Angina pectoris presentation or chest pain.pdf

Angina and its effects to the human body. People who are at risk of getting angina and ways to prevent it.

1. ANGINA
BY MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE WITH ABHAY ツ

2. DEFINITION
•ANGINA IS CHEST PAIN OR DISCOMFORT THAT
OCCURS WHEN THE HEART MUSCLE DOESN’T
RECEIVE ENOUGH OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD.
•IT IS OFTEN A SYMPTOM OF CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE.

3. TYPES
•STABLE ANGINA: PREDICTABLE CHEST PAIN THAT OCCURS WITH
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OR STRESS.
•UNSTABLE ANGINA:CHEST PAIN THAT IS UNEXPECTED, MORE
SEVERE, OR OCCURS AT REST. IT INDICATES A MORE DANGEROUS
FORM OF ANGINA.
•VARIANT (PRINZMETAL’S) ANGINA:CAUSED BY A SPASM IN THE
CORONARY ARTERY, UNRELATED TO EXERTION.
•MICROVASCULAR ANGINA:CHEST PAIN WITH NO EVIDENCE OF
BLOCKAGES IN THE LARGER CORONARY ARTERIES, LIKELY DUE TO
PROBLEMS IN THE HEART’S SMALLER BLOOD VESSELS.

4. ETIOLOGY
•ANGINA IS PRIMARILY CAUSED BY
ATHEROSCLEROSIS, A BUILDUP OF PLAQUE IN
THE CORONARY ARTERIES.
•OTHER FACTORS INCLUDE HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE, SMOKING, DIABETES, HIGH
CHOLESTEROL, AND A SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
REDUCED BLOOD FLOW TO THE HEART
MUSCLE LEADS TO AN IMBALANCE
BETWEEN OXYGEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY,
CAUSING CHEST PAIN.

6. CLINICAL FEATURES
•CHEST PAIN
•PRESSURE OR DISCOMFORT
•PAIN RADIATING TO ARMS, NECK, JAW, SHOULDER, OR
BACK
•SHORTNESS OF BREATH
•SWEATING AND NAUSEA.

7. NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANAGEMENT
•LIFESTYLE CHANGES: HEALTHY DIET, REGULAR EXERCISE,
SMOKING CESSATION, AND STRESS MANAGEMENT.
•CARDIAC REHABILITATION: SUPERVISED EXERCISE
PROGRAMS AND EDUCATION.
•ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING: TO OPEN NARROWED OR
BLOCKED ARTERIES.

8. PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANAGEMENT:
•NITRATES:DILATE BLOOD VESSELS, IMPROVING BLOOD FLOW AND REDUCING CHEST PAIN.
E.G.NITROGLYCERIN
•BETA-BLOCKERS:REDUCE HEART RATE AND WORKLOAD ON THE HEART. E.G. ATENOLOL
•CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS:RELAX AND WIDEN BLOOD VESSELS. E.G. NIFEDIPINE
•ASPIRIN:PREVENT BLOOD CLOTS.
•STATINS:LOWER CHOLESTEROL LEVELS.
•ACE INHIBITORS/ARBS:MANAGE BLOOD PRESSURE AND IMPROVE HEART FUNCTION. E.G.
CAPTOPRIL

9. DRUG OF CHOICE
•THE CHOICE OF DRUG DEPENDS ON THE TYPE
AND SEVERITY OF ANGINA, AS WELL AS
INDIVIDUAL PATIENT FACTORS.
•NITROGLYCERIN IS OFTEN THE DRUG OF CHOICE
FOR ACUTE ANGINA ATTACKS DUE TO ITS RAPID
VASODILATOR EFFECT.