ANGIOLOGY (1).pdf angiology myology and the view of a good

Angiology

1. DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY
ANATOMY
1ST PROFESSIONAL YEAR, BVSC & AH
Credit Hours: 4+3
UNIT-I
TOPIC-IntroductiontoAngiologyandStructureofHeart
By
Dr.AvnishKumar Gautam
Assistant Professor

2. ANGIOLOGY
•Angiologyisthatbranchofsystematicanatomywhichdealswiththeorgansofcirculationof
bloodandlymph.
•Itincludetheheartandvessels(bloodorlymphvessel)
•Vessels-1.BloodVascularsystem
A.ArterialSystem
B.Venoussystem
2.LymphaticSystem
A.LymphVessel
B.Lymphgland

3. HEART
▪Theheartisaconeshapedcentralhollowmuscularorgansituatedin
themiddlemediastinalspaceofthethorax.
▪Itenclosedinafibro-seroussaclikestructurecalledpericardium.
▪Ithastwolayer-a.Fibrouslayer
b.Serouslayer-consistParietalandviscerallayer

5. Fibrous layer
•The fibrous layer is thin, strong and inelastic.
•Itisattachedabovetothegreatbloodvesselsatthebaseofthe
heartandbelowbysternopericardiacligamentstothedorsalfaceof
thesternumandinternalsternalligamentbetweenthefacetsforthe
6
th
costalcartilages.
•InDog,pericardiumisattachedtothesternalpartofthediaphragm
bypericardiaophrenicligamentandisconnectedtothesternumonly
bymediastinalpleura.

6. Serous Layer
•It consist parietal and visceral layer.
•Between these two layer a potential space containing a thin film of
serous fliudcalled liquor pericardii.
•The parietal layer lines the internal face of the fibrous layer to which
it is closely adhered.
•The Visceral layer covered the heart called epicardium.

8. STRUCTURE OF HEART
External appearance
•Theheartisaninvoluntarymuscularorganwhichoccupiesthegreaterpartofthemiddle
mediastinalspace.
•Theheartpresents-
Twosurfaces,
Twoborders,
Abaseand
Aapex
▪Thebaseliesoppositetothelateralwallofthoraxfromthe2ndintercostalspacetothe6
th
rib.
▪Theapexliestotheleftabovethesternumatthe6thchondro-sternaljoint.

9. Surfaces of Heart
•Thetwosurfacesi.eleftandrightareconvexandmarkedbygrooveswhich
indicatethedivisionoftheheartintofourchambers.
•Thelongitudinalgroovesindicatedivisionoftheheartintorightandleft
ventricleswhilecoronarygrooveindicatesdivisionofheartintoatriaand
ventricles.
•Thecoronaryortransversegroovecompletelyencircletheheartatthe
originofpulmonaryartery.

11. Contt..
•Theleftlongitudinalgroovesbeginsfromcoronarygrooveand
descenddownalmostparalleltoposteriorborder.
•Therightlongitudinalgroovesbeginsfromcoronarygroovebutit
doesnotreachesuptoapexofheart.
Border:-
Theanteriorborderisstronglyconvex,theposteriorborderisshorter,
nearlyverticalandisoppositethefifthintercostalspace.

12. INTERNAL APPEARANCE OF HEART
•The interior of the heart is divided by a complete septum into a right and
left halves.
•Each half is subdivided into an upper atrium and a lower ventricle. The
division is indicated externally by grooves.
A.THE RIGHT ATRIUM (RIGHT AURICLE)
B.THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
C.THE LEFT ATRIUM
D.THE LEFT VENTRICLE

14. THE RIGHT ATRIUM
•Therightatriumformstherightanteriorpartofthebaseandisabove
therightventricle.
•Itconsistsofaprinciplecavity,thesinusvenorunmandtheauricular
appendix.
•Thesinusvenarumisthecavityintowhichtheposteriorvenacava,
anteriorvenacava,venahemiazygousandgreatcardiacveinopen.

15. Contt..
•Theanteriorvenacavabringingbloodfromtheanteriorpartsofthe
body(head,neck,forelimbsandpartofthorax)andopeninginto
thesinusatthedorsoanteriorpart.
•Theposteriorvenacavareturningbloodfromtheposteriorpartsof
thebodyandopeningintothesinusatthedorsoposteriorpart.

18. Contt..
•Thecoronarysinusistheopeningofthegreatcardiacveinandvena
hemiazygosintothesinusvenorumbelowtheopeningoftheposterior
venacava.
•Thefosaovalisisanovaldepressionintheinteratrialseptumatthepoint
ofentranceoftheposteriorvenacavaandwhichisaremnantofthe
foramenovaleofthefoetus.

20. AURICULAR APPENDIX
•Theinterioroftheauricleisnotsmoothbutshowsmuscularridges,the
musculipectinatecrossinginvariousdirections.
•Themusculipectinateterminateaboveonthecurvedcrestcalledcrista
terminalis.
•Therightatrioventricularorificeissituatedatthelowerpartofthefloorof
thesinusvenarum.
•Severalsmallorificesofsmallcardiacveinsareseeninthedepressions
betweenmusculipectinate.

21. THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
•Therightventricleformstheanteriorpartoftheventricularmassand
formstheanteriorborderoftheheart.Itdoesnotreachtheapexofthe
heart.
•Itistriangularinoutlineandcrescenticoncrosssection.
•Itcommunicatesaboveatthebasewiththerightatriumthroughtheright
atrioventricularorifice.
•Itsleftpartprojectshigherformingtheconusarteriosusfromwhichthe
pulmonaryarteryarises.

22. Contt..
•Thethickroundedmusculotendinouscordlikestructurecalledthe
moderatorbandthatextendingfromtheinterventricularseptumto
thelateralwallattheheart.
•Itissupposedtopreventoverdilationofthewallofheart.
•Thewallsoftheventricleexceptintheconusarteriosusbear
muscularridgescalledtrabeculaecarneae.

23. Contt..
•Avarietyofmuscularridgesformsomewhatconicalflattened
projectionsarecalledpapillarymusclewhichisthreeinnumberin
therightventricle,twooninterventricularseptumandoneonthe
lateralwall.
•ThePapillarymusclesstartfromthewallofventricleandattachedto
endofthecuspofatrio-ventricularvalvewiththehelpofatendinous
structurewhichisacontinuationofpapillarymusclescalledchordae
tendinae.

24. Contt..
•Therightatrioventricularorificesisoval,guardedbythetricuspidvalvemade
upofthreecusps.
•Oneoftheseissituatedbetweentheatrioventricularorificeandtheconus
arteriosus.Oneisagainsttheventricularseptumandanotherontheright
margin.
•Thepulmonaryorifice:Itiscircularandissituatedatthesummitofthe
conusarteriosus,Itisguardedbythepulmonaryvalve,composedofthree
semilunarcuspsonthemedial,lateralandontheposterioraspect.

25. Left Atrium
•Theleftatriumformstheposteriorpartofthebaseoftheheart.
•Itliesbehindthepulmonaryarteryandaortaandabovetheventricle.
•Itconsistsofasinusvenorumandanauricle.
•Thelaterextendsontheleftsideanditsblindendliesbehindtheoriginofthe
pulmonaryartery.
•Thesinusvenarumreceivesthepulmonaryveins,about4to7innumber.
•Onthelowerportionleftatrioventricularopeningispresent.

26. Left Ventricle
•The left ventricle forms the left posterior part of the ventricular mass.
•It forms the whole apex of heart.
•It is circularin outline on the cross section.
•The moderator bands : commonly two large ones and few smaller.
•Two large papillariesmuscles which are compound both on the lateral
wall of the ventricle.
•The chordaetendinaeare fewer but larger than those of the right ventricle.

27. Contt..
•Theleftatrio-ventricularopeningiscircularandguardedbythebicuspidor
mitralvalvei.eanteriorandposteriorcusps.
•Theaorticopeningsisguardedbyaorticvalvecomposedofthreesemilunar
cusps.
•Ontheleftandrightsideofaorticringtwosmallbonesarepresentmainlyinold
agedcattlecalledoscordis.
•Rightislargerthantheleftandistriangularinform.
•Theyarecartilaginousinyounganimals.

28. Contt..
•Aorta is arises from the left ventricle at Bulbous aorticus
•The first branch of Aorta is Coronary Artery.

29. Thank You