ANEMIA PPT-1.pptx ......................

This ppt contain information about anemia

1. ANEMIA PRESENTER: Shalu kanwar M.Sc Nursing 1 st year

2. OBJECTIVES Define anemia. Classify anemia. Types of clinical anemia. Causes of anemia. Pathophysiology of anemia. Signs and symptoms of anemia. Diagnosis of anemia. Medical and nursing management of anemia. Prevention and programs of anemia.

3. DEFINITION Anemia (an-without, emia -blood) is a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration is lower then the normal. As a results, the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissue is diminished.

4. Classification of anemia

5. On the basis of morphology: Microcytic - If the cells are smaller than normal, e.g. iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia. Normocytic - if cells are in normal size, e.g.-acute blood loss, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic anemia, Aplastic anemia. Macrocytic - if they are larger than normal, e.g.-Megaloblastic anemia

6. How many types of anemia????????

7. Types of clinical anemia

8. 1. Iron deficiency anemia: Excessive loss of iron. Women are at risk for menstrual blood and growing fetus it is caused by a lack of iron. It develop when body store of iron drops too low to support normal RBCs production.

9. 2. Megaloblastic anemia Its also known as folic acid deficiency anemia. in this condition the bone marrow usually produce large, abnormal and immature RBCs.

10. 3.Pernicious anemia it occurs when the intestine can't properly absorb vitamin B12.

11. 4.Hemorrhagic anemia Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach ulcers, menstruation

12. 5. Hemolytic anemia RBC plasma membrane ruptures, may be due to parasites, toxins, antibodies.

13. 6.Sickle cell anemia Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. T hey get stuck and clog the blood flow. This can cause pain and other complication.

14. 7.Aplastic anemia Bone marrow depression it is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells that are damaged leads to pancytopenia (deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood such as red cells, white cells, and platelets).

15. Causes 1. Increased Requirements : • Menstruating females • Pregnancy • Lactation • Growing infants and children • Erythropoietin deficiency

16. Contd.: 2. Increased loss • GI Bleeding • Menorrhagia • Persistent hematuria • Intravascular hemolytic anemias • Regular blood donors

17. Contd.: 3. Decreased intake • Vegetarian diet • Socioeconomic factors 4. Decreased Absorption • Upper GI pathology ( e.g Celiac and Crohn’s disease) • Gastrectomy • Medications (Antacids, Zantac)

18. Contd.: Risk Factors: • Poor socioeconomic class • Multiparity • Teenage pregnancy • Menstrual problem

19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Decrease in RBCs, Hb, or Hematocrit level Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity Hypoxia and hypoxia induced effects on organ function Signs and symptoms of anemia

20. Signs and Symptoms 1. Easy fatigue and loss of energy 2. Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise 3. Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise 4. Difficulty concentrating 5. Dizziness 6. Pale skin

21. Contd.: 7. Leg Cramps 8. Insomnia 9. Brittle nails 10. Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) 11. Atrophy of the papillae of the tongue 12. Angular stomatitis 13. Brittle hair 14. Dysphagia and Glossitis

22. Diagnostic evalutaion History Physical examination Complete blood count Others: Iron, Folate, Vitamin b12 Hb electrophoresis ( a test that measures the different types of hemoglobin in the bloo d) Reticulocyte count Bone marrow biopsy

23. MANAGEMENT 1. Identify and Treat the Underlying Cause 2. Iron Supplementation 3. Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation 4. Dietary Changes 5. Blood Transfusions 6. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA) 7. Treat Underlying Medical Conditions 8. Lifestyle Changes 9. Managing Gastrointestinal Bleeding

24. Management of iron deficiency anemia:- Correction of chronic blood loss Oral or parenteral iron therapy Oral ferrous sulfate Iron dextran or iron sorbitex parenteral therapy

25. Management of pernicious anemia:- Parenteral replacement with hydroxycobalamine or cyanocobalamine is necessary by IM injection every month.

26. Management Of folic acid deficiency anemia The goal is to identify and treat the cause of the folate deficiency. Receive folic acid supplements by mouth or through a vein. If low folate levels because of a problem with intestines, need treatment for the rest of life. Diet changes can help boost folate level. Eat more green, leafy vegetables and citrus fruits.

27. Management of Aplastic anemia:- Bone marrow transplantation Immunosuppressive treatment Androgens to stimulate bone marrow regeneration Platelet and RBCs transfusion

28. Management Of sickle cell anemia :- Promote adequate oxygenation Blood transfusion Splenectomy Butyrate and hydroxyurea

29. Non-pharmacological management 1. Dietary Modifications : Iron-Rich Foods Vitamin B12 and Folate Vitamin C 2. Supplements: Iron Supplements

30. Contd.: 3. Lifestyle Changes: Regular Exercise Hydration 4. Managing Underlying Conditions: Treat Underlying Causes 5. Avoidance of Risk Factors: Limit Alcohol Intake Smoking Cessation

31. Contd.: 6. Managing Menstrual Blood Loss Hygiene Practices Consultation 7. Stress Management Stress Reduction 8. Monitoring and Follow-Up Regular Check-ups

32. Complication Hypoxia Severe fatigue. Physical & mental growth retardation Neurologic damage Heart problem - irregular heart rate, heart enlargement, heart failure. Pregnancy complication - premature birth Death

33. Programmes for anemia????????

34. Programmes : National Iron+ Initiative Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) program Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) National Nutritional Anemia Control Program (NNACP) National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme (NNAPP)

35. SUMMARY

36. CONCLUSION

37. Bibliography Brunner and suddharths .Textbook of Medical Surgical Nurisng . 13th edition. Volume 2nd New Delhi: Wolter Kluwer Publication page no. 1316-1317 Lweis . Medical Surgical Nursing Assessment and Managememt of Clinical Problem.2nd Edition Volume 2nd. New Delhi Elsevier,2015. "Saunders" comprehensive review for the NCLEX RN examination, fifth edition, Elsevier publication, page no. 494-495 Text book of pediatric nursing, editors by " wong and whaley's ", published by " n.r.broyhers ", 4th edition, page no:1242-1246. Dorothy r. marlow , "text book of pediatric nursing" 6th edition, published by eleven, page no: 284-290.

38. ASSIGNMENT 1. Define anemia? Classify anemia in the clinical picture and its signs and symptoms. 2+3=5M 2. Nursing care plan on anemia ? 5M 3. Write one program launched by the government to combat anemia? 5M