Animal types cockroach

morphology, nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, excretory system of cockroach

1. Study of Animal Type

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4. SYSTEMATIC
POSITION
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda(Arthos-
jointed; poda-legs).
They have jointed appendages.
Body is chitinousand segmented.
Class: Insecta(They possess two
pairs of flight appendages-wings
and three pairs of walking legs).
Genus: Periplaneta(straight wings,
nocturnal, chewing type of mouth
parts)
Species:americana(origin in
Mexico, USA
dr. aarif

5. Periplanetaamericana Blattaorientalis
i.Itislighterincolor. i.Itisdarkerincolor.
i.Itisabout38mmlong. i.Itisabout25mmlong.
i.Wingsarepresentinboththesexes
andextendbeyondtheposteriorend
ofthebody.
i.Wingsarerudimentaryinthefemale
and
donotreachthehindendofthebody
in
themale. dr. aarif

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Cockroaches are omnipresentusually found in
warm, dark damp places such as kitchens, store
houses, manholes etc.
They are nocturnali.e. they are active at night
and come out for feeding. During the day time
they hide themselves in the cracks and crevices
or under the objects in kitchen, cupboards, etc.
They are omnivorousand feed on all plant and
animal material.
They are cursorialin nature i.e. they are fast
runners.
They have wings and can fly but rarelydothey
exhibit their ability to fly.

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EXTERNAL FEATURES OF COCKROACH
Dorso-ventrally flattened body
Reddish-brown
3 to 5 cm in length
1.5 to 2 cm in breadth
bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic and coelomate
water proof chitinousexoskeleton
With hardened plates called sclerites
Each segment subdivided into four plates namely:
dorsaltergum, ventralsternumand two lateralpleurons

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BODY DIVISIONS

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HEAD
Ovate, flattened dorso-ventrally ,pear-shaped,
attached at the right angles to the thorax by a
thin, narrow, movable neck or cervicum.
Head is formed of six sclerites. These fuse in
adults and form the head capsule.
Head bears four important parts:
1. COMPOUND EYES
2. ANTENNAE
3. FENESTRAE
4. MOUTH PARTS OR TROPHI-MOUTH PARTS

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COMPOUND EYES
These are paired, dark, kidneyshaped structures
placed on the lateralsides of the head and are
made up of large number of hexagonal facets
called ommatidia(singular-ommatidium).
Each ommatidium acts as a single simple eyeand
forms a part of imageof an object.
All the images combinetogether in the brain&
form a complete single blurmosaic image.
A single ommatidium

11. ANTENNAE
-They are paired, long slender filamentous,
many jointed structures present between
the compound eyes.
-They are lodged in the membranous pits
called antennal sockets. These are the
tacto-receptorsor organs of olfaction
(sense of smell) useful in localizing the food
material in the vicinity.
-Antennae have sensory receptorsthat help
in monitoring the environment.
-They are also called the oscillarspots
situated at the base of each antenna and
they appear as whitespots.
-They are sensitive to light.
FENESTRAE
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MOUTH :
They are of chewingand bitingtype because they are used for masticating
the food.
These are movable, segmented appendages which assist in ingestionof
food
Parts of the mouth : Labrum, Maxilla, Mandible and Labrum

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Labrum or upper lipis flap like or
shield like movable structure which
covers the mouth from the upper
side.
Thus, it forms the anterior wall (roof)
of the mouth cavity.
It is also useful in holdingof the food
during feeding.
It bears on its inner surface a
chitinousridge called the epipharynx.
The epipharynxcarries the taste
receptors
LABRUM :

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Mandibles or true jawsare two
dark, hard chitinousstructures
with serrated margins with
teethpresent below the labium
on either side of the mouth.
These are useful in cuttingand
crushingthe food.
MANDIBLES

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Maxillae or accessory jawsare paired
appendages situated on the either side
of the mouth behind the mandibles.
Each maxilla is many jointed structure
with maxillarypalp.
These are also called first pair of
maxillae.
MAXILLAE

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Labium or lower lipis also called the
second maxillaewhich covers the
mouth from the ventral side and is
firmly attached to the posterior part of
head.
It has labial palpwhich is three jointed.
These are sensoryin function.
Labium is useful in pushingthe chewed
food in the preoralcavityand also
prevents the loss of food falling from
mandibles during the chewing.
LABIUM

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Hypo-pharynx or tongueis a
long, prominent medially
placed appendage.
It hangs in the preoralcavity
just in front of the labium
between the first maxillae.
It receives saliva from the
salivary ductand directs it on
to the food.
HYPOPHARYNX

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THORAX
Thorax is made up of three distinct
segments:
Anterior prothorax,
middle mesothoraxand
posterior metathorax.
The exoskeleton of each segment is
made of 4 sclerites, a dorsal tergum, a
ventral sternum and 2 lateral pleurons.
The mesothoraxand metathoraxbear a
pair of spiracles.
VENTRALLY : a pair of walking legs (all 3
segments)
DORSALLY : a pair of wings (mesoand
meta)

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Dorsally the thorax bears two pairs of
membranous wings-fore wing and hind wings.
Fore Wings:
Forewings are first pair of dark, opaque,
thick wings which are protectivein
function.
Hind wings:
They are thin, broad membranous,
delicate and transparent second pair of wing
attached to tergumof metathorax. These are
useful in flightand hence are also called true
wings.
WINGS

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LEGS
Three pairsof thoracic legs are present
on ventral side.
Each leg is five jointedor segmented and
is covered with the sensory bristlesand
spines.
Each leg has five podomeresnamely:
Coxa, Trochanter, Femur, Tibia,and
Tarsus
Tarsus is the last segment and is made up
of fivemovable segments or tarsomeres.
Last segment of the tarsus bears a pair of
clawsand aroliumhelpful in clinging.

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The abdomen is the largest of the
three regionsand contains most of
the viscera.
Its segmentation is conspicuous both
dorsally and ventrally.
The abdomen consists of 11
segmentsof which the 11
th
is
reduced and fused with the 10
th
so
that a maximum of ten segments are
distinct and visible.
Dorsallyeach segment is covered by
a tergiteand, ventrallyby a sternite.
Laterally, tergitesand sternitesare
connected by un-sclerotized flexible
pleura.

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Cockroaches exhibit sexual dimorphism.
In males, anal stylesare present in
segment 9. These are absent in females.
Most abdominal segments lack
appendagesbut segment 10bears a pair
of large, segmented cerci, called anal
cerci, which are visible in both dorsal
and ventral views. These are sensitiveto
airmovements, including sound, and
perhaps to ground vibrations.
Eightpairs of spiraclesare present in
the abdomen.
Genital openingsare present on
different segments in both the sexes
and are surrounded by the chitinous
plates in both, which are collectively
called gonapophyses.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
PereipheralNervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

27. Central Nervous System : 1. Nerve ring
2. Nerve cord
Nerve
ring
Supra oesophageal
ganglion
(BRAIN)
Sub oesophageal
ganglion
Circumoesophageal
connective
Protocerebrum
Duetocerebrum
Tritocerebrum
They arise from the supra oesophageal
gangliaand are a pair of nerves which are
connected to the sub oesophagealganglia,
encircling the oesophagus
2 pairs of OPTIC nerves that innervate the
compound eyes
nerves that supply to the mandibles,
maxillae and labium.
2 pairs ANTENNAL nerves. They supply to
the antennae
2 pairs of nerves. They supply to labrum.
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PerpheralNervous System

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Nerve
cord
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pro-thoracic
ganglion
Meso-thoracic
ganglion
Meta-thoracic
ganglion
6 pairs
5 pairs
5 pairs
Nerve supply to the thoracic
muscles, wings, legsand other
internal organsfound in the
thorax.
1
st
abd. Ganglion (1)
6
th
abd. Ganglion (7)
5
th
abd. Ganglion (5)
4
th
abd. Ganglion (4)
3
rd
abd. Ganglion (3)
2
nd
abd. Ganglion (2)
Nerve supply to the organs
found in the abdomen to
control respiration, circulation
and movements of alimentary
canal
CNS PNS

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Autonomous is also called somatogastricor visceral nervous system.
It includes 4 nerve ganglia and nerves which connect them and supply to visceral organs.
The nerve ganglia are:
Frontal ganglion:It is present on the pharynx, just in front of the brain.
Occipital ganglion or Hypocerebralganglion:It is present behind the brain
above the oesophagus.
Visceral ganglion or Ingluvialganglion:It is present on the wall of crop.
Proventricularganglion:It is present on gizzard.
Somatogastricnervous system supply nerves to alimentary canal, heartand other visceral
organs.
It regulates the functions of those organshence it is called visceral nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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ThebloodvascularsystemisoftheOPENtypei.e.theblooddoesnotflowinthevessels
andcapillaries,butmovesthroughtheinternalopenspacesandcomesincontactwiththe
bodyorgans
Haemolymph(blood) : The haemolymphis composed of colorless plasmaand haemocytes
(irregular white blood corpuscles and leucocytes).
Haemocoel: In the thoracic and abdominal region the body cavity or haemocoelis divided
into 3 large spaces by 2 partitions (dorsal and ventral diaphragm)
a) Pericardial sinus : present dorsally below the tergaand encloses the Heart
b) Perivisceralsinus : largest and encloses most of the viscera
c) Perineuralsinus : present ventrally above the sterna and encloses the nerve cord.
All the sinuses are connected to each other by perforations in the diaphragms
Heart: The blood is kept circulating by a long, tubular, dorsal, muscular, funnel shaped
13-chambered heart.
The heart lies along the dorsal line of thorax and abdomen.
Each chamberof the heart opensinto the one in frontof it.
The opening is guarded by a pair of ventricular valves, which allow only forward
flow of the blood.
At the posteriorend of the chamber, except the last, is a pair of holes, called
ostia, on either side.
The ostiaare guarded by auricular valves, which allow the blood to pass into
the heartfrom the haemocoel

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DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

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Digestive System
Digestive GlandsAlimentary canal
Salivary
Glands
Hepatic
Caecae
Glands of
mesenteron
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
Pre-oral
Cavity
Mouth PharynxOesophagusCropGizzard
Ileum Colon Rectum

35. ALIMENTARY CANAL

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FORE GUT OR STOMODAEUM:
It consists of pre oral cavity, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard or proventriculus.
PRE ORAL CAVITY : It is a space in front of the mouth.
The hypopharynxprojects in the pre oral cavity
MOUTH : It is a small narrow opening surrounded by the mouth parts
PHARYNX : Short funnel-like part lying in the head region; it leads to the oesophagus
Both mouth and pharynx possess taste sensillae
OESOPHAGUS : It passes through the neckand opens into a sac like structure called crop
CROP : It is a large, highly distensible, pear-shaped sacthat stores food.
It is long extending to fourth or fifth abdominal segment.
From crop food enters into gizzard

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GIZZARD :
It is also called proventriculus.
It is provided with a circlet of six chitinous
teeththat help to crush the food.
Behind the chitinousteeth are, backwardly
directed fine chitinousbristlesin the grooves
of gizzard.
These are interconnected with each other and
form a filter.
Gizzard has, therefore, an efficient grinding
and straining apparatu
Gizzard marks the end of fore-gut.

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MID GUT OR MESENTERON:
It consists of ventriculus(stomach) and eight hepatic caecae.
Hepatic caeca are thin, transparent, blind tubules arranged in a
whorl or rosette fashionin the anteriorpart of the stomach. They
secrete digestive enzymes.
Ventriculusor stomach is a short and narrow tube of uniform
diameter. It is concerned with digestionof food.
The mid-gut is the major organ of digestion and absorption

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HIND GUT OR PROCTODAEUM:
Hind-gut consists of ileum, colon and rectum.
It is slightly broaderthan the mid-gut.
At its junctionwith mid-gut, are present a ring of up to 150
yellow thread-like blind Malpighiantubuleswhich are
excretoryin nature.
It helps in removal of excretory products from
the haemolymph.
Their product is poured into the ileum.
Ileumis short and narrow
Colonis coiled and widetube.
Rectumis the last part of the hind-gut. Rectum opens to
the outside by anuswhich lies below the 10
th
tergum

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SALIVARY GLANDS
Cockroach has two salivary glands, one on each
side of crop.
Each gland has two glandular lobesand a
receptacleor reservoir.
Glandular lobesconsist of several irregular, white
colored lobuleswhich are provided with
collecting ducts. They secrete saliva.
The two gland ducts of two salivary glands unite
and form a common salivary duct.
Thin walled transparent bag-like structures called
salivary receptaclesstore saliva.
The common salivary receptacularductruns
below the oesophagusthrough the neck and
opensat the baseof the tongueor hypo pharynx.
Salivary glandsopen by the common salivary duct
into the preoralcavity.
Saliva contains amylase, chitinaseand cellulase

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The respiratory system consists of a network of white, shiningtubes, the
trachea, that open out by 10 pairsof lateral apertures called the stigmata
or spiracles(2 pairs in the thorax and 8 pairs in the abdomen).
The opening of the spiracles is regulated by the sphincters.
The trachea divides and sub-divides forming fine tracheolesthat penetrate
the tissues.
Terminal parts of tracheolescontain fluidthat facilitates exchange of O
2 and
CO
2by diffusion.
During intense activity, fluidis withdrawnfrom the tracheolesso that more
empty surface areais available and airreaches the tissue cells directly for
quick O
2 supply.
Blood has no role to play in respiratory gas exchange.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

43. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Cockroaches are dioecious, i.e. sexesare separateand distinguishable externally.
That is to say, cockroaches exhibit sexual dimorphism.
Both sexes have well developed reproductive organs
MALE FEMALE

44. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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1.TESTES: -A pair of testes
-in the 4
th
/5
th
abdominal segemnts
-Trilobed, dorsolaterallybelow the terga
2. VASA DEFERENTIA:-Arises from each testis
-white thread like tube
-pass downwards & enters seminal vesicles
3. SEMINAL VESICLES : -Sac-like structures which store sperms
4. EJACULATORY DUCT: -Formed by the union of 2 seminal vesicles at the base of
utriculargland
-Elongated tube which opens through the male genital pore
5. UTRICULAR GLAND: -present at the junction of vasa deferentiaand ejaculatory duct
-formed by several tubules arising from seminal vesicles
-present in the 6
th
and 7
th
segments
-Utriculargland = long tubules + short tubules + seminal vesicle
6.MALE GENITAL PORE: -between the 9
th
and the 10
th
abdominal segement, ventrally

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7. GONAPOPHYSES / PHALLOMERES: -The male genital pore is surrounded by chitinous
hooks and plates called gonapophyseswhich help
in copulation
8. SPERMATOPHORES: -The sperms are bundled into spermatophoreswherein they are
glued together and covered by a 3-layered protective covering.
-Inner layer -----by tubules of utriculargland
Middle layer -----by ejaculatory duct
Outer layer ------by phallic gland

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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1.OVARIES: -pair of Ovaries lying laterally in the 4
th
–6
th
segment
-each ovary is made up of 8 ovarioles(broad base and narrow end)
-The narrow end of all the 8 ovariolesunite to form a filament.
-The ovarioleshave linear rows of ova at different stages of development
in the middle region.
-The basal part of the ovarioleis tubular and allows passage of the ova; it is
called as the PEDICEL
-The pedicels of all the ovariolesunite to form OVIDUCT.
-The right and left oviduct join to form the VAGINA, which opens in the
genital chamber.
2. SPERMATHECAE : -Pair of unequal sized spermathecaein the 6
th
segment
-The left one stores sperms during copulation
The right one is non-functional .
-They open in the genital chamber by a common duct.
3.GONAPOPHYSES: -3 pairs of chitinousplate like structures present around the
genital aperature.
-Posterior 2 chambers are as ovipositors,whichcarry the eggs to
the oothecalchamber.

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PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION:
-Sperms are transferred through spermatophores.
-Their fertilized eggs are encased in capsules called oothecae.
-Within the oothecaedevelopment takes a month to complete and after that the young
ones , the nymph emerges from the oothecae
-The cuticle is cast off periodically called as ECDYSIS or MOULTING.
-These oothecaeare dropped or glued to a suitable surface, usually in a crack or crevice
of high relative humidity near a food source.
-On an average, females produce 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs.
-The development of P. Americana is paurometabolous,meaning there is development
through nymphalstage.
-The nymphs look very much like adults.
-The nymph grows by moultingabout 13 timesto reach adult form.
-The next to last stage has wing padsbut only adults have wings.

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretion is carried out mainly by Malpighiantubules, body fat and nephrocytes
1.MALPIGHIAN TUBULES :
-Fine unbranched, blind tubules attatchedat the
junction of midgutand hindgut.
-The blind end is freely floating in the haemolymph
The proximal end opens in the anterior end of
hindgut
-They absorb the N
2waste, which get converted to
uric acid
2. BODY FAT: -The fat cells extract the excretory products from the blood
3. NEPHROCYTES : -Large , bi nucleated cells found attached to the dorsal diaphragm

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