Animal Nutrition Notes ASAS 2104(2).pptx

Animal nutrition for the betterment of livestock production

1. ANIMAL NUTRITION AND HEALTH NOTES A. Mugoti LUPANE STATE UNIVERSITY [email protected] Cell: [phone]

2. Outline of course content THE ANIMAL AND ITS FOOD ( i ) Classification and Chemical value of animal feeds Dry Forage and roughages, pastures, range plants, silages. Energy contributing feeds, protein supplements, mineral and vitamin supplements, feed additives. (ii) Chemical Composition of feeds Biochemistry of feed constituents: Water, dry matter, organic constituents, inorganic constituents.

3. Outline of course… Antinutritional Factors Trends in Climate Change and Animal Nutrition ANIMAL HEALTH

4. Classification and Chemical value of animal feeds Define a feed/ feedstuff/ nutrient? Anything edible that after ingestion can be absorbed and utilised by the animal. Nutrients are those components of the feed that are absorbed by the animal’s GIT. Feed consists of water and Dry Matter (DM). If the water content in feed is 75%, the DM content is 25%. Various classification systems are employed to differentiate feedstuffs, each according to a certain purpose. Two systems: an international system of classifying feeds so that we can communicate. the Central African region system

5. Chemical Composition of feeds

6. Chemical Comp of feeds…

7. Nutrient Comp of animal body

8. Nutrients for different classes Feed group Key nutrients Grass and forage crops Energy, protein, fibre, vitamins, minerals & trace elements Dried forages and straw Fibre, minerals & trace elements Silages Energy, protein, fibre, minerals & trace elements Roots tubers, Cereals & related by-products Energy, minerals & trace elements Protein concentrates Protein, energy, minerals & trace elements Vitamins and trace minerals Vitamins, minerals & trace elements

9. Analysis of feed Analysis of feeds can be done using: Physical procedures; Chemical analysis Proximate analysis, Detergent fibre system ; Biological systems; feeding/ metabolism trials; in vivo , in situ / sacco , in vitro methods

10. Feed evaluation methods a) Physical analysis of feeds For you to produce or buy superior feeds you need to know what makes feed quality and how to recognise it. The best way though, may be to observe the animals feeding. Animals prefer and thrive on high quality feed. For hays it must show that it was cut whilst young. It must be leafy and bright green indicating proper curing. It must be free of weeds and stubble. There must be no moulds or dust soil. The hay must have pleasing fragrant smell.

11. Physical evaluation of feeds For silage you should have a pleasing acid smell. The taste should not be bitter or sharp. The silage should be free of moulds or slims. A green or brown silage is good. For the grains and other concentrate, the seeds should not be crashed or split. You should be able to pick a castor bean seed in soyabean seed, as this can be disastrous if left in the seeds. Other people examine their feeds under the microscope checking for foreign objects such as iron filings, rodent excreta, and moulds .

12. i ) Proximate analysis Devised by Henneberg and Stohmann a 100 years ago this system estimates the potential value of a feed or feedstuff for feeding purposes without using animals. it is based on the separation of feed components into fractions or groups in relation to their feeding values. it divides the feed into six fractions: moisture, ash, CP, EE, CF and NFE. Resources : McDonald et al . (2011) (Animal Nutrition 7 th ed., Part 1, Chp 1); http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab479e/ab479e03.htm

13. Biochemistry of digestion and absorption of nutrients Pig Chicken

14. Biochemistry of digestion and absorption of nutrients Cattle Horse

15. Digestion in Ruminants .. Flow of digesta in ruminants

16. Formulating Feed Rations

17. Objectives Explain formulating feed rations Demonstrate formulating a basic feed ration.

18. Take into consideration: Class of livestock Weight of the animal Purpose of feeding List of nutrient requirements Feedstuffs available Composition of feedstuffs Calculate ration Check your calculations!!

19. Procedure for ration formulation As you complete the ration, ask the following questions: Did you correct any deficiencies? Is it palatable/physically feasible to feed? What was your cost per pound or ton? List any additions or supplements you add.

20. Why do we do it? Formulating a feed ration is necessary because you may be feeding your animal maize with a crude protein percentage of 9, and the requirements for your animal is 12. So the corn you are feeding does not meet the requirements of your animal. BUT! By doing a doing a feed calculation, you could add a supplement to your corn feed and increase the crude protein to meet the level required by your animal.

21. Formulating Feed Rations Using a Pearson’s Square: Simple way to formulate a feed ration is by using a Pearson Square Set up as follows: Step 1- Get your square

22. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 2: Input your information Feed #1 goes here along with its CP% Feed #2 goes here with its CP% CP% you want goes here

23. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 3: Subtract both feed sources’ CP% across the square with desired CP% Feed 1 Feed 2 CP%

24. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 4: The numbers you get after subtracting will be the parts you need of the two feeds Parts Feed 1 Feed 2 CP% Feed 1 Parts Feed 2

25. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 5: Add the two numbers together to get the total parts for the feed ration Parts Feed 1 Feed 2 CP% Feed 1 Parts Feed 2 Total Parts

26. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 6: The parts of each feed can be expressed as a percent simply by dividing the individual parts by the total parts and multiplying by 100 Parts of feed 1/total parts (100) = % feed 1 Parts of feed 2/total parts (100) = % feed 2

27. Formulating Feed Rations cont. Step 7: Calculate the kg of each feed you need by multiplying your percent of feed by how many kg of feed you need % feed 1 x kg of ration = total kg needed for ration % feed 2 x kg of ration = total kg needed for ration Final Step - Check your math: kg of feed 1 x original CP% of feed 1 = kg of CP kg of feed 2 x original CP% of feed 2 = kg of CP Add together to get CP%

28. Practice Problem: Two Feed Sources Formulate 480kg. of a complete sheep diet containing 14% CP. Use corn (9% CP) and a supplement (44% CP).

29. What’s being asked? You are trying to formulate a ration for sheep using two supplements that, by themselves, would not meet their needs. You need to mix the feed to get the specified amount of CP and you need 480kg. of the feed.

30. Round 2! A cow is on a feed that requires a ration containing 55% CP. The CP of the two feeds being used, corn and soybean meal, are 22% and 89%. Determine the amounts of feed necessary to form a 148kg ration that meets the requirements of your cow.

31. Remember! Remember your steps: Step 1: Set up and label your square: the labels stay the same going across Step 2: Subtract going ACROSS the square Step 3: Get your total parts Step 4: Find the % of each feed required Step 5: Find the total kgs needed of each feed Check your answer!!

32. Activity Feed formulation using AI Using the previous examples, lets formulate our rations using AI

33. ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN FEEDS These are compounds found in feeds that have detrimental effects to the animals. Anti-nutritional factors developed in plants as a defence mechanism. The plants needed them to protect themselves from predation. They have different chemical structures and are found in different amounts in different plants.

34. Current Trends of climate change and Animal Nutrition Feeding the Future: Livestock Nutrition in the Face of Climate Change

35. Content Introduction Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Nutrition Adaptation Strategies for Livestock Nutrition in a Changing Climate Sustainable Livestock Nutrition Practices Policy and Economic Implications Conclusion

36. Introduction Climate change is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects many aspects of our lives, including the food we eat. One area that has received increasing attention in recent years is the impact of climate change on livestock nutrition. As temperatures rise and weather patterns become more unpredictable, the nutritional quality of the plants that livestock feed on can be affected. This, in turn, can have negative impacts on the health and productivity of the animals, as well as the quality of the meat, milk, and eggs they produce.

37. Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Nutrition Climate change has a significant impact on the nutritional quality of livestock feed and the health of animals. As temperatures rise, the quality of forage crops decreases, which can lead to nutrient deficiencies in livestock diets. This is particularly true for protein and mineral content. In addition, climate change can increase the incidence of diseases and parasites that affect livestock health. For example, warmer temperatures and increased humidity provide ideal conditions for the proliferation of ticks and other pests that transmit diseases to livestock. This can lead to decreased productivity and even death in some cases.

38. Adaptation Strategies for Livestock Nutrition in a Changing Climate One effective strategy for adapting to the changing climate is to diversify the types of crops grown for livestock feed. This can help ensure that there is always a sufficient supply of high-quality feed, even in times of drought or extreme weather events. Farmers and ranchers can also invest in irrigation systems and other technologies that can help them better manage water resources and improve crop yields. Another important strategy is to focus on developing more resilient animal breeds that are better able to withstand the effects of climate change. This can include selecting animals that are more heat-tolerant, disease-resistant, and better adapted to changing environmental conditions. Additionally, farmers and ranchers can implement practices such as rotational grazing and improved manure management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve soil health.

39. Sustainable Livestock Nutrition Practices Sustainable livestock nutrition practices can play a crucial role in mitigating the effects of climate change and improving the health of animals. By adopting sustainable practices such as rotational grazing, reducing food waste, and using locally sourced feed, farmers can reduce their carbon footprint and promote biodiversity. In addition to being environmentally responsible, sustainable livestock nutrition practices also have economic benefits. For example, by reducing the use of antibiotics and hormones, farmers can save money on inputs and improve the quality of their products. Consumers are increasingly demanding sustainably produced food, so adopting these practices can also help farmers stay competitive in the marketplace.

40. ANIMAL HEALTH