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1. HEPATOPROTACTIVE POTENIAL OF BOERHAAVIA DIFFUSA RITEE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY NH-06, Chhatauna , Mandir Hasaud , Raipur (C.G.) 492101 2019-2023 THE PRACTICE SCHOOL REPORT SUBMITTED TO CHHATISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSIY, BHILAI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (7 th sem ) By ANIKITA DHIWAR ROLL NO - 311304119003 Under the Guidance of Mr. Chandrashekhar Sahu Associate proffesor , M. Pharma , (PhD)

2. INDEX :- Introduction Hepatoprotactive activity Medicinal plants Boerhaavia diffusa Literature review Conclusion References

3. INTRODUCTION The liver is a largest gland in the body, weighting between 1 and 2.3 kg.(male 1.4 to 1.5kg and female 1.2 to 1.4 kg.) The liver is located in the upper right hand portion of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm and on top of the stomach, right kidney and intestine. Its upper and anterior surfaces are smooth and curved to fit the under surface of the diaphragm, its posterior surface is irregular in outline . The liver has four lobes. The two most obvious are the large right lobe and the smaller, wedge-shaped, left lobe. The other two, the caudate and quadrate lobes, are areas on the posterior surface.

4. Fig. Anterior and posterior surface of liver

5. Functions of liver Bile production and excretion. Metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein. Deamination of amino acid remove the nitrogenous portion from amino acid . Break down of erythrocytes and defence against microbes. Excretion of bilirubin. It synthesize the serum proteins and lipids. Detoxification of drug and toxic substance. Storage of iron, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins and vit . B12(water soluble). Heat production.

6. causes Infection Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Immune system abnormality Autoimmune hepatitis Primary biliary cholangitis Genetics Hemochromatosis Wilson’s disease Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Cancer and others Liver cancer Bile duct cancer Chronic alcohol abuse Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

7. symptoms Skin and eyes that appear yellowish ( jaundice) Dark urine color Pale stool color Chronic fatigue Nausea or vomiting Itchy skin Loss of appetite Tendency to bruise easily Abdominal pain and swelling Swelling in the legs and ankles

8. Hepatoprotactive activity The Greek word for liver is hepar , so medicinal terms related to liver often start with hepato or hepatic. Hepatotoxin : Hepatotoxin is a toxic chemical substance which damages the liver. Toxic liver injury produced by drugs and chemicals may virtually mimic any form of naturally occurring liver disease. Hepatoprotective effect was studied against chemicals and drugs induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Liver injury caused by hepatotoxins , such as carbon tetra chloride (CCl4), ethanol, acetaminophen, paracetamol is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocyte degeneration and cell death via either apoptosis or necrosis.

9. Medicinal plant Medicinal plant useful as hepatoprotactive activity: Andrographis paniculata ( kalmegh ) Azadirachta indica ( neem ) Cassia fistula ( amaltas ) Careya arborea (wild guava) Eclipta Alba ( bhringaraj ) Phyllanthus emblica ( amla ) Ptrospermum acerifolium ( kanak champa ) Polygala arvensis ( miragu )

10. Boerhaaviia diffusa Boerhaavia diffusa L. is a herbal plant. The whole plant part are used as a medical purpose. Its various parts and especially roots have been used for hepatoprotective activity. BD, a perennial herb with stout root stock and many procumbent branches, flowers pale rose coloured, small, short-stalked; fruits highly viscid and one-seeded with many vernacular names viz. Punarnava , Raktapunarnava etc. The Punarnava derived from two words ( Punar + nava ). Punar means -once again, nava means - becoming new. The genus Boerhavia diffusa (often spelled as Boerhaavia ) was named in honour of Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738), an Eighteenth century Dutch botanist, humanist and physician at the University of Leiden, while the species got the name from typical diffuse branching.

11. pharmacognocy Scientific name: B oerhaavia diffusa linn , syn. B. repenns . Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Nyctaginace Phylum: Angiosperms Division: Magnoliophyta Group: Dicotyledons Useful part: Root, leaves, seeds Other names: alena , huang xixin , spreading hog weed etc. Some important chemical: compounds like boeravinone A-F, hypoxanthine, punarnavoside , lirodendrin and glycoprotine etc.

12. Drug formulation Many types of Aayurvedic formulation of BD: Powder Plant part: Root Uses: kidney disease, digestive disorder, liver disorder, skin problem, edema , UTI etc. Liquid (tincture) Plant part: Root and leaves Uses: Asthma, high blood pressure, berry-berry, anemia , relieves from pain etc. Tablet Plant part: Root and powder Uses: Digestion and weight management etc. Capsule Plant part: Root Uses: Anti-inflammatory, reducing swelling, renal and nervous system problem etc.

13. Literature review Devaki T.,et al..,(2014) Studied the effect of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa root against ethanol-induced hepatic damage in rats. BD was orally administered and significant increase in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids followed by a decrease in level of phospholipids in serum, liver and kidney and confirm the hepatoprotactive activity of BD. Olaleye M. Tolulope , et al..,(2010) Evaluated the extracts of BD leaves were evaluated for hepatoprotective properties in the acetaminophen-induced liver damage model. Acetaminophen intoxication led to reduction in serum and liver albumin levels which were not significantly increased by pretreatment with the aqueous and ethanolic extracts decreased this activity.

14. Literature review Rawat A.K.S., et al.., (1996) Reported the hepatoprotective activity of roots of different diameters collected in three seasons was examined in thioacetamide intoxicated rats. study the effect of summer season, thickness of roots and form of dose (either aqueous or powder) were studied for their hepatoprotective action to prove the claims made by the different tribes of India. Gulati rajkumari , et al.., (1991) Studied The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of root of BD on CML induced hepatotoxicity was studied in albino rats. BD extract reduced the increment in serum parameters indicative of damage to the liver. They also studied the CCl4 inducing toxicity in rats.

15. Literature review Chandan B.K.,et al.., (1991) Studied that the alcoholic extract of whole plant of BD given orally against CCl4 inducing toxicity. Produce an increase in normal bile flow in rats suggesting a strong choleretic activity. The extract dose not show any toxicity. Chakraborti K.K. et al..,(1989) studied that the phytochemical extract of the aerial part of the BD on country made liquor hepatoprotective activity in rats. It was evident from the reduction level of enzyme and reported the hepatoprotective activity of plant. Surange S.R et al.., (1972) Evaluate the ethanolic extract of root of BD effect against country made liquor toxicity in albino rats, by reduction in ALT, triglyceride, cholesterol and confirm the hepatoprotactive activity of boerhaavia diffusa .

16. conclusion The boerhaavia diffusa is an important medicinial plat. The plant is mentioned in the Atharvaveda with the name ‘ Punarnava ’, because the top of the plant dries up during the summer season and regenerates again during the rainy season. It is called as ‘ Punarnava ’ ( Punar + nava ). Punar means -once again, nava means - becoming new. The boerhaavia diffesa has protactive effect on liver from its disease. In vitro test that confirm that the BD have potential to treat hepaototixicity but not necessarily be extrapolated to the situation in human. Many formulation are prepared form this plant. Also used to treat kidney disease, inflammation, anemia etc.

17. Reference Waugh Anne, Grant Allison” Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness” Ninth Edition 2001 page no. 317-328. Sharma Bhawna1 , Sharma Upendra Kumar2, Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants International Journal of PharmTech Research PharmTech Res.2009. DU Santhosha , R. Manasa , S. Vishwanath , Naik R. Shekhhar and MS Mahesh Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L Review Article IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science 2020;3(4):109–113. Surange S.R. and Pendse G.S., Pharmacognostic study of roots of Boerhaavia d. ( Punarnava )., Journal of Research in Indian Medicine, 7, 1 (1972) Chakraborti KK, Handa SS. Antihepatotoxic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa . Indian Drugs. 1989;27:161–4

18. References Gulati R, Agarwal S, Agarwal SS. Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. against country made liquor induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats fed on controlled calorie diet. Indian J Pharmacol . 1991;23:264–6 Chandan BK, Sharma AK, Anand KK, K, K. Boerhavia diffusa : a study of its hepatoprotective activity. J Ethnopharmacol . 1991;31(3): 299–307. Rawat AKS, Mehrotra S, Tripathi SC, Shome U. Hepatoprotective activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. roots — a popular Indian ethnomedicine . J Ethnopharmacol . 1997;56(1):61–6. doi:10.1016/s0378-8741(96)01507-3. Olaleye MT, Akinmoladun AC, Ogunboye AA, Akindahunsi AA. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective property of leaf extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Food Chem Toxicol . 2010;48(8-9):2200–5. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.047 Devaki T, Shivashangari K, Ravikumar S, Govindraju V. Effect of Boerhaavia diffusa on tissue anti-oxidant defense system during ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. J Nat Remedies. 2005;5(2):102–7

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