animal_tissues_by_Deepak_b[presentation].pptx

its good ppt for animal tissue

1. ANIMAL TISSUES BY DEEPAK B

2. ANIMAL TISSUES TISSUE - tissue is a group of cell similar in shape , size ,structure origin , development & performing a unit function Tissue term was given by – Bichat Coined by - N. Grew Study of tissue is known as histology ( Term – Mayer) Father of histology - Bichat

3. TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Epithelium term was given by Ruysch Only tissue having all 3- Germ layers Structure – made up of single or many layers It consists of basal surface & free surface Basal surface lie on non- cellular basement membrane Basement membrane provide elastic support and nutrients

5. TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

6. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM 1 SQUAMOUS EPITELIUM Made up of flattened cells with irregular boundaries Known as Pavement epithelium – cells are fitted like tiles Nuclei – Present at centre and flat Shape – Polygonal Known as Tessellated epithelium

7. LOCATION – wall of blood vessels (endothelium), air sacs of lungs , lymph vessels, wall of Bowman’s capsule, loop of hen FUNCTION - 1] filtration in Bowman’s capsule 2] exchange of materials between blood capillaries and tissue fluid 3] Exchange of gases

8. 2. CUBOIDAL EPITELIUM Cube like cells lying on basement membrane Nuclei – Present at centre and round Free surface bear minute finger like projection known as micrvilli which gives brush like appearance and increases the surface area Also known as Germinal epithelium – found in ovaries & seminiferous tubule

9. LOCATION – Tubular parts of nephron in kidney, thyroid follicles, ovaries and testis , proximal convoluted tubule(PCT) Choroid and iris FUNCTION – In PCT it is responsible for reabsorption of useful Substances Secretion and excretion by glands

10. 3.COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Tall and slender cells lying on basement membrane Nuclei – Present at base and Elongated Free surface have microvilli Goblet cells – produce mucus The intestinal mucosa bearing microvilla is called brush border columnar epithelium

11. LOCATION – lining of stomach and intestine FUNCTION – Absorption Secretion

12. 4 CILIATED EPITHELIUM Columnar or cuboidal cell bear cilia on their free surface are called ciliated epithelium The function of cilia is to move the particle or mucus in specific direction 2 types Ciliated cuboidal epithelium – present in smaller bronchioles Ciliated columnar epithelium – present in fallopian tubes & respiratory tract

13. FUNCTION - Ciliated columnar epithelium is responsible for passage of Ovum through fallopian tube - in respiratory tract it helps in movement of mucus - Ependyma – move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

14. 5 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Cells are columnar but unequal in size long cell reach up to free surface but short cell do not reach free surface Nucleus – long cell (oval) & short cell (round) 1 Non – Ciliated columnar – Urethra & parotid gland 2 Ciliated columnar epithelium – Trachea & large bronchi

15. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Glandular epithelium are columnar or cuboidal Types of Glands – On the basis of 1. Cell number 2. Mode of pouring of secretion

16. 1. Cell number Unicellular gland – made up of single cells Eg:- Goblet cells Multicellular gland – made up of cluster of cells Eg:- salivary gland , sweat gland , gastric gland & sebaceous gland

17. 2. Mode of pouring secretion 1 Exocrine – They have glands Main secretion is oil , ear wax , milk & saliva Eg:- salivary gland , gastric gland & mammary gland 2 Endocrine – Ductless gland Main secretion is in the form of hormones Eg:- thyroid , pituitary & adrenal gland

18. 3. Heterocrine gland - have both exocrine and endocrine gland Eg:- pancreas and gonads pancreas

19. COMPOUND EPITHELIUM Made up of more than one layer of cells Multi-layered Provide protection & very little role in secretion and absorption 1 STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratum germinativum (deepest layer) formed by columnar epithelium

20. STRATIFIED non- keratinized squamous epithelium Cover moist surface Eg:- Buccal cavity , oesophagus & Pharynx Stratified keratinised squamous epithelium Cover Dry surface Eg:- Skin KERATIN – Impervious to water & resistant to injuries Stratified cuboidal epithelium lines the inner surface of parotid gland and pancreatic duct

21. 2 . TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Thin and Stretchable It has layers 1. Deep layer – Columnar 2. Middle layer – Polygonal cells 3. Upper layer –It decide type of epithelium (Squamous/cuboidal)

22. CELL JUNCTION TIGHT JUNCTIONS (zonula occludens ) GAP JUNCTION ADHERING JUNCTION (Macula adherens) Prevents from Leakage Facilitate the communication b/w the cells Perform cementing to keep neighbouring cell together Eg:- Cells of Stomach Eg:- Muscle tissue of animal heart Eg:- Cardiac muscles

23. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body of animals Mesodermal in origin Structure – made up of three components 1 Matrix(mucopolysaccharide) – ground substance made up of hyaluronic acid

24. 2 Cells – Fibroblasts which form fibres 3 Fibres – provide strength, elasticity& flexibility to the tissue made up of collagen or elastic. Absent in blood

25. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1 AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE Most widely distributed connective tissue in animal body Present in skin, around muscles blood vessels and nerves It joins skin to muscles STRUCTURE – Consist of Matrix and irregular cells which perform different body function Some of the examples are

26. Fibroblasts: Produce & secrete fibres & matrix Macrophages: Phagocytosis Mast cells: Produce Histamine(dilates the wall of blood vessel in case of allergic r×n) Heparin(anticoagulant) Serotonin(neurotransmitter) D) Plasma cells – produce antibodies

27. Matrix contain two types of protein fibres: 1] White collagen fibres – made up of collagen protein(Tough) - Occur in bundles, unbranded & inelastic 2] Yellow elastic fibres – made up of elastin protein - branched and elastic FUNCTION – 1 helps in repair 2 supporting and packaging

28. 2 ADIPOSE TISSUE Composed of Fat cells – Adipocytes Sub – cutaneous Cytoplasm – Signet ring Nucleus – Peripheral Location – located in skin, around vital organs Function – acts as a insulator , protects from mechanical shock

29. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Consists of fibres & fibroblast cells which are compactly packed in the matrix Dense connective tissue is of two types 1 Dense irregular connective tissue 2 Dense regular connective tissue 1] Dense irregular C.T it has fibroblasts & fibres that are oriented differently Eg:- Skin Dense irregular C.T

30. 2] Dense regular C.T collagen fibres are present in rows b/w many parallel bundles of fibres Eg :- tendons and ligaments TENDONS LIGAMENTS * Inelastic * Elastic * Join muscle to bone * Connect bone - bone Made up of white collagen fibres Made up of few elastin and collagen Dense regular C.T

31. SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1 Skeletal connective tissue Matrix – Solid It forms endoskeleton and internal framework of the vertebrates It helps in protection and locomotion a) Cartilage b) Bone

32. A) CARTILAGE ( Avascular and unidirectional growth) Matrix – Soft , pliable & resist Compression Structure - Chondroblasts ( Actively dividing cell ) Chondroblast produces Chondrocytes present in fluid filled space Lacunae Protein – Chondrin Location – Tip of nose , Outer ear joints, vertebral column

33. Function – Provide flexibility & resist compression Types of cartilage 1] Hyaline – Larynx, tracheal ring and nasal septum 2] White fibrous – Strongest (High collagen) - Intervertebral Disc 3] Yellow elastic – flexible ,Tip of nose

34. B) BONE Rigid & Strong C.T Matrix – Hard , Non – pliable Composed of Inorganic (60-70%) – Calcium phosphate (abundant)and carbonate Organic (30-40%) – Bone marrow

35. Structure – Osteoblast (mother cell) Osteoblast produces osteocyte ( shape – stellate ) Osteocyte are present in Lacunae One Osteocyte is interact with other by canaliculi They have Haversian canals which contains artery , vein , lymph vessel Nerve & some bone cells .

36. Haversian canals are feature of long bone of mammals Function – 1 protect & support soft tissues 2 provides structural framework to the body

37. Types of Muscles 1 SKELETAL MUSCLE 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE 3 CARDIAC MUSCLE

38. 1 SKELETAL MUSCLE ( Striated ) Voluntary Multinucleate (syncytium) Cylindrical Striation is present Location – attached to Skeletal muscles

39. 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE (Unstriated) Involuntary Uninucleate Spindle (Fusiform) Striation is absent Location – intestine(peristalsis) , uterus , urinary bladder

40. 3 CARDIAC MUSCLE Involuntary Uninucleate Striations – faint Intercalated disc - Booster for transmission Location – around heart

41. NEURAL TISSUE Origin – Ectodermal Except microglial cell – mesodermal Property – Excitability & conductivity There are 2 types of cells 1 Neurons – Cell body + neurites 2 Neuroglial cell(> 50% Volume)

42. 1 NEURONS Consist of 1 Cyton or cell body – contain central nucleus and Cytoplasm & deeply is time at particles called as Nissl's Granules (RER) 2 Dendrites – arise from cyton , short & branched

43. 3 Axon - Single , long cylindrical projection of nerve cells - Nissl’s Granules are absent - carries message away from the cyton - surrounded by a glial cell called Schwan cell which produces myelin – myelin sheath (insulator) Myelin sheath absent in nodes of Ranvier

44. 2 NEUROGLIAL CELL > 50% of brain cells are neuroglial cells Found in brain & spinal cord 1 Astrocytes – [Blood – brain barrier] 2 Oligodendrocytes – form myelin sheath in CNS 3 Schwann cells – form myelin sheath in PNS

45. ** MICROGLIAL CELLS Mesodermal in origin Helps in Phagocytosis

46. THANK YOU