Animal behaviour

dedicated to all zoologists

1. What is behavior ????? Behavior is everything a person does. Behavior includes all those processes by which an animal senses the external world and the internal state of its body and responds to situation it perceives. The way an organism responds to environmental stimuli. “Stimulus response relationship”. 1

2. Ethology Study of animal behaviour Two Greek words; Ethos means habit Logos means study 17 th century the word was used for stage actors. Geoffroy Saint Hillaire (1859) use this term to describe the relationship of animal with environment, family and society. Since the beginning of 20 th century the term is restricted only to the study of behaviour of animals.

3. Branches of Ethology Ethoecology : relationship between behaviour of species and its environment. Ethogenetics : Genetical basis of behaviour. Neuroethology : Sensory processes and CNS that initiate and control a particular behaviour. Ethoendocrinology : Relations between hormones and behaviour. Bahavorial Embryology : Prenatal development of behaviour pattern. Human Ethology : Study of human behaviour . 4

4. Ethology VS Psychology The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context is called Psychology. Scientific study of animal behavior in their natural or usual environment is called Ethology .

5. History Scientific study of animal behavior in their natural or usual environment Study of habits and customs of animals Founders of this study = famous behaviorists Lorenz and Tinbergen Earned Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for their work Main Theory = Animal’s behavior evolved through the animal’s interaction with its environment

6. History Aristotle (340-322 B.C.) Historia Animalium (by the history of animals). Collected informations on pet animals. Conclusion of his work: animals also posses INSIGHT and LOVE for their families and masters.

7. THOMAS MORE UTOPIA (1518) Mentioned various behavioral patterns of animals in this book. GILBERT WHITE (1720-1793) AND CHARLES LEROY (1723-1789) . (The scientific study of animal behaviour has its origin in their work)

8. Foundation Of Modern Ethology With the evolution theory of Charless Darwin (1859) through a book “the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection” Darwin’s First book on behavior “ THE DESCENT OF MAN” (1871). Darwin’s second book on behavior “ THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND THE ANIMALS” (1873).

9. ROMANES (friend of Darwin) Important books Animal Intelligence (1882) Mental Evolution in Animals (1884) Mental Evolution of Man (1889)

10. Nobels Prize Winners In 1973 Three Scientists Karl Von Frisch (1886-1983) from Germany Nikolaus Tinbergen (1907-1988) from Holland Konrad Lorenz (1903-1988) from Vienna

11. Aim of E thology To find and establish the optimum environmental condition To know what is going within the animal mind and understand the body language To diagnose disease (normal Vs. abnormal) To examine and treat animals (how to handle animals) To achieve animal reproduction and raise livestock (sexual and maternal behavior) To achieve animal welfare which will lead to high performance and production To know the actual causes which induce the behavioral disorders

12. Behavior And Animal Production An understanding of the behavior of livestock will facilitate handling, reduce stress, and improve both handler safety and animal welfare. Large animals can seriously injure handlers and/or themselves if they become excited or agitated. Stockman, farm manager, animal transporter, and designer of animal houses have to be aware of farm animal behavioral information.

13. Feeding behavior: what is the type and amount of food that animal need, feed conversion efficiency, control of feeding Reproductive behavior: Successful mating Survival of young animals Social behavior Knowledge of floor space and stocking density are important for animal production

14. Behavior and veterinary medicine Knowledge of behavior is important for handling and restraint of animals for surgeon Diagnosis of diseases: change in behavior is first signs of disease (loss of appetite, altered activity, loss of grooming i.e. cleaning itself ) E.g. horse suffering from colic (severe pain in the abdomen) Diagnosis and treatment of different behavioral problems in pets (behavioral therapy)  Examples include pets with unacceptable elimination behaviors or are aggressive to people or other animals .

15. How is behavior determined ? Is behavior inborn (instinctive) and predetermined? Or is it a function of learning and the environment ? Both! Behavior is a blend of innate behavior (inherited) and acquired (learned) behavior`

16. Classification Of Animal Behavior Inherited behavior (innate, unlearned, instinctive, native) Important for survival and conservation of species Acquired behavior (learned) Adopt useful method for survival within their environment

17. Inherited behavior Includes two types: Behavior of maintenance Constant behavioral patterns needed to maintain animal life (self-maintenance) such as ingestion, elimination, rest and sleep Reproductive behavior Behavioral patterns occurring during reproduction needed to maintain animal species Sexual behavior Maternal behavior

18. Maintenance behaviors Ingestive behavior : Related to anatomy and physiology of each species Related to nature of food ( herbivorous, carnivores, omnivorous ) Including feeding (ingestion of solid feed), drinking (ingestion of water and milk) Understanding of ingestive behavior (how to search for , to locate and to ingest food) is critical to animal production. Horse = cropping by incisors Cattle = eating by tongue Sheep and goat = incisors and lips Dog = gulping the food

19. Eliminative behavior Evacuation of faces ( defecation ) and urine ( urination ) Posture or stance of elimination differ between species, Horse: following defecation turn and smell the spot Cattle: raising of tail and arching of back Dog: raising one leg and urinate to substrate Cats: toilet behavior Birds: defecate by leaning forward, raising the tail and spreading the feather differ between sexes, Male dog cock one leg and urinate while females usually squat Differ with social status: increase with fear

20. Grooming Behavior (Body Care) Including: Care of the body (natural grooming) Thermoregulation (regulate body temperature) Self-Grooming (Auto-grooming)= animal take care of its own body through licking and rubbing (parts that can reach) Body licking, nose licking, rolling, scratching Function Keep body clean (One good indicator of general health) Free from ecto-parasites Free from foreign objects (faces, urine, mud) Reduce risk of diseases

21. Mutual grooming (social or allo -grooming) One animal take care of another animal ( herdmates ) Function (biological and social): Remove ecto -parasites from parts that animal can not reach Take care of wounds Reward for the groomer (obtain salt and vitamin D) Promote and cement relationship between individuals Reduce aggression and tension Maintain social structure

22. Reproductive behaviors The activities or actions during reproduction includes: Sexual behavior: Male sexual behavior Pre-copulatory (courtship/libido) Copulatory (erection, mounting, ejaculation, dismounting) Post-copulatory (quiet period, flehmen response) Female sexual behavior Estrous cycle (length, type, signs) Ovulation (type, time) Best time of mating Maternal behavior (care-giving behavior, Epimeletic , attentive)

23. Flehmen Response is a behavior in which an animal curls back its upper lip exposing its front teeth, inhales with the nostrils usually closed and then often holds this position for several seconds. It is performed with the neck stretched and the head held high in the air. It may be performed over a site or substance of particular interest to the animal (e.g. urine or faeces ) Flehmen is performed by a wide range of mammals. The behaviour facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ (VNO) located above the roof of the mouth via a duct which exits just behind the front teeth of the animal. flehmen position , flehmen reaction , flehming , flehmening ,

24. The vomeronasal organ ( VNO ), or the Jacobson's organ , is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals , it detect chemical stimuli

25. Maternal behavior (Epimeletic) Feeding and keeping of the offspring from danger by dam (female) which is important for survival of animal Pre-parturient ( the action of giving birth to young; childbirth ) signs approaching parturition Nest-building (rabbits) Isolation and shelter-seeking (sheep) Parturient (stages of birth / Action of giving birth) Post parturient Licking behavior (maternal licking and imprinting) Sucking behavior Brooding in chickens

26. Low maternal behavior (rabbit) High maternal behavior (dog) Maternal behavior is innate behavior however experience play a role Factors influence the expression of maternal behavior : Internal factors Hereditary (gene expression) Hormones ( Prolactine ) Experience External factors Smell, sound, and appearance of newborn

27. Two classes of maternal behavior Polytocous species (dog, cat, rabbits, mice, rat) (Produce many youngs / eggs at a time) Atrocious (Fearful) young Young entirely depend on mother Monotocus species (horse, cattle, camel, sheep) (Produce single young / egg at a time) Precocious (intelligent) young Low maternal behavior

28. Types Of Embryos Precocial : when newly born resemble adult and can feed, move and defend themselves e.g. Lamb of sheep. Atrocious : when are helpless without parent can’t survive e.g. mice, rats, dogs. Precocial Atrocious

29. In biology , paternal care is parental investment provided by a male animal to his own offspring . Paternal care may provided in concert with the mother ( biparental care ) or, more rarely, by the male alone (so called exclusive paternal care ). Parental behavior: in which both parents (male and female) take care offspring equally E.g. many species of birds (pigeon) and fish (take care of egg and squabs) Male parental behavior: in which male take care offspring Not common in animals (primates) Common in birds (dark eye junco)

30. Care soliciting behavior (Et- epimeletic ) Care-soliciting behavior is a variety of behavioral activities manifested to solicit (Beg) attention, care, or help from other individuals. For example, some dogs exhibit this behavior during thunderstorms unnecessarily to get 'love' from owners. Usually showed by young animals so called ‘’ infantile behavior’ ’ when was under stress or danger (distress call) Chicks……….. Chirp Calves…………bawl Lambs………..bleat Puppies………whine or yelp

31. Agonistic behavior Aggression : a physical act or threat of action by an individual which cause pain or injury or reduce freedom of another individual Agonistic behavior : any behavior associated with threat, attack or defense (escape, inactivity, aggression) Function of aggression in animal life: To obtain food To facilitate access to another sex To establish social dominance To win territory To protect their young

32. Types Of Aggression Social aggression who will be dominant over whom To form social grading Territorial aggression Keep animals out of home area Pain or fear- induced aggression Treatment of abscess Irritable aggression Hungary, fatigued, sick, old animals Maternal aggression To protect young and equal to male attack .

33. Sexual aggression Competition between animals of same species to obtain a sexual partner In some species such as the cat, mating accompanied with aggression Predatory aggression Food-getting behavior Some animals attack to obtain food Infanticide Killing of very young animals by adult Female rodents kill pups. Lion eating cubs

34. Shelter-seeking behavior Looking for optimum environmental condition to avoid predators Some animals find shelter from bodies of other animals Other animals find shelter within farm, barn or from objects like trees Thermoregulation

35. Exploratory behavior (investigatory behavior) Explore their environment to obtain information for survival by using sense organs Differ between species and individuals Allow time for investigation in new area

36. Signaling between one animal & another Greeting e.g. sniff, hug, kiss Aggression e.g. charge, bite, hit, fight Non-aggression e.g. patting, head butting, stroking Verbal signaling (vocalization) E.g. bark, howl, hoot, chirp Non-verbal signaling E.g. body, head, ear, & / or tail position Showing teeth, smiling, sign language

37. Motivation (motivated behaviors) Motivation : the internal state of animal that causes the immediate behavioral response Each organism born have a variety of biological needs Need : something that is required physiologically e. g. need for food, water, Mating. When the need is not satisfied, the drive is aroused

38. The drive / ambition : is psychological consequence of need Once the animal in high drive state (motivated), the animal start to move So we can observe 3 stages in animal’s behavior: The searching phase (Appetitive behavior) Consumatory behavior (achievement of the goal) Phase of quiescence (Stillness ).

39. Need Hunger Thirst Sexual drive Goal Food Water Mating

40. Acquired behaviors Domestic animals have ability to learn They adopt new useful methods for survival within their environment Animals acquire many behavioral patterns through learning Learning Development of behavior through experience Determine final shape of innate behaviors 7 types of learning

41. Types of learning Habituation Is waning ( Fading ) of a new response to a repeated stimulus Simplest form of learning Occur rapidly if stimuli are given close together Importance of habituation Filtering large amounts of information received from surrounding environment Waning of the responses of farm animals to handling procedures and housing conditions Animal learns to ignore frequent, harmless stimulus E.g Birds on highway, habituation to Cars The Kapil Sherma Show

42. Associative learning Animal learns to associate unrelated response with a stimulus Two types of associative learning: Classical conditioning (CR type I, Pavlovian conditioning) In which animal associate a response with a certain stimulus as a result of reinforcement E.g . Pavlov’s experiments Bell ringing, food, salivation Bell ringing salivation (even if no food is given )

43. Pavlov’s experiment

44. How Dog Training Works

45. Reinforcement In conditioning animals modify their behavior in such way to obtain maximum reward and avoid punishment Positive reinforcement…. Giving animal favorite food Negative reinforcement…. Punishment

46. Classical conditioning E.g. 1. suckling by calf, squeezing of teat release of oxytocine 2. Jangling of milking equipments , sight of calf release of oxytocine

47. Operant conditioning (CR type II, trail and error) In which animal learn to behave in a certain way through repeated practice Trail & error learning- animal tests conditions for desired response In which animal is motivated by thirst, hunger, fear. E.g. Skinner box (B.F. Skinner) Animal learns that a behavior gets a certain response E.g. rat presses lever to get food Operant : an item of behaviour that is not a response to a prior stimulus but something which is initially spontaneous,

48. Imprinting Definition: A process that occurs when an animal learns to make a particular response to only type of animal or object Both innate and learned Occurs during a definite critical time period (within first 36 hr ) Irreversible (once learned, can’t be changed) Conard Lorenz with duckling Operant conditioning Because the animal uses behavior as instrument in getting a reward, it is usually called instrumental conditioning Operant used because the animal response in some way operates on the environment

49. Imprinting Animals learn to follow their mothers just after parturition or hatching (attachment behavior) Lambs and colts are most ones can be imprinted to other animal, human, objects

50. Insight learning (Reasoning) Highest form of learning The immediate understanding, and response to new situation without trail and error Was identified by Wolfgang kohler while studying the behavior of chimpanzee Insight learning is the abrupt realization of a problem's solution insight learning is often at the root of creative, out of the box, thinking ( Inventions and innovations)

51. Insight learning is considered a type of learning because it results in a long-lasting change. Following the occurrence of insight, the realization of how to solve the problem can be repeated in future similar situations

52. Imitation (observational learning) Animal learns by observing another animal Albert Bandura , a Canadian-born psychologist, gets credit for developing and popularizing  observational learning theory. observational learning  can be understood via four distinct concepts: attention ,  retention ,  motor reproduction , and  reinforcement

53. Taste aversion (bait shyness) Taste aversion  is a learned response to eating spoiled or toxic food. When taste aversion takes place, you avoid eating the foods that made you ill. Taste aversion can be so powerful that sometimes you also avoid the foods that you  associate  with an illness, even if the food did not cause the illness Psychologists  John Garcia  and  Robert Koelling  studied taste aversion in 1966 while researching the effects of radiation on laboratory rats

54. Exploratory learning (latent) Animals learn all characteristics of surrounding environment and remember its landmarks Acquire new information about environment

55. Learning Learning occurs in a variety of ways: sometimes it is the result of direct observation of another other times, it is the result of experience through personal interactions with the environment. response to an environmental stimulus as a result of trial and error Kohler's theory of insight learning became an early argument for the involvement of cognition, or thinking, in the process of learning.