Animal Nutrition: Terminology, Cell, Tissues

Animal Nutrition: Terminology, Cell, Tissues || 5Th Sem || Tribhuwan University || IAAS

1. Animal Nutrition and Feeding Practices (ANU 311)
Boby Basnet
Assistant Prof./Animal Science
Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production

2. CodeNo:ANU311
CourseTitle:AnimalNutritionandFeedingPractices
Credits:2(1+1)
NatureofCourse:Theory+PracticalTeachinghours:15+15
Objectives:Uponthecompletionofthecoursethestudentswillbe
abletoexplainthefunctions,deficiencysymptomsofnutrientsand
feedingoffarmanimals.
SYLLABUS
Terminologyofanimalnutrition.Comparativecompositionofplant
andanimalcellsandtissues,proximateanalysis.Classification,
functionanddeficiencysymptomofnutrients.Digestion,
absorptionandmetabolismofnutrientsindifferentanimals.Feed
ingredientsandtheirclassification.Feedingstandardsandnutrient
requirementsfordifferentfarmanimals.

3. Course Outline Theory (15Hours)
UnitTopics No.oflectures
1. Terminologyofanimalnutrition. 1
2. Comparativecompositionofplantandanimalcellsandtissues 1
3. Classification,functionanddeficiencysymptomofnutrients.Digestion,
absorptionandmetabolismofnutrientsindifferentanimals.
4
4. Digestion,absorptionandmetabolismofnutrientsindifferentanimals. 4
5. Feedingredientsandtheirclassification 1
6. Feedingstandardsforbuffalos,cattle,sheep,goat,swineandpoultry. 1
7. Evaluationofnutrientvalueoffeed;digestibilitycoefficientandfactorsaffecting
digestibilitycoefficient
1
8. Evaluationofproteinvalueoffeed 1
9. Evaluationenergyvalueoffeed;TDN,SEandPartitionofenergy. 1
Total 15

4. TERMINOLOGIES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION IMPORTANCE,
FEEDSTUFF CLASSIFICATION; COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUES
Terminologies
❑Concentrates:Feedsthatarehighinenergy(greaterthan70%TDN)and
lowinfiber(lessthan18%CF,morestarch,lesscellulose),lessthan20%
protein.Highlydigestible.Cerealgrains(corn,millet,sorghumgrain,
wheat,oats,barley),oilmeals(soybeanmeal,cottonseedmeal,linseed
meal),molasses,anddriedmilkproducts.
❑Roughages:Feedsgenerallyhighinfiber(cellulose),lessdigestible,and
lowerinenergy.Legumehays,grasshays,straws(fromproductionofseed
andgrain),silage,Stover,andfreshgrass.
❑Additives:Enhanceintakeandimproveflavor,butdonotaddnutrients.
❑Pastureandrangeplants:Plants(suchasgrass)grownforthefeeding
especiallyofgrazinganimals.

5. ❑CrudeProtein:Referstothetrueproteincomponentandallthenitrogen(N)in
thefeed.Itisdeterminedbymultiplyingthetotal(N)by6.25
❑TrueProtein:Theportionoftheproteinsourcewhichiscomposedonlyofamino
acids
❑Basalfeed:Afeedusedprimarilyforitsenergycontent.Rationfurnishingthe
necessaryenergybutlackinginoneormoreaccessoryfoodsubstanceslike
vitaminsetc.
❑By-passprotein:Aproteinthatisheatorchemicallytreatedsothatitdoesnot
getalteredintheruminantstomach.
❑By-Product:Aproductofsignificantlylessvaluethanthemajorproduct
❑Ration:Arationistheamountoffeedananimalreceivesina24-hourperiod.
❑Balancedration:istheamountoffeedthatwillsupplytheproperamountand
proportionsofnutrientsneededforananimaltoperformaspecificpurposesuch
asgrowth,maintenance,lactationorgestation

6. ❑Completeration:Asinglefeedthatfulfillsallthenutritionalrequirementsofananimalexceptfor
water.
❑Creepfeed:Ahighenergysupplementalfeedthatisfedtoyoung/nursinganimals.
❑Crudefiber:Thepartsoffeedscontainingthecellulose,lignin,andotherstructuralcarbohydratesas
determinedbytheproximateanalysis.
❑Digestibility:Itisdefinedastheportionoffeedornutrientswhichisabsorbedandnotrecoveredin
faeces.
❑Palatability:Itisthepreferenceananimalhasforaparticularfeedwhenofferedachoice.
❑Metabolism:Itistheprocessofutilizationofnutrientsandexcretionofendproductsinthebody.
❑TotalDigestibleNutrient(TDN):Itisanestimateoftheenergycontentofafeedandisbasedon
thedigestibleportionofthenutrientsthatcansupplyenergy,carbohydrates(crudefiberandNFE),
protein,andfat.
❑Proximateanalysis:Itisachemicalanalysismethodusedtodeterminethecompositionofanimal
feed.Itisthefirststepindeterminingthequalityoffeedanditsutilityforanimals.Proximate
analysisdividesthefeedintosixfractions:moisture,ash,crudeprotein,etherextract,crudefiber,
andnitrogen-freeextractives(NFE).
❑Animalnutrition:Itisthescienceoffeedpreparation(formulation)andfeedingtomeettheneeds
ofanimalsatdifferentphasesofgrowth,orlifestages.
❑Feedingpractice:Itrefertothemethodsandstrategiesusedtoprovidenutritiontolivestockto
ensuretheirhealth,growth,andproductivity.

7. COMPARATIVE COMPOSITION OF PLANTS AND ANIMAL
CELLS AND TISSUES
1.Animal Tissue
2.Plant Tissue

8. Animal Tissue
Animal body is made up of four different
types of tissues.
1.Epithelial tissue: Lining tissues of
intestine, outer layer of skin
2.Muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth,
cardiac
3.Connective tissue: bone, blood.
cartilage
4.Nerve tissue: brain, spinal cord, and
nerves.

10. Plant Tissue
1.Meristematictissue
2.PermanentTissue

11. 1.Meristematictissue
✓Celldividingcapacity
✓Basedonsiteoflocation,3types:
a.Apicalmeristems:Occuratthegrowingshoot
androottips
b.Lateralmeristems:Responsiblefortherisein
thethicknessoftheplant.
c.Intercalarymeristems:Responsibleforthe
lengthandwidthofplants,locatedatthe
middleregionsofstemsandleaves.

12. 1.Permanenttissue
✓Permanenttissuesarederivativeof
meristematictissue.
✓Theydon’thavethedividingcapability
butaidinotherfunctionslike
conductionofsubstances,storageof
foodetc.
✓Twotypesofpermanenttissuesare
foundinplantsi.e.simpleandcomplex
permanenttissue.
✓Simplepermanenttissuesinclude
parenchyma,collenchyma,and
sclerenchymawhilecomplextissues
arexylemandphloem.

13. Parenchyma:Storageofnutrients
Collenchyma:Supportforgrowth
Sclerenchyma:Providesrigidstructure
Xylem:Conductswaterupward
Phloem:Transportsorganicnutrients

14. Cell and its type
✓A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living
organisms.
✓Building block for tissues and organs and is responsible for
carrying out essential life processes.
✓Cells can vary widely in size, shape, and function, but they
generally share several key features:
1. Membrane: A protective barrier that regulates what enters and
exits the cell.
2. Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance inside the cell where
organelles are suspended.
3. Nucleus: The control center containing genetic material
(DNA) that directs cellular activities.
4. Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell that perform
specific functions (e.g., mitochondria for energy production,
ribosomes for protein synthesis).
✓Cells can be classified into two main types: prokaryotic
(simple, without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria) and eukaryotic
(more complex, with a nucleus, e.g., plant and animal cells).

16. https://www.setopati.com/blog/332983
नेपालमा पशु पोषण एवं आहाराको अवस्था के छ?
https://english.onlinekhabar.com/revitalizing-animal-husbandry-in-nepal-enhancing-feed-
management-infrastructure-and-productivity-for-sustainable-growth.html