Anencephaly ppt

1. AnencephalyAnencephaly
BY BY
Aline Rivas VeraAline Rivas Vera

2. What is What is
Anencephaly? Anencephaly?
Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that
affects the formation of the brain and the skull affects the formation of the brain and the skull
bones that surround the head. bones that surround the head.
Infants are born without a fore-brain (the Infants are born without a fore-brain (the
thinking and coordinating area) and are usually thinking and coordinating area) and are usually
blind, deaf, unconscious and are unable to feel blind, deaf, unconscious and are unable to feel
pain. pain.
Anencephaly is seen 5 times more often in Anencephaly is seen 5 times more often in
females than males.females than males.

3. What cause What cause
Anencephaly?Anencephaly?
Anencephaly is a type of neural tube defect. Anencephaly is a type of neural tube defect.
Neural tube defects, spina bifida (open spine) Neural tube defects, spina bifida (open spine)
and anencephaly (open skull) are seen in one and anencephaly (open skull) are seen in one
per 1,000 live births.per 1,000 live births.
During pregnancy, the human brain and spine During pregnancy, the human brain and spine
begin as a flat plate of cells, which rolls into a begin as a flat plate of cells, which rolls into a
tube, called the neural tube. If all or part of the tube, called the neural tube. If all or part of the
neural tube fails to close, leaving an opening, neural tube fails to close, leaving an opening,
this is known as an open neural tube defect, or this is known as an open neural tube defect, or
ONTD. This opening may be left exposed (80 ONTD. This opening may be left exposed (80
percent of the time), or covered with bone or percent of the time), or covered with bone or
skin (20 percent of the time).skin (20 percent of the time).

4. What are the What are the
symptoms?symptoms?
The following are the most common symptoms of The following are the most common symptoms of
anencephaly. However, each child may experience anencephaly. However, each child may experience
symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
Absence of bony covering over the back of the Absence of bony covering over the back of the
head. head.
Missing bones around the front and sides of Missing bones around the front and sides of
the head. the head.
Congenital heart defects Congenital heart defects
Some basic reflexes, but without the cerebrum, Some basic reflexes, but without the cerebrum,
there can be no consciousness. there can be no consciousness.

5. How is diagnosed?How is diagnosed?
- Diagnostic tests performed during pregnancy to evaluate the - Diagnostic tests performed during pregnancy to evaluate the
baby for anencephaly include the following:baby for anencephaly include the following:
Alpha-fetoproteinAlpha-fetoprotein - a protein produced by the fetus that is - a protein produced by the fetus that is
excreted into the amniotic fluid. Abnormal levels of alpha-excreted into the amniotic fluid. Abnormal levels of alpha-
fetoprotein may indicate brain or spinal cord defects. fetoprotein may indicate brain or spinal cord defects.
AmniocentesisAmniocentesis - a test performed to determine chromosomal - a test performed to determine chromosomal
and genetic disorders and certain birth defects. The test involves and genetic disorders and certain birth defects. The test involves
inserting a needle through the abdominal and uterine wall into the inserting a needle through the abdominal and uterine wall into the
amniotic sac to retrieve a sample of amniotic fluid. amniotic sac to retrieve a sample of amniotic fluid.
UltrasoundUltrasound (Also called sonography.) (Also called sonography.) - a diagnostic imaging - a diagnostic imaging
technique that uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer technique that uses high-frequency sound waves and a computer
to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs.
Blood testsBlood tests

6. At Risk:At Risk:
Women taking anticonvulsant Women taking anticonvulsant
medication.medication.
Woman with undiagnosed or Woman with undiagnosed or
uncontrolled diabetes.uncontrolled diabetes.
Any woman with a family history of Any woman with a family history of
neural tube defects.neural tube defects.

7. Causes:Causes:
Folic Acid deficiencyFolic Acid deficiency
Hypervitaminosis AHypervitaminosis A
Undiagnosed diabetesUndiagnosed diabetes
Environmental/chemical exposureEnvironmental/chemical exposure

8. Treatment:Treatment:
There is no cure for anencephaly.There is no cure for anencephaly.

Prognosis:Prognosis:
The prognosis for babies born with The prognosis for babies born with
anencephaly is extremely poor. If the anencephaly is extremely poor. If the
infant is not stillborn, then he or she will infant is not stillborn, then he or she will
usually die within a few hours or days usually die within a few hours or days
after birth. after birth.

10. Prevention:Prevention:
Taking 4 to 5 milligrams of folic acid daily Taking 4 to 5 milligrams of folic acid daily
for 2 to 3 months before conception for for 2 to 3 months before conception for
all woman at risk of having a child with a all woman at risk of having a child with a
neural tube defect.neural tube defect.

11. Works CitedWorks Cited

""Anencephaly Information." National Institutes of Health. 31 Jul. 2005 Anencephaly Information." National Institutes of Health. 31 Jul. 2005
<http://www.anencephaly.net/anencephaly.html>. <http://www.anencephaly.net/anencephaly.html>.
Nilsson , Lennart . "Anencephaly Awareness." 31 Jul. 2005 Nilsson , Lennart . "Anencephaly Awareness." 31 Jul. 2005
<http://www.angelfire.com/mb/jessicasjourney/info.html>.<http://www.angelfire.com/mb/jessicasjourney/info.html>.

NINDS Anencephaly Information PageNINDS Anencephaly Information Page. National Institute of Health. 31 Jul. 2005 . National Institute of Health. 31 Jul. 2005
<http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm<http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/anencephaly/anencephaly.htm>. >.
Anencephaly Picture." 31 Jul. 2005 Anencephaly Picture." 31 Jul. 2005
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