Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt

India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.

1. BhojR Singh
Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary
Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India

2. As per recent statistics of 2019 India holds
(https://www.nddb.coop/information/stats/pop) 535.78
million livestockto be kept healthy and productive.
Buffalo= 109.9 million (No. 1 in world)
Cattle= 192.5 million (No. 1 in the world)
Yak= 0.1 million (No. 1 in the world)
Mithun=0.4 million (No. 1 in the world with 80% of total)
Sheep = 74.3 million(No. 2 in the world)
Goat = 148.9 million(No. 2 in the world)
Pigs = 9.1 million(No. 7 in the world)
Horses & Ponies= 0.3 million (of >58 million in the world)
Camel=0.3 million (No. 9 in the world)
Mules and Donkeys= 0.2 million (of >50 million in the world).
Poutry(Duck and chiken)=851.8 million (No. 4 in the world)

3. As per National Accounts Statistics-2019, Central Statistical
Organisation, GoIAnimal Husbandry, Dairying and
Fisheries sectors play an important role in the national
economy and in the socio-economic development of the
country.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
It also provides employment to about 8.8 %of the population in
India.
Livestock sector contributes 4.11% GDP and 25.6% of total
Agriculture GDP.
Importance Livestock
… FAO statistics

4. India holds 33.38% of the world's number of
cattle and buffaloes in 2020.
India is number one in
Milk Production (176.3 MMT), No. 1 in buffalo milk but at No. 2 in Cow milk
Carabeef Production (4.25 MMT)
Goat Milk Production (5 MMT)
Number 2 in
Bristle Production (a pig industry by-product),
Fish Production
Number 3 in
Sheep Production,
Egg Production (95.2 billion)
4
th
in
Chicken Production
5
th
in
Poultry Meat Production
Poultry Production
Meat production
8
th
in Duck production and 9
th
in Wool production (41.5 million Kg)

5. Sector Percentage of total output
Milk and Milk Products 65.05 per cent
Meat and Meat Products 19.83 per cent
Dung 6.93 per cent
Eggs 3.77 per cent
Increment in Livestock 3.35 per cent
Wool and Hair 0.2 per cent
Value Outputfrom Livestock Rearing

6. Type of animal Average yield
Exotic/Cross-bred cow 7.71 kg/day
Indigenous/Non-descript
cow
2.93 kg/day
Buffalo 5.47 kg/day
Goat 0.47 kg/day
Limits
Average Yield per In-Milk Animal in 2017-18
Type of bird Average yield
Desifowl (Backyard) 107.96 eggs/year
Improved fowl (Commercial)282.02 eggs/year
Desi duck (Backyard) 109.39 eggs/year
Improved duck (Commercial)199.84 eggs/year
Average Yield per Year per Bird in 2017-18

7. DuetoFMD,Indianmeatmarketislimited,exportof
CarabeefispossibletoVietnam,Malaysia,Egypt,
IndonesiaandSaudiArabia.Vietnamaccountedfor48
percentoftotalIndianexportsat840thousandmetric
tonsfollowedbyEgypt(9.4percent),Malaysia(9.3
percent),Indonesia(4.6percent)andSaudiArabia
(4.4percent).
ThoughIndiaisnumber1inLivestockpopulation,itisat
12
th
placeinasperLivestockproductionindex-2018
(https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/livestock_production_index/).
Indiaholdabout16.5%ofDairycows,highestinthe
worldproduces~50MMTmilkwhileUSAholds3.4%of
dairycowsproduces>87MMTmilk(No.1intheworld).
Indiaisnotevenintop20countriesasperaveragemilk
productionpercowandmuchbehindofglobalaverage
(2200Lt/cow/annum).

8. 1.FootandMouthDisease(FMD),HaemorrhagicSepticaemia(HS),
Brucellosis,BlackQuarter(BQ)&Lumpyskindiseaseinbovines,
Enterotoxaemia,PestedesPetitsRuminants(PPR)&Sheep-GoatPoxin
sheepandgoatsandSwineFeverinpigs,whichdrasticallyaffectthe
productivityofanimals.
2.Thepresenceofanimaldiseasesalsodetersdomesticandforeigninvestmentin
thelivestocksector.
3.Theeconomicimpactofthediseasesinlivestockresultsfrombothmorbidity
andmortalityandtheconsequentproductionlosses.Thisincludesthedirect
lossesduetomortality,reducedproductionintermsofmilk,meat,wool,hide
andskins,aswellasindirectlossduetoabortions,subsequentinfertility,
sterility,anddeteriorationofsemenquality.
4.Authenticityofdataaboutdiseasereporting.
5.CowProtectionActs
6.Non-involvementofDiseaseControlExpertsandEpidemiologistsin
planningandimplementationofDiseaseControlPrograms.

9. BrucellosisPPR HS
Classical
Swine FeverBQ AnthraxGlanders
2008-090 18328 2627 2916 2037 490 27
2009-1061 4496 1562 2027 883 916 0
2010-1194 9271 3729 5267 1109 1627 0
2011-1288 10188 9170 17002 4707 658 11
2012-1317 6976 2918 4018 2676 362 3
2013-14151 4997 1716 16507 1610 1645 4
2014-15206 8216 6816 176 4285 1878 0
2015-16502 4905 2135 778 851 254 20
2016-1746 6432 4202 533 517 319 69
2017-1879 1303 1372 1055 686 225 197
2018-1984 4448 1747 679 88 378 200
2019-2025 26 564 55 0 184 9
2020-211 388 376 89 8 64 17

10. Smallpoxwas the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease
of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention.
The world was officially declared free from Rinderpest in 2011.
(….79th OIE General Session,2011)
Many island nations including, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta and the
United Kingdommanaged to eliminate rabies during the 20
th
century,
and recently much of the continental Europe.
(…..OIE)
India is a Guinea Worm disease free country.
(….WHO, 2000)
India is also free fromCBPP, ASF and BSE
(…FAO)
Was declared Glanders free in 1993 but from 2007 outbreaks have been
reported in many states.

18. TheWorld Health
Organization(WHO) is
aspecialized agency of the United
Nationsthat is concerned with
internationalpublic health.
Established on 7 April 1948,
headquartered inGeneva,
Switzerland.
Agencies for the Animal
Disease Control
National institute of
veterinary epidemiology and
disease informatics,
established in 2013, placed at
Beangaluru.
CADRAD:CentreforAnimalDiseaseResearchand
Diagnosis(CADRAD)(CDDLfrom2001-2):Established
on10-03-1986withThemandatefordiseasediagnosisand
development/standardizationofdiagnosticmethods/kits/reagents.
5 RDDLs
Bengaluru,
Aundh (Pune),
Jallandhar,
Kolkata,
Guwahati
NIHSAD, Bhopal
NRCE, Hisar

19. TheWorld Organization for Animal Health(OIE) is anintergovernmental
organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
Formerly known as Office International des Epizooties, established January 25,
1924, at Paris.
Agencies for the Agencies for the
Animal Disease Control
The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D)-
now renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying &
Fisheries (DADF)is one of the Departments in the Ministry of
Agriculture and came into existence on 1
st
February, 1991.

20. 14.2
0.0 0.0
14.3
13.6
16.4
1.0
11.5
13.1
14.4
15.6
10.9
6.7
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Number of cases at Log2 scale
Livestock diseases in India
Brucello
sis
PPR
HS
CSF
BQ
Anthrax
Glanders
FMD

21. Animal Disease Control
programs in India
Sl.
No.
Component Budget
in Crores
1. AssistancetoStatesforControlofAnimalDisease(ASCAD). Allocation
for 2020-21
4382. NationalProjectonRinderpestSurveillance&Monitoring
(NPRSM).
3. Foot&MouthDiseasecontrolProgram(FMD-CP)Since2004Now
underNADCP
4. PestedesPetitsRuminantsControlProgram(PPR-CP)Since2010-
11
5. BrucellosisControlProgram(Brucellosis-CP).Since2010-11,Now
underNADCP
6. ClassicalSwineFeverControlProgram(CSF-CP)since2014-15
7 NationalActionPlanforControlandEradicationofGlandersin
India,2019
8 NationalAnimalDiseaseControlProgram,Launchedin2019for
FMD&Brucellosis
1300

22. Allocated Budget 438 Crores for year 2020-21

23. Under this component, assistance is provided to
State/Union Territory Governments for control of
economically important and zoonotic diseases of
livestock and poultry.
Funds are given for immunization, strengthening State
Veterinary Biological Production Units, Diagnostic
laboratories & in-srervicetraining of veterinarians and
paravets.
Funds are also allocated for Canine rabies vaccination
& parasite control in cattle and buffaloes.
Assistance to States for Control
of Animal Disease (ASCAD).

24. Central Government provide funds for
Funds are provided for functioning of VCI (100%).
Funds to Run State Veterinary Councils (50%)
Funds states for running Continuing Veterinary
Education programs

25. Formerly known as National Project on Rinderpest
Eradication (NPRE). After India was declared Rinderpest free
country by OIE in 2006, & CBPP free (2007) this program is
statrted to maintain the disease free status through.
Conrinuous surveillanceand & monitoring for Rinderpest,
Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumnia (CBPP) and Bovine
Spongiform Encephalophaty (BSE.
National Project on Rinderpest
Surveillance & Monitoring (NPRSM).

26. This is web based animal disease reporting system
working up to village/ block level.
Objective is to record and monitor livestock disease
situation to initiate preventive and curative action in
timely and speedy manner.
Reporting units are set at block and district level
veterinary units.
The diseases reported through NADRS are
communicated to OIE and shown in DAHD annual
reports.

27. Pestedes PetitsRuminats(PPR)is an acute highly contagious
disease of sheep and goats present worldwide and causes high
morbidity and mortality that may reach up to 100%and 90%,
respectively.
(Kumaret al., 2006,2013a; Muniret al., 2013)
The disease is caused by Morbillivirusof family Paramyxoviridae
Characterized by pyrexia, occulo-nasal discharge, necrotising
and erosive stomatitis, pneumonia and enteritis.
(Singhet al., 2009)
This disease is also having some specific features like Rinderpest
such as rapid spread in susceptible population, maintenance of
virus in host.
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)

28. The first report of PPRwas from Arasur, Tamil Nadu.
(Shailaet al., 1989)
The disease is endemicwith 33% sero-prevalence in India.
(Palet al., 2007;Balamuruganet al., 2012;Kumaret al., 2013a)
The reported seroprevalence of PPR virus in India :-
Goats & sheep –43.56% (Balamuruganet al..2012)
Cattle & buffaloes –4.58% (Balamuruganet al..2012)
Economic losses due to PPR have been estimated to be 1,800
million INRannually in India.
(Singh et al…2009)
Peste des Petits Ruminants
Control Programme (PPR-CP)

29. PPR virus prevalence in India
(1998 –2003)
Singh et.al;2004

30. PPRControlProgramwasstartedin2010with100%central
assistanceinvaccinationofsusceptibleanimals(sheepandgoat)
andthreesubsequentgenerations.
Inthefirstphase,statesviz.,Kerala,TamilNadu,Karnataka,
AndhraPradesh,Maharashtra,GoaandUnionTerritories
likeLakshadweep,DamanandDiu,DadraandNagar
HaveliAndamanandNicobarIslandsandPuducherrywere
covered.
Theprogramisextendedtoallthestatesunderthe12
th
year
Plan.
StrengtheningofELISALabsandmonitoringofthediseaseis
alsocarriedon.
Aim:TomakeIndiafreeofPPRby2025.
PPR-CP

31. ClassicalSwineFever(commonlycalledasSwineFeveror
HogCholera)isahighlydevastatingviraldiseaseofthepigs.
CausedbyaPestivirusfromtheFlaviviridaefamily.
Causesseriouseconomiclossesdirectlyduetomortality,
retardationofgrowth,reproductiveproblemsofaffectedpigs
andindirectlybybringingrestrictionsonexportsofporkand
porkproducts.
Thediseaseisenzooticinmostofthepigproducingstates
andparticularlyintheNorthEasternstatesofIndia.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).

32. Duringthe10
th
yearPlan,GovernmentofIndiainitiated
NationalSwineFeverControlProgram.
TheprogrammainlytargetedNorthEastIndia.
AtpresentthenortheastIndianstatesreceives100%funding
fortheCSFvaccines,Whileotherstatesprocurevaccines
throughASCADa75:25fundingbetweencenterandstate.
Thenationalcontrolprogramwith100%centralfundingwillbe
implementedduringlaterpartof12thPlan.
Dependingonthevaccineavailability,thescopewillbeenlarged
tocoverentirecountrysubsequently.
Classical Swine Fever
Control Program (CSF-CP).

33. StartedwiththeentryofH5N1influenzavirusinIndiain1986.
In2020atotalof9outbreakswith12epicentreshavebeenreportedin
Indiaresultingintocullingofabout2lakhbirds.
Guidelineshavebeenformedtomonitorthediseaseinzoologicalparks
andmigratorybirds’sanctuaries.
AssitanceforBirdflucontainment&controlisprovidedunderASCAD
program.
Itismainlyforsurveillance&containmentofbirdflufortransparent
approachofdiseasereportingandalertingStateGovernmentsand
issuingadvisoriestopoultryfarmersintimelymanner.
UpgradinglaboratoriestoBSL-III,trainingofmanpowerandstockpiling
ofnecessitiesfordiseasecontainment.
Birdsareculledwithin1kmperipheryoftheepicentre.
RunningInformation,EducationandCommunicationcampaignsto
sensitizegeneralpublicaboutBirdFlu.
BanonImportofpoultry&poultryproductsfromHPAIhaving
countries.

34. GlandersiscommoninIndiansubcontinentandis
causedbyBurkholderiamallei(apotentialwarfare
andbioterrorismagent)earlierknown as
Pseudomonasmallei.
NooutbreakwasreportedinIndiafrom1988till
August2006whenitwasreportedfromMaharashtra.
IndiawasdeclaredfreeofGlanderslongagoin1993
butoutbreaksstartedagainin2006-7andnow
reportedfrommanydifferentpartsofthecountry.In
recentpastGlandersisreportedfromNCTDelhi,UP,
UK,HP.
TheprogramobjectiveisSurveillance,Controland
eradicationofGlanders.
Govt.hasidentified16GlandersfreeCompartments.

35. Legislative status of Glanders

36. Action plan for states inflicted by Glanders
Surveillance:Intensive,physical&Clinical,ofallsusceptibleanimals
throughouttheyearcoveringallequidsinvillages,equinemovingon
transportroutes,fares,shows,stablestofindoutthecarriers.
AllanimalstestedpositiveusingCFT/ELISAorother
serologicaltestbeculledanddisposedofffollowingallzoo-sanitary
practicesrecommended.
Allsuspectedanimals(weak,debilitated,withnasalcatarrh,
nodulargrowthinskin)andin-contactanimalsaretobequarantinedtill
tested.
CompensationforcullingHorseRs.25000andmule&donkeysRs.16000

37. With an outlay of Rs. 13343 Crorefor 5 years (2019-2024) launched on 11-09-
2019 with objectives to 1) Control FMD with Vaccination by 2025 and
eradication by 2030, 2). Control Brucellosis in Livestock.
Reasons:
FMD causes economical loss to the tune of Rs. 20000 Croreevery year.
Brucellosis is a zoonoticdisaeseestmatedto cause loss of Rs. 24000 Crore
every year.
Methodology:
1.Along with vaccination tagging of animals for systematic monitoring.
2.Third party telephonic survey of farmers about vaccination of their
animals.
3.Three laboratories for Vaccine quality control: a. IVRI Bangalore, b.
ICFMD, Bhubaneswar, c. CCS-NIAH Baghpat.
4.Systematic Sero-surveillance and sero-monitoring in all states
5.Outreach program for creating awareness among farmers at block level
Rs. 15000/ block/ year and at National level through PrasharBharti.

38. ROADMAP FOR FMD CONTROL IN
INDIA under FMD-CP

39. FMD in India
434
165
902
422
701
310
238
109
132124
159
42
70
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2008-092009-102010-112011-122012-132013-142014-152015-162016-172017-182018-192019-202020-21
FMD outbreaks in India as per DAHD

40. Brucellosisis highly contagious disease of cattle, buffalo,
sheep, goats, pig, dogs and human .
B. abortusbiotype-1in cattle and buffaloes and
B. melitensisbiotype-1in sheep, goats and man are the
predominant infective biotypes.
(Chandet al., 2012)
The disease is characterized by abortion, retained placenta,
orchitis, epididymitis and, rarely, arthritis, with excretion of the
organisms in uterine discharges and in milk
(OIE, 2008)
The first report of brucellosis was in 1942 from India.
Economic loss due to this disease is close to Rs. 350 million/yearin
India. (PD ADMAS 2012)
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

41. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among cattle in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

42. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among Buffaloes in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

43. Prevalence of Brucellosis
among goat in India
(Renukaradhya et al., 2002)

44. BovinebrucellosisisendemicinalmostallthestatesofIndia.
Longtermserologicalstudiesindicates5%ofcattleand3%of
buffaloesareinfectedwithbrucellosis. (Rajasekharetal…2002)
FormerlyknownasNationalControlProgramon
Brucellosis,introducedduringthe10
th
yearPlan.
RenamedasBrucellosisControlProgramduringthe12
th
yearPlan.
Itincludesthevaccinationoffemalecalvesbetween6-8
monthsinallstates.Adulthoodvaccinationwillalsobetaken
upcoveringallun-vaccinatedadultfemalebovines.
Biannualvillagelevelscreeningofpooledmilksamples.
Massscreening&castrationofinfectedbulls.
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

45. Vaccination is done using B.abortusS19.
Bruvax (Indian Immunological Limited), live freeze dried S19
vaccine for cattle and buffalo calves of age 4 to 8 months, 2ml
S/C.
Brucella vaccine (Intervet India), cattle and buffalo calves of age
4 to 8 months, 5ml S/C.
Periodical survelliance using milk ring test for the pooled milk
samples and ELISA for random or herd screening.
Through this project not only animal cases are reduced but also
human cases.
….NIVEDI,
Brucellosis Control Program
(Brucellosis-CP).

46. ItisaninternationalprogramunderBluetongueNetwork.
Itisacollaborativeprojectaimingtoenhancethenetrworkby
providingexpertiseandresourcesinculicoidesbiology,vector
controlandvaccinations.
IBVNetisathreeyearIndo-UKcollaborativeprojectjointly
fundedbytheUKDepartmentforInternational
Development(DFID),theBiotechnologyandBiological
SciencesResearchCouncil(BBSRC)andtheScottish
GovernmentviatheCombatingInfectiousDiseasesof
LivestockforInternationalDevelopment (CIDLID)
initiative.ItiscoordinatedbytheEntomologygroupbasedat
ThePirbrightInstitute(TPI)andthroughtheIndian
CouncilforAgriculturalResearch(ICAR)
….www.bvnet.com
ALL INDIA NETWORK
PROGRAM-BLUE TONGUE

47. Blue tongue is endemicin India with 21 of 26 Blue tongue virus serotypes
recorded.
At least seven potential BTV vector species are reported from India.
* Culicoides actoni ….Smith
* Culicoides brevipalpis ….Delfinado
* Culicoides brevitarsis ….Kieffer
* Culicoides fulvus …Sen and Das Gupta
* Culicoides imicola ….Kieffer
* Culicoides oxystoma ….Kieffer
* Culicoides peregrinus ….Kieffer

48. Increased understanding of which Culicoides species are
involved in BTV transmission and how their ecology and
seasonality varies.
Develop tools that’s can be utilised to predict the likelihood and
severity of BTC outbreaks.
Provide a clearer understanding of epidemiology og BTV
outbreaks.
Installing trap sites using BioQuip UV LED ight sucion traps,
for extensive stud of the Vector.
Extensive training in Culicoides collection and identification for
all inda.
OBJECTIVES
….www.bvnet.com

49. Significantanimalhealthissuesandotherdirectandindirect
benefitscompelusforeradicationofanimaldiseases.
Veterinarians,animalhealthresearchersandotherpara-
veterinarystaffwillhavetotakealeadershiproleinmaking
suitablecontrolstrategiesforcombatinganderadicating
importantinfectiousdiseasesofanimalsThereisneedfora
systemforthemonitoringaswellassurveillanceof
occurrenceofdisease.
Bythefirmcommitment,willanddedicationofanimalhealth
professionalthegoalcanbeachieved.
Thedevelopmentinthefieldofscientificmedicalpracticeshas
ledtoamuchgreaterunderstandingofdiseaseepidemiology
andwillfurtherhelpineradicationofseveralimportantdiseases
oflivestockandwildlifeinnearfutureaswell.
CONCLUSION