Ancient Rome civilization and arxhitecture.pptx

Architecture and civilization of ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome

2. Geographical location Rome is found in today's Italy in the southern Europe and surrounded by the Mediterranean sea. Ancient Rome

3. CLIMATE The north has the climate of the temperate region of continental Europe ; central Italy is more genial and sunny ; while the south is almost tropical. RELIGION Roman gods were conceived as forces rather than personalities Ancient Rome

4. Historical Periods 1. The rule of the early kings 800 BC Etruscans , north of Rome (Tuscany) 753 BC the foundation of Rome by Romulus and Remus

5. 2. The Republic (509 – 27 BC) 509 BC established a more representative form of government known as the Roman Republic . A republic is a form of government maintained by a state or country whose sovereignty is based on popular consent and whose governance is based on popular representation and control Historical Periods

6. 3. The Empire (27 BC – 476 AD) The Roman Empire was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government . Constantine being the last ruler of the imperial Roman Empire. Historical Periods

7. Roman Art and Architecture The republic period - Etruscan The empire period - Greek The Romans adopted the columnar and Trabeated ( using horizontal beams ) style of the Greeks , and joined to it the Arch, the Vault, and the Dome , which it is assumed they borrowed from the Etruscans Roman art is traditionally divided into two main periods When the Republic was founded, the term Roman art was virtually synonymous with the art of the city of Rome, which still bore the stamp of its Etruscan

8. Roman Architecture Dome Cross Vault Arch The Romans Construction System

9. Roman Architecture Arch Enabled to build large span and allowed more load The key stone distributes the load On temporary wooden frame work until the keystone is placed

10. Roman Architecture Vault The cross vault Left walls free for window openings the pressure being taken by the four, angles. the pressure being exerted on points of division Groined vaults = the crossing two equal barrel vaults Semicircular or barrel The cross vault

11. Roman Architecture Dome Hemispherical domes(cupolas) for covering circular structures. Semi-domes-employed for exedra and other recesses.

12. Building materials and technology The republic period Quarried stone , used in conjunction with timber beams Terra-cotta tiles ( tile made of reddish brown pottery clay ) Plaques ( a small flat piece of marble that has an decoration on it and is fixed to a wall or other surface ) The empire period White marble shipped from Greece and Asia Minor Concrete - amalgam of aggregate and a mortar of lime and pozzolana , volcanic sand -However, it was a material invented by the Romans— concrete —that revolutionized the history of architecture and permitted the Romans to put up buildings that were impossible to construct with the traditional stone post-and-lintel system of earlier -It provided Roman architects with the means to cover vast spaces with great vaults -Concrete vaulting made possible the construction of the great amphitheaters and baths of the Roman world, as well as the dome of the Pantheon

13. Roman city planning Had a rectangular plan and resembled a Roman military camp with two main streets Cardo (north-south) Decumanus (east-west) Forum :- The  focal point  of the city Large , open, rectangular space in the central part of a city Latin , “ market place ” or “ out-of-doors place” Site of the city’s primary religious and civic buildings Senate house Records office, and Basilica CARDO E W S N FORUM DECUMANUS

14. Forum Had an open area in which the people gathered on : Market days Religious festivals Elections Other public events It became the political center where civic and administrative buildings and the more important temples were located Function as an arena for: Public games Theatrical performances Gladiatorial Boxing combats, and Races. The term forum gradually became synonymous with market As cities grew Forum civile and Fora venalia Correspond to the Agora of the Greek city As cities grew, however, it became necessary to establish a separate forum ( forum civile ) for legal and administrative affairs, as well as mercantile forums ( fora venalia ), each devoted to the sale of an important commodity

15. The Basilica Roman temple Was a roofed hall with a wide central area Site of Busyness transaction and legal proceedings Located at one end of the Forum The standard roman temple was a blend of Etruscan & Greek elements They also develop anew type of column capital called composite (mix of Ionic and Corinthian)

16. The Section of basilica

17. The pantheon Oculus The most influential type of temple The most famous building on the world The internal circular area of the temple is called Rotunda (43.2m wide, 43.2m high) Oculus Is the only source of sun light for the interior (8.9m diameter)

18. Theater and Amphitheater Theater Roman theaters  first appeared in the late Republic Semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage building next to a Semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area ( cavea ). Unlike Greek theaters , Roman theaters were supported by their own framework of piers and vaults

19. Amphitheater Are double theatre which are elliptical in plan with a surrounding seating area Has a central arena, where Gladiator and Animal combats took place Early Christians persecution Colosseum (70-80 ad ) The earliest known amphitheater Held approximately 50,000 spectators Its real name is the Flavian Amphitheater . Purely decorated with the Etruscan and Greek orders , such as Doric, Ionic and Corinthian from ground floor - up Originally covered and shaded with roofing called velarium called the Colosseum for a colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby, but its real name is the Flavian Amphitheater. -Rome’s Colosseum ( ad 70-80), held approximately 50,000 spectators, roughly the capacity of today’s large sports stadiums.

20. Circus For holding chariot races and horse races. Circus Maximus The largest circus in Rome Held about 200,000 spectators Arena of ancient Rome

21. Public bathes One of the vast recreational area The most common in large  cities and  small towns Made up of a suite of dressing rooms and bathing chambers with hot- , warm- , and cold-water baths alongside an exercise area, the gymnasium Baths of Caracalla Built about 217 ad in Rome for the pleasure of the leisure classes Contained space for 1600 bathers Swimming pool Lecture halls Lounges Gymnasium Library

22. Library Lecture hall Entrance Cold water bath Warm water bath Hot water bath Garden Stadium Gymnasium 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9

23. Public works Among the other great public building projects Bridges Roads Aqueducts Aqueduct :- Artificial channel built to transport water Residences The Domus The Insula The Villa and the Palace

24. Insula City dwellers of the imperial period who could not afford private residences lived in insulae

25. The Villa and the Palace Hadrian's Villa

26. Triumphal Arches A monument, usually in the form of an ornamental free-standing arch spanning a street The original purpose of such monuments was solely to support honorific statuary . They eventually developed into veritable billboards covered with extensive series of relief panels advertising the victories and good deeds of the emperors A Tour through Ancient Rome

27. Assignment Draw the compost column of romans in detail & carefully identify each parts of the column in comparison with Greek orders. Explain about dome, vault and arch system of romans in detail. 10%