUNAGA DYNASTY
Founded by a Minister Shishunaga. Dynasty lasted for two generations only.
Greatest achievement was the destruction of power of Avanti.
NANDA DYNASTY (1st of non- kshatriya dynasties)
Considered by many as the first non Kshatriya dynasty. Founder was Mahapadma Nanda.
Haryanaka Dynasty
Bimbisara (544 BC -492 BC)
Contemporary of Buddha.
His capital was Rajgir (Girivraja). He strengthened his position by matrimonial alliance with the ruling families
of Kosala, Vaishali and Madra (3 wives).
Ajatshatru (492 BC- 460 BC)
Son of Bimbisara, killed his father and seized the throne. Annexed Vaishali, and Kosala.
Udayin ( 460 BC – 444 BC )
He founded the new capital of Pataliputra, situated at the confluence of the Ganga and Son.
SHISHUNAGA DYNASTY
Founded by a Minister Shishunaga. Dynasty lasted for two generations only.
Greatest achievement was the destruction of power of Avanti.
NANDA DYNASTY (1st of non- kshatriya dynasties)
Considered by many as the first non Kshatriya dynasty. Founder was Mahapadma Nanda.
Alexander attacked India in their reign. Dhana Nanda was there at that time.
NOTE
Alexanders invasion: Alexander invaded India in 326 BC. He fought the famous battle of Hydaspes (on
the banks of Jhelum) with the king of Punjab, Porus.
THE MAURYAN DYNASTY
Chandragupta Maurya (322BC- 297BC)
With the help of Chanakya, he overthrew the Nandas.
Defeated Seleucus, the general of Alexander. Seleucus sent Magasthenes (the author of ‘Indica’) to his court.
BINDUSARA ( 297BC-273BC)
Called Amitrghat by Greek writers.
He is said to have conquered ‘the land between 2 seas’, i.e., the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Ashoka ( 269 BC-232BC)
Regarded as one of the greatest Kings of all times.
THE KALINGA WAR (261 BC, mentioned in XIII rock edict) changed his attitude towards life. Ashoka
became a Buddhist after that.
The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the 4-lion capital of Ashokan pillar at Sarnath.
NOTE
Alexanders invasion: Alexander invaded India in 326 BC. He fought the famous battle of Hydaspes (on
the banks of Jhelum) with the king of Punjab, Porus.
THE MAURYAN DYNASTY
Chandragupta Maurya (322BC- 297BC)
With the help of Chanakya, he overthrew the Nandas.
Defeated Seleucus, the general of Alexander. Seleucus sent Magasthenes (the author of ‘Indica’) to his court.
BINDUSARA ( 297BC-273BC)
Called Amitrghat by Greek writers.
He is said to have conquered ‘the land between 2 seas’, i.e., the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Ashoka ( 269 BC-232BC)
Regarded as one of the greatest Kings of all times.
THE KALINGA WAR (261 BC, mentioned in XIII rock edict) changed his attitude towards life. Ashoka
became a Buddhist after that.
The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the 4-lion capital of Ashokan pillar at Sarnath.
Built the Sanchi Stupa in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
THE INDO – GREEKS
The Indo–Greek ruler was Menander (165 – 145 BC), also known as Milinda.
He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (described in the Pali text, Milinda panhoor the question of
Milinda).
Greeks were the first to issue coins which can be definitely attributed to the Kings.
THE SHAKAS OR SCYTHIANS
The Greeks were followed by the Shakas, who controlled a larger part of India than the Greek did.
A king of Ujjain, who called himself Vikramaditya, defeated the Shakas. An era called the Vikram Samvat is
reckoned from the event of his victory over the Shakas in 57 BC.
THE PARTHIANS
The most famous Parthian king was Gondopherns (AD 19 – 45), in whose reign St. Thomas is said to have
come to India for the propagation of Christianity.
THE KUSHANS (45 AD)
First to issue gold coins in India. Kanishka was their most famous king.
He patronized the following persons:
Ashwaghosha (wrote ‘Buddhacharitra’, which is the biography of Buddha)
Nagarjuna (wrote ‘Madhyamik Sutra’).
THE INDO – GREEKS
The Indo–Greek ruler was Menander (165 – 145 BC), also known as Milinda.
He was converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (described in the Pali text, Milinda panhoor the question of
Milinda).
Greeks were the first to issue coins which can be definitely attributed to the Kings.
THE SHAKAS OR SCYTHIANS
The Greeks were followed by the Shakas, who controlled a larger part of India than the Greek did.
A king of Ujjain, who called himself Vikramaditya, defeated the Shakas. An era called the Vikram Samvat is
reckoned from the event of his victory over the Shakas in 57 BC.
THE PARTHIANS
The most famous Parthian king was Gondopherns (AD 19 – 45), in whose reign St. Thomas is said to have
come to India for the propagation of Christianity.
THE KUSHANS (45 AD)
First to issue gold coins in India. Kanishka was their most famous king.
He patronized the following persons:
Ashwaghosha (wrote ‘Buddhacharitra’, which is the biography of Buddha)
Nagarjuna (wrote ‘Madhyamik Sutra’).
Vasumitra (chairman of fourth Buddhist council)
Charak (a physician, wrote ‘Charak Samhita’)
Kanishka is known in history for two reasons:
He started an era in AD 78, which is known as the Saka era and is used by Govt. Of India.
He extended his wholehearted patronage to Buddhism (Held the fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir).
THE SUNGA DYNASTY
Pushyamitra founded this dynasty.
They were basically Brahmins. This period saw the revival of Bhagvatism.
Patanjali’s classic Mahabhashyawas written at this time.
THE KANVA DYNASTY
The founder of this short-lived dynasty was Vasudeva, who killed the last Sunga king, Devabhuti.
They were swept away by the Satavahanas of the Deccan.
THE SATAVAHANAS OR THE ANDHRA
They were the successors of the Mauryans in the Deccan and central India.
Simuka is regarded as the founder of this dynasty. The most important king was Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD
106 – 130) who raised the power and prestige of Satavahanas to greater heights.
Charak (a physician, wrote ‘Charak Samhita’)
Kanishka is known in history for two reasons:
He started an era in AD 78, which is known as the Saka era and is used by Govt. Of India.
He extended his wholehearted patronage to Buddhism (Held the fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir).
THE SUNGA DYNASTY
Pushyamitra founded this dynasty.
They were basically Brahmins. This period saw the revival of Bhagvatism.
Patanjali’s classic Mahabhashyawas written at this time.
THE KANVA DYNASTY
The founder of this short-lived dynasty was Vasudeva, who killed the last Sunga king, Devabhuti.
They were swept away by the Satavahanas of the Deccan.
THE SATAVAHANAS OR THE ANDHRA
They were the successors of the Mauryans in the Deccan and central India.
Simuka is regarded as the founder of this dynasty. The most important king was Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD
106 – 130) who raised the power and prestige of Satavahanas to greater heights.
THE PANDYAS
Their capital was Madurai.
The Pandya kings profited from trade with the Roman empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor
Augustus.
THE CHOLAS
The Kingdom was known as Cholamandalam or Cholamandal. The chief centre was Uraiyur, a place famous
for the cotton trade. The capital was Kaveripattnam / Puhar.
The main source of wealth was trade in cotton cloth. They also maintained an efficient Navy.
THE CHERAS
Their capital was Vanji (also called as Kerela Country)
It owed its importance to trade with the Romans. The Romans set up two regiments there to protect their
interests.
NOTE
All the gathered information on Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras is based on Sangam literature. Sangam was a
college or assembly of Tamil poets held probably under Royal Patronage (esp. Pandyas).
Sangam age corresponds to the post–Maurya and the pre–Gupta period.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY
CHANDRAGUPTA – I (AD 319 – 335)
Their capital was Madurai.
The Pandya kings profited from trade with the Roman empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor
Augustus.
THE CHOLAS
The Kingdom was known as Cholamandalam or Cholamandal. The chief centre was Uraiyur, a place famous
for the cotton trade. The capital was Kaveripattnam / Puhar.
The main source of wealth was trade in cotton cloth. They also maintained an efficient Navy.
THE CHERAS
Their capital was Vanji (also called as Kerela Country)
It owed its importance to trade with the Romans. The Romans set up two regiments there to protect their
interests.
NOTE
All the gathered information on Pandyas, Cholas and Cheras is based on Sangam literature. Sangam was a
college or assembly of Tamil poets held probably under Royal Patronage (esp. Pandyas).
Sangam age corresponds to the post–Maurya and the pre–Gupta period.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY
CHANDRAGUPTA – I (AD 319 – 335)
Started the Gupta era in 319 – 320 AD.
He enhanced his power & prestige by marrying Kumara Devi, princes of Lichchavi clan of Nepal.
He acquired the title of Maharajadhiraja.
SAMUDRAGUPTA ( AD 335 – 380)
The Gupta kingdom was enlarged enormously by Chandragupta’s son Samudragupta, because of his bravery
and generalship he is called the ‘Napoleon’ of India (by the historian V.A. Smith).
He assumed the title ofKaviraj and Vikramanka.
CHANDRAGUPTA – II (AD 380 – 413 )
Took the title of Vikramaditya by defeating Rudrasimha III, a Kshatrap king of Ujjain.
He was the first ruler to issue silver coins. Also issued copper coins.
The iron pillar inscription, fixed near Qutab Minar in Delhi mentions a king Chandra(considered by many as
Chandragupta II only).
His court was adorned by celebrated nine gems (navaratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Varahmihir, and
Dhanvantri.
Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India at this time.
KUMARAGUPTA – I (AD 413 – 455 )
Founded Nalanda University ( a renowned university of ancient India).
He enhanced his power & prestige by marrying Kumara Devi, princes of Lichchavi clan of Nepal.
He acquired the title of Maharajadhiraja.
SAMUDRAGUPTA ( AD 335 – 380)
The Gupta kingdom was enlarged enormously by Chandragupta’s son Samudragupta, because of his bravery
and generalship he is called the ‘Napoleon’ of India (by the historian V.A. Smith).
He assumed the title ofKaviraj and Vikramanka.
CHANDRAGUPTA – II (AD 380 – 413 )
Took the title of Vikramaditya by defeating Rudrasimha III, a Kshatrap king of Ujjain.
He was the first ruler to issue silver coins. Also issued copper coins.
The iron pillar inscription, fixed near Qutab Minar in Delhi mentions a king Chandra(considered by many as
Chandragupta II only).
His court was adorned by celebrated nine gems (navaratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Varahmihir, and
Dhanvantri.
Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India at this time.
KUMARAGUPTA – I (AD 413 – 455 )
Founded Nalanda University ( a renowned university of ancient India).
In the last year of his reign, the peace and prosperity of the empire was disturbed due to invasion of Turko –
Mongol tribe, Hunas. During the war with the Hunas, Kumaragupta died.
SKANDAGUPTA (AD 455 – 467 )
Kumaragupta – I was followed by Skandagupta. He faced Hunas effectively.
After his death, the great days of Guptas were over. The empire continued but central control weakened, and
local Governors became feudatory kings with hereditary rights.
PUSHYABHUTI DYNASTY
HARSHA VARDHAN (AD 606 – 647 )
Belonged to Pushyabhuti family & son of Prabhakar Vardhan.
Originally belonged to Thaneshwar, but shifted to Kannauj.
Defeated by Pulakesh–II, the great Chalukya king, on the banks of Narmada in 620.
Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (prince of travellers) visited during his reign.
He established a large monastery at Nalanda. Banabhatta, who adorned his court
wrote Harshacharitaand Kadambari. Harsha himself wrote 3 plays- Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda.
CHALUKYAS OF VATAPATI
(Badami)
Founder – Pulakesin-I.
Mongol tribe, Hunas. During the war with the Hunas, Kumaragupta died.
SKANDAGUPTA (AD 455 – 467 )
Kumaragupta – I was followed by Skandagupta. He faced Hunas effectively.
After his death, the great days of Guptas were over. The empire continued but central control weakened, and
local Governors became feudatory kings with hereditary rights.
PUSHYABHUTI DYNASTY
HARSHA VARDHAN (AD 606 – 647 )
Belonged to Pushyabhuti family & son of Prabhakar Vardhan.
Originally belonged to Thaneshwar, but shifted to Kannauj.
Defeated by Pulakesh–II, the great Chalukya king, on the banks of Narmada in 620.
Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (prince of travellers) visited during his reign.
He established a large monastery at Nalanda. Banabhatta, who adorned his court
wrote Harshacharitaand Kadambari. Harsha himself wrote 3 plays- Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda.
CHALUKYAS OF VATAPATI
(Badami)
Founder – Pulakesin-I.
Pulakesin – II was their most famous king. Was a contemporary of Harsha.
RASHTRAKUTAS
Founder – Dantidurga.
Their king Krishna – I is remembered for constructing the famous rock-cut Kailash temple at Ellora.
Their king Krishna – III set up a pillar of victory and a temple at Rameshwaram.
Rashtrakutas are credited with the building of cave shrine of Elephanta.
THE GANGAS
Their king Narsimhadeva constructed the Sun Temple at Konark.
Their king Anantvarman Ganga built the famous Jagannath temple, Puri.
Kesaris, who used to rule Orissa before Gangas built the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar.
THE PALLAVAS
Founder Simhavishnu. They set up their capital at Kanchi (south of Chennai).
Narsimhavarman was their greatest king. He founded the town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) which he
adorned with beautiful rock-cut Rathsor Seven Pagodas. Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi during his reign.
THE IMPERIAL CHOLAS (AD 846 – 1279 )
Founder- Vijayalaya. The capital was Tanjore.
The greatest Chola rulers were Rajaraja – I (985 – 1014 ) and his son Rajendra – I (1014 – 1044 ).
RASHTRAKUTAS
Founder – Dantidurga.
Their king Krishna – I is remembered for constructing the famous rock-cut Kailash temple at Ellora.
Their king Krishna – III set up a pillar of victory and a temple at Rameshwaram.
Rashtrakutas are credited with the building of cave shrine of Elephanta.
THE GANGAS
Their king Narsimhadeva constructed the Sun Temple at Konark.
Their king Anantvarman Ganga built the famous Jagannath temple, Puri.
Kesaris, who used to rule Orissa before Gangas built the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneswar.
THE PALLAVAS
Founder Simhavishnu. They set up their capital at Kanchi (south of Chennai).
Narsimhavarman was their greatest king. He founded the town of Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) which he
adorned with beautiful rock-cut Rathsor Seven Pagodas. Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi during his reign.
THE IMPERIAL CHOLAS (AD 846 – 1279 )
Founder- Vijayalaya. The capital was Tanjore.
The greatest Chola rulers were Rajaraja – I (985 – 1014 ) and his son Rajendra – I (1014 – 1044 ).
Rajaraja – I constructed the Rajrajeshwari temple(also called as Brihadeshwar Shiva temple) at Thanjavur. His
son Rajendra – I annexed the whole of Sri Lanka. In the North, went as far as Ganga and the dominions of the
Pala king Mahipala. He took the title of ‘Gangaikonda’ after that.
The dancing figure of Shiva called Nataraja belong to this period only.
Cholas temples has massive ‘Vimanas’ or towers and spacious courtyards. The entrances had
elaborate Gopurams (gateways).
Local self-government was there (the concept of Panchayati Raj has been borrowed from it).
THE PALAS OF BENGAL (Capital – Monghyr)
Its founder was Gopala (750 AD).
Their king, Dharmapala founded Vikramsila University & and revived Nalanda University.
NOTE
3 rival powers – Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas declined almost simultaneously as there was extra pressure
to maintain their armies as well as the rise of feudatories.
THE RAJPUTS
They were divided into 4 clans –
Pratihara or Pariharas of Rajasthan.
Chauhans of Rajasthan.
Chalukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar.
Parmaras or Pawars of Malwa.
son Rajendra – I annexed the whole of Sri Lanka. In the North, went as far as Ganga and the dominions of the
Pala king Mahipala. He took the title of ‘Gangaikonda’ after that.
The dancing figure of Shiva called Nataraja belong to this period only.
Cholas temples has massive ‘Vimanas’ or towers and spacious courtyards. The entrances had
elaborate Gopurams (gateways).
Local self-government was there (the concept of Panchayati Raj has been borrowed from it).
THE PALAS OF BENGAL (Capital – Monghyr)
Its founder was Gopala (750 AD).
Their king, Dharmapala founded Vikramsila University & and revived Nalanda University.
NOTE
3 rival powers – Pratiharas, Palas and Rashtrakutas declined almost simultaneously as there was extra pressure
to maintain their armies as well as the rise of feudatories.
THE RAJPUTS
They were divided into 4 clans –
Pratihara or Pariharas of Rajasthan.
Chauhans of Rajasthan.
Chalukyas or Solankis of Kathiawar.
Parmaras or Pawars of Malwa.
Inscriptions
Mandasaur Inscription
By Kumaragupta in 437-38 AD.
Mentioning construction of Sun temple.
Composed by Vatsbhatti.
In Mandsor district, M.P.
Lumbini Pillar Inscription
It is located in Nepal.
It is a royal commemorative inscription recording Ashoka’s visit to Buddha’s birth place.
Kudumiyamalai Inscription
Pudukottai district, Tamil Nadu.
Inscription written on rocks of cave temple.
Is a celebrated musical inscription as it gives the musical notes in seven classical ragas.
7th century, most probably by Mahendra Pallava.
Uttaramerur Inscription
The Uttaramerur inscription, found in the village by this name in Chengalpattu (now Kanchipuram) district south of
Chennai.
It is noted for its temple inscriptions that describe a self-governance system existing around 7th to 9th century CE.
It mentions the qualifications, mode of election, disqualification criteria and constitution of committee for local
governance.
Mandasaur Inscription
By Kumaragupta in 437-38 AD.
Mentioning construction of Sun temple.
Composed by Vatsbhatti.
In Mandsor district, M.P.
Lumbini Pillar Inscription
It is located in Nepal.
It is a royal commemorative inscription recording Ashoka’s visit to Buddha’s birth place.
Kudumiyamalai Inscription
Pudukottai district, Tamil Nadu.
Inscription written on rocks of cave temple.
Is a celebrated musical inscription as it gives the musical notes in seven classical ragas.
7th century, most probably by Mahendra Pallava.
Uttaramerur Inscription
The Uttaramerur inscription, found in the village by this name in Chengalpattu (now Kanchipuram) district south of
Chennai.
It is noted for its temple inscriptions that describe a self-governance system existing around 7th to 9th century CE.
It mentions the qualifications, mode of election, disqualification criteria and constitution of committee for local
governance.
Originally existed as a Brahmin settlement.
Eran Inscription
Mentioned as Airakina in Gupta and Huna inscriptions.
Sagar district, M.P. on the bank of Bina river. • Various inscriptions mention of Budhagupyta, Saka and Huns ruler
and of Samudragupta found.
But most important is Gopraj Sati Pillar Inscription, the earliest Sati pillar found in India.
Various temples from Gupta era found with characteristic of early temple architecture.
Famous for collossal bear, the zoomorphic incarnation of Vishnu. Punchmarked coins and coin of Ramagupta
found.
Punch marked coins and coins of Ramagupta, the Nagas have been found.
A seal bearing the figure of Gaja Lakshmi of Gupta period is an interesting find.
Besnagar/ Vidisha Inscription
Located at the ancient site of Vidisha in present Madhya Pradesh state.
This pillar inscription was constructed by Heloidorus, the Greek ambassador and belongs to Sunga period (2nd
century BC).
Written in Prakrit language (with a few Sanskritic spelling) and Brahmi script.
This pillar inscription is devoted to lord Vasudev.
Remains of large temple of the late Paramara period known as Bijamamandal found here.
Rudraman’s Junagarh Inscription
Junagarh district, Gujarat. Located at the foot of Girnar hills.
First pure Sanskrit inscription, by king Rudraman of Saka dynasty in around 150 CE.
It says that (Ashoka) Pushyagupta, the governor of Chandragupta Maurya, built a dam on Sudarshan lake.
Eran Inscription
Mentioned as Airakina in Gupta and Huna inscriptions.
Sagar district, M.P. on the bank of Bina river. • Various inscriptions mention of Budhagupyta, Saka and Huns ruler
and of Samudragupta found.
But most important is Gopraj Sati Pillar Inscription, the earliest Sati pillar found in India.
Various temples from Gupta era found with characteristic of early temple architecture.
Famous for collossal bear, the zoomorphic incarnation of Vishnu. Punchmarked coins and coin of Ramagupta
found.
Punch marked coins and coins of Ramagupta, the Nagas have been found.
A seal bearing the figure of Gaja Lakshmi of Gupta period is an interesting find.
Besnagar/ Vidisha Inscription
Located at the ancient site of Vidisha in present Madhya Pradesh state.
This pillar inscription was constructed by Heloidorus, the Greek ambassador and belongs to Sunga period (2nd
century BC).
Written in Prakrit language (with a few Sanskritic spelling) and Brahmi script.
This pillar inscription is devoted to lord Vasudev.
Remains of large temple of the late Paramara period known as Bijamamandal found here.
Rudraman’s Junagarh Inscription
Junagarh district, Gujarat. Located at the foot of Girnar hills.
First pure Sanskrit inscription, by king Rudraman of Saka dynasty in around 150 CE.
It says that (Ashoka) Pushyagupta, the governor of Chandragupta Maurya, built a dam on Sudarshan lake.
Another inscription of Skandagupta mentioned that dam was repaired during his reign, almost 800 years after it was
built.
Mehrauli Inscription/ Garuda pillar
Erected by Chandragupta Vikramaditya originally at Vishnupada (Udayagiri),M.P. but was transported to Delhi
later.
It mentions Chandragupta II conquest over Vanga countries and Vatakas. The pillar bears a Sanskrit inscription in
Brahmi script.
Pillar had astrological significance during Gupta age.
Allahabad Pillar inscription (Prayag Prasasti)
Issued by Samudragupta and composed by Harisena.
Written in refined Sanskrit in Champu Kavya style.
Mentions the conquest of Samudragupta both in North & South and described the boundaries of Gupta Empire and
his diplomatic relations.
The title of Kaviraja was mentioned, it thus testifies Samudragupta as a patron of poetic art and a poet himself.
Nasik Inscription
Mentions the achievement of Gautamiputra Satkarni.
Composed by his mother Gautami Balasri.
Mentions the boundaries of his kingdom and his victory over Saka King Nahapana and thus restoring the prestige of
Satavahanas.
built.
Mehrauli Inscription/ Garuda pillar
Erected by Chandragupta Vikramaditya originally at Vishnupada (Udayagiri),M.P. but was transported to Delhi
later.
It mentions Chandragupta II conquest over Vanga countries and Vatakas. The pillar bears a Sanskrit inscription in
Brahmi script.
Pillar had astrological significance during Gupta age.
Allahabad Pillar inscription (Prayag Prasasti)
Issued by Samudragupta and composed by Harisena.
Written in refined Sanskrit in Champu Kavya style.
Mentions the conquest of Samudragupta both in North & South and described the boundaries of Gupta Empire and
his diplomatic relations.
The title of Kaviraja was mentioned, it thus testifies Samudragupta as a patron of poetic art and a poet himself.
Nasik Inscription
Mentions the achievement of Gautamiputra Satkarni.
Composed by his mother Gautami Balasri.
Mentions the boundaries of his kingdom and his victory over Saka King Nahapana and thus restoring the prestige of
Satavahanas.
Nanaghat Inscription
In Western Ghats, Pune.
Mentions Satakarni-I as ‘Dhakhinapatha-pathi’ thus implying control over Deccan.
Time – 60 to 70 BC.
Composed by Naganiksa wife of Satakarni-I.
Is a cave inscription, also carrying life size sculptures of King Satkarni and queen along with his family members.
Aihole Inscription
Bagalkot, Karnataka. Inscription discovered in Maguti temple.
Is a eulogy of Chalukya king Pulakeshin II and mentions his victory over Harshavardhan.
Written in Sanskrit, composed by Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeshin –II.
Hathigumpha Inscription
Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswhar, Odisha.
By Kharavela the ruler of Kalinga during second century BC.
Mentions the military expeditions carried by Kharavela and also shows his Jaina belief as the inscription starts with
Jain Namokar Mantra.
In Western Ghats, Pune.
Mentions Satakarni-I as ‘Dhakhinapatha-pathi’ thus implying control over Deccan.
Time – 60 to 70 BC.
Composed by Naganiksa wife of Satakarni-I.
Is a cave inscription, also carrying life size sculptures of King Satkarni and queen along with his family members.
Aihole Inscription
Bagalkot, Karnataka. Inscription discovered in Maguti temple.
Is a eulogy of Chalukya king Pulakeshin II and mentions his victory over Harshavardhan.
Written in Sanskrit, composed by Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeshin –II.
Hathigumpha Inscription
Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswhar, Odisha.
By Kharavela the ruler of Kalinga during second century BC.
Mentions the military expeditions carried by Kharavela and also shows his Jaina belief as the inscription starts with
Jain Namokar Mantra.
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